1 


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4 


LATIN  EXERCISES 

jj*ti  rj  (lU  i  rrr  tfir  ^  “  **  •  ;b||^ 

IN  SYNTAX. 


ACCORDING  TO 

PROF.  LAWRENCE  ENGLMANN. 

>»,Liiliii«i»«nrinir»~'"J'^T  i ■lltrFn— 


SECOND  DEVISED  EDITION. 


ST.  VINCENT  AECHABBEY, 

BEATTY  P.  O.,  WESTMORELAND  CO.,  PENNSYLVANIA. 

1905. 


■ 


\ 


J 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  on  the  13th  day  of  May,  in  the  year  1887,  by 

P.  AUGUSTINE  SCHNEIDER, 

At  the  office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  Washington,  D.  C. 


'TAa-ofy 


.  if  6 


124389 


CONTENTS. 


THE  SIMPLE  SENTENCE .  1 

Agreement .  2 

Specification  of  Place  and  Time .  8 

The  Accusative .  17 

The  Dative .  28 

The  Genitive  Case  .  44 

The  Ablative .  61 

The  Prepositions .  77 

The  Infinitive .  96 

The  Gerund  and  the  Gerundive .  98 

The  Supine . 102 

Miscellaneous  Exercises  on  Agreement  and  Government . 104 

USE  OE  NOUNS,  ADJECTIVES  AND  PRONOUNS . 119 

Nouns . 119 

Adjectives . 120 

Pronouns . 125 

The  Verb . 141 

The  Moods  in  Independent  Sentences . 152 

The  Negative . 156 

Sequence  of  Tenses . 160 

The  Accusative  with  the  Infinitive . 164 

Questions . 177 

The  Final  Clause . 184 

The  Consecutive  Clause . 193 

The  Conditional  Clause . 200 

The  Concessive  Clause . 206 

The  Causal  Clause . 208 

The  Temporal  Clause . 212 

The  Comparative  Clause . 217 

The  Relative  Clause . 220 

Indirect  Speech . 228 

The  Subjunctive  in  Clauses . 231 

The  Participle . 232 

Exercises  for  Repetition  of  Syntax . 242 


n 


THE  SIMPLE  SENTENCE. 


§  145. 

1.  Consuetudo  fit  altera  natura.  Senectus  insanabilis  mor¬ 
bus  est.  Nemo  fit  casu  bonus.  Nemo  tarn  pauper  vixit,  quam 
natus  est.  Deum  non  vides,  tamen  agnoscis  ex  operibus  ejus. 
Alii  pueri  boni,  alii  mali  existunt.  Sapiens  securus  moritur. 
Nonnulli  oratores  evadere  non  potuerunt.  Extitisti  tu  vindex 
nostrae  libertatis.  Crassum,  quendam  Romanum,  nunquam  risisse 
perhibent.  Praeceptis  magistrorum  obedire  oportet.  Patrem 
patriae  Ciceronem  dicunt.  Qui  dives  fuit,  facile  mendicus  fieri 
potest.  Nemo  nascitur  doctus;  pueri  diligentia  fiunt  docti.  Mi¬ 
lites  Caesaris  e  pugna  incolumes  evaserunt.  Diligenti  omnes 
labores  apparent  faciles  et  grati.  Multa  quidem  videmus;  at 
plura  sunt  et  majora  etiam,  quae  non  videmus.  Scythae  semper 
ab  alieno  imperio  intacti  invictique  remanserunt.  Clearchus  e 
defensore  rei  senatoriae  subito  patronus  plebis  factus  est.  Quod¬ 
libet  pro  patria,  parentibus,  amicis,  adire  periculum  oportet.  E 
sermonibus  intelligi  licet  quae  sint  hominum  indoles  et  natura. 
Mihi  videtur  acerba  semper  et  immatura  mors  eorum  qui  aliquid 
parant.  Nihil  invenies  tam  manifestae  utilitatis,  quod  non  in 
contrarium  transferat  nequitia.  Quod  quis  per  alium  fecit,  hoc 
ipse  fecisse  putatur.  Condiunt1  Aegyptii  mortuos;  Persae  etiam 
cera  circumlitos  condiunt,  ut  corpora  quam  maxime  diuturna 
permaneant.  Arcus  nunquam  apparet  major  dimidio  circulo2,  et 
eo  major  est,  quo  altior  est  sol. 

1  embalm.  2  semicircle. 

2.  Truth  always  remains  the  same.  We  must  always  love 
our  enemies.  One  dare  not  tell  a  lie.  He  whom  people  praise, 
easily  becomes  proud.  To  Cicero  the  Latin  language  seemed 
richer  than  the  Greek.  Your  brother  will  never  become  a  great 

1 


2  AGREEMENT. 

man.  The  laws  of  the  twelve  tables1  have  remained  fountains 
of  both  public  and  private  right.  Boys  who  will  always  remain 
diligent  and  attentive,  will  acquire  knowledge.  One  cannot  al¬ 
ways  follow  one’s  own  will,  but  must  often  yield  to  others. 
What  one  cannot  change,  one  must  bear  patiently.  The  greater 
the  gifts  one  has  received  from  God,  the  more  thanks  one  ought 
to  return  to  Him.  The  stars  appear  to  be  very  small  on  account 
of  the  great  distance  which  separates  them  from  us.  People 
often  censure  those  who  deserve  praise,  and  'praise  those  who 
deserve  censure2.  We  frequently  consider  that  a  great  evil, 
which  will  become  our  greatest  good.  No  one  becomes  immor¬ 
tal  through  cowardice.  Demosthenes  became  the  most  celebrated 
orator  of  ancient  Greece,  although  at  first  he  showed  very  little 
talent.  You  are  not  allowed  to  mention  the  hidden  faults  of 
others.  Do  not  do  to  others,  what  you  would  not  wish  others 
to  do  to  you. 

1  tabula .  2  vituperatio . 


AGREEMENT. 

§§  146  &  147. 

3.  Conscientia  vitae  bene  actae  jucundissima  est.  Vita  ru¬ 
stica  parsimoniae,  diligentiae,  justitiae  magistra  est.  Amicitia 
virtutum  adjutrix  a  natura  data  est,  non  vitiorum  comes.  Athe¬ 
nae  clarissima  urbs  Graeciae  fuit.  Tempus  potest  esse  gravissi¬ 
mus  testis.  In  Africa  major  pars  ferarum  aestate  non  bibunt. 
Pars  in  crucem  acti,  pars  bestiis  objecti  sunt.  Vulgus  Macedo¬ 
num  Demetrium  cum  ingenti  fervore  conspiciebant.  Alius  alium, 
ut  proelium  incipiunt,  circumspectant.  Cetera  multitudo,  decimus 
quisque  ad  supplicium  lecti  sunt.  Uterque  ex  hibernis  exercitum 
educunt;  Pompejus  clam  et  noctu,  Caesar  palam  atque  interdiu. 
Invidia  est  assidua  comes  eminentis  fortunae.  Paupertas  multis 
onus  gravissimum  visum  est.  Somnus  imago  mortis  nominanda  est. 
Elephantus  est  omnium  bestiarum  maximus.  Hordeum  est  omnium 
frugum  mollissimum.  Omnium  avium  rapidissima  est  accipiter. 

Illa  est  felix  memoria  quae  nihil  obliviscitur  nisi  acceptam 
injuriam.  Quae  pertinacia  quibusdam,  eadem  aliis  constantia 
videri  potest.  Hostem  ferire,  murum  ascendere,  eas  divitias,  eam 


AGREEMENT. 


3 


bonam  famam  Romani  putabant.  Hanc  puto  esse  necessitudinem, 
cui  nulla  vi  resisti  potest.  Qui  sunt  libri  optimi  antiquorum? 
Quid  est  gloria,  nisi  frequens  de  aliquo  fama  cum  laude.  Quae 
est  sententia  Socratis  de  immortalitate  animi? 

4.  Wealth  dishonestly  acquired1  dwindles  away2  quickly. 
Marius  was  consul  seven  times.  The  enemy’s  ambuscade  was 
discovered  by  the  Romans.  Of  the  enemy  some  were  captured 
and  others  slain.  To  succor  the  wretched  is  praiseworthy.  The 
laws  are  the  best  protection3  of  the  citizens.  Our  conscience  is 
the  surest4  guide.  It  is  true  that5  justice  is  the  mother  of  all 
human  virtues.  It  is  known  that5  Athens  was  the  teacher  of 
eloquence.  The  soul  is  the  ruler6  of  man.  The  Romans  were 
a  brave  people.  It  is  well  known  that5  Rome  is  situated7  on 
(, ad )  the  Tiber.  It  is  a  proverb  in  the  mouth  of  all  that5  prac¬ 
tice  is  the  best  teacher.  Thunderbolts  were  the  messengers  of 
Jupiter.  In  the  battle  at  Cannae  seventy  thousand  Romans  were 
slain,  and  a  large  number  was  captured.  To  serve  God  faith¬ 
fully  is  the  greatest  wisdom.  Athens  was  the  greatest  city  of 
ancient  Greece.  The  largest  and  most  brilliant  of  all  stars  is 
the  sun.  London8  is  the  most  populous9  of  all  cities. 

That  is  the  best  cure  for  {gen.)  hardships,  which  we  find  in 
ourselves.  That  is  the  most  pleasant  friendship,  which  similar¬ 
ity  of  manners  has  concluded.  The  Cimbrians  and  the  Teutons, 
whose  number  was  countless,  fought  most  vigorously;  but  Catu¬ 
lus,  the  consul,  fought  more  successfully;  thirty-three  standards 
were  taken  from  the  Cimbrians;  this  was  the  result  of  the  battle. 
What  is  man?  My  dear  son,  be  ever  virtuous  and  modest,  this 
is  true  wealth  and  true  happiness.  What  is  a  friend?  When 
Arisiotle  was  asked  what  a  friend  is,  he  said:  “One  soul  in 
two  bodies.” 

1  parere.  2  dilabi.  3  patronus.  1  certus.  5  acc.  with  inf.  cf.  Gr. 
§  271.  6  rector ,  trix.  7  situs ,  a,  um.  8  Londinium.  9  frequens. 

§  148. 

5.  Brutus  et  Cassius  ad  Philippos  ab  Antonio  et  Octaviano 
victi  sunt.  Juno  et  Minerva  Trojanis  inimicae  erant;  Mars  autem 
et  Venus  amici.  Inter  duces  Carthaginiensium  Hamilcar  et  Han¬ 
nibal  praeclarissimi  erant.  Nox  atque  praeda  hostes  remoratae 
sunt.  Pax  et  concordia  victis  utilia  sunt.  Non  cibus  nobis,  non 


4 


AGREEMENT. 


humor,  non  vigiliae,  non  somnus  sine  mensura  quadam  salubria 
sunt.  Consulares  senatusque  Cottae  assensus  est.  Mens  et  ratio  et 
consilium  in  senibus  est.  Mens  et  anima  et  consilium  et  sententia 
posita  est  in  legibus.  Viri,  mulieres,  liberi,  domus  vi  fluminis 
ablata  sunt.  Honestum  et  utile  videntur  aliquando  pugnare. 
Frons,  oculi,  vultus  persaepe  mentiuntur;  oratio  vero  saepissime. 
Pompejus,  Lentulus,  Scipio,  Afranius  foede  perierunt.  Beneficium 
et  gratia  sunt  vincula  concordiae.  Victus  cultusque  corporis  ad 
valetudinem  referantur  et  ad  vires,  non  ad  voluptatem.  Multae 
urbes  earumque  fere  omnes  incolae  terrae  motu  deleti  sunt.  Tu 
et  frater  tuus  de  republica  optime  meriti  estis.  Ego  et  amicus 
meus  cras  in  Europam  proficiscemur.  Neque  vires  corporis  neque 
ingenium  Hannibali  defuit.  Leonidas  cum  trecentis  militibus  ad 
Thermopylas  regi  Persarum  diu  restiterat,  sed  tandem  dolo  Graeci 
cujusdam  superati  et  occisi  sunt.  Neque  ars  neque  scientia  li¬ 
berat  hominem  a  morte. 

6.  Wars,  murder,  robbery  and  civil  dissensions  were  pleas¬ 
ing  to  Catiline  from  (ad)  his  youth.  Romulus  and  Remus  restored 
the  royal  power  to  their  grandfather  Numitor.  By  the  cunning 
of  Vulcan,  Mars  and  Venus  were  caught.  Wealth  and  honors 
have  often  been  destructive.  You  and  those  who  have  deserted 
their  native  country,  will  never  see  it  again.  The  chief  com¬ 
mand  and  the  supreme  authority 1  were  given  to  Cingetorix.  The 
father  and  mother  and  two  sisters  of  my  friend  have  died  within 
two  years.  You,  our  colleagues  and  I  will  be  sureties  of  the 
peace.  Hannibal’s  attire  was  not  showy2,  but  his  weapons  and 
horse  were  excellent3.  You  and  your  leader  have  fought  bravely 
and  saved  your  countr}T.  Jupiter  and  Juno  were  the  highest  gods. 
Philippi,  where  Brutus  and  Cassius  fell,  is  situated  in  Macedonia. 
The  Roman  general  with  his  army  was  captured  and  sent  under 
the  yoke  by  the  Samnites. 

1  principatus.  2  splendidus.  3  eximius. 

§  140. 

7.  Caesar  Helvetios  devicit  et  eis  tributum  imposuit.  Super¬ 
biam  odisse  debemus,  humilitatem  amare;  illa  enim  est  vitium, 
haec  virtus.  Patri  et  matri  non  solum  parere  sed  eos  etiam 
amare  filii  debent.  Signa  et  tabulae  in  templo  fuerant,  ea  autem 


AGREEMENT. 


5 


milites  abstulerant.  Deum,  qui  nos  creavit,  semper  venerari  et 
ejus  praeceptis  obedire  debemus.  Sagesta,  quod  est  oppidum  per¬ 
vetus  in  Sicilia,  ab  Aenea  condita  esse  dicitur.  Catilina,  in  (against) 
quem  Cicero  quattuor  orationes  habebat,  rempublicam  evertere 
molitus  est.  Inter  oratores  summos  Demosthenem  et  Ciceronem 
praesertim  numeramus,  quorum  alter  erat  Graecus,  alter  Roma¬ 
nus.  Cyro,  quod  lumen  et  decus  gentis  suae  esse  Persae  praedi¬ 
cabant,  in  regno  successit  Cambyses.  Aristides  et  Themistocles, 
qui  magnas  de  Persis  victorias  reportaverant,  ab  Atheniensibus 
in  exilium  acti  sunt.  Mater  et  uxor  Coriolani,  quas  Romani  ad 
eum  miserunt,  urbem  ab  expugnatione  liberaverunt.  Roma  et 
Saguntum,  quae  erant  Carthagini  maxime  infensa,  inter  se  foe¬ 
dere  conjuncta  erant.  Divitiae  et  honores,  quae  multi  avidissime 
desiderant,  nobis  veram  beatitudinem  afferre  non  possunt.  Ego 
et  amicus  meus,  qui  per  aliquot  annos  Romae  versati  sumus,  in 
patriam  reversuri  sumus.  Milites  et  naves,  quae  capta  erant, 
post  pacem  factam  restituta  sunt. 

8.  Xenophon  is  a  very  elegant  writer;  we  read  him  with 
great  pleasure.  Be  grateful  to  your  parents,  for  you  have  re¬ 
ceived  great  benefits  from  them.  The  ambassadors  came  to  Caesar 
and  obtained  pardon  from  him.  Brutus  acted  with  the  greatest 
severity  towards  his  sons,  who  had  conspired  against  Rome.  Ovid, 
who  is  rightly  numbered  among  the  greatest  poets  of  the  Ro¬ 
mans,  lived  for  many  years  beyond  the  Danube  among  the  bar¬ 
barians,  into  whose  country  he  had  been  banished  by  the  emperor 
Augustus.  The  tenth  legion,  which  had  not  obeyed  immediately, 
Caesar  dismissed  in  (cum)  disgrace.  Syracuse,  which  was  the 
best  fortified  city  of  Sicily,  was  captured  by  Marcellus.  The 
enemy  fortified  three  camps,  each  of  which  was  surrounded  by 
three  ditches.  The  ruins  of  the  cities  of  Herculaneum  and  Pom¬ 
peji,  which  were  destroyed  by  the  eruption  of  Mount  Vesuvius, 
were  found  after  many  centuries. 

§  150. 

9.  Omnia  animalia  et  plantae  a  Deo  creata  sunt.  Datum 
est  Neptuno,  alteri  Jovis  fratri,  maritimum  omne  regnum.  Alexan¬ 
der,  victor  tot  regum  et  populorum,  irae  succubuit.  Multa  me 
docuit  usus,  magister  egregius.  Pythagoras,  ille  sapientissimus, 


6 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


genitricem  virtutum,  frugalitatem,  omnibus  commendabat.  Clarae 
jampridem  insulae  Delos  et  Rhodos  e  mari  enatae  sunt.  In  freto 
Siculo  est  scopulus  Scylla,  item  Charybdis,  mare  vorticosum. 
Darius,  Persarum  rex,  pontem  fecit  in  Istro  flumine.  Tulliola, 
deliciolae1  nostrae,  munusculum  tuum  flagitat.  Veii,  urbs  veter¬ 
rima  Italiae,  a  Romanis  expugnata  est.  Alexandro  adolescenti 
tota  fere  Asia  parebat.  Octavia  et  Livia,  altera  soror  Augusti, 
altera  uxor,  amiserunt  filios  juvenes.  Caius  Valerius  Procillus, 
nobilis  Gallus,  Caesaris  familiaris  et  hospes,  captus  a  Germanis, 
ab  equitibus  Romanis  manibus  hostium  ereptus  est.  Eloquentiae 
ut  socia  atque  alumna  se  adjunxit  historia.  Urbs  Carthago  a 
Tyriis  condita  est. 

1  darling.". 

10.  Whole  cities  and  towns  were  destroyed  by  an  earthquake  \ 
Caesar  as  a  general  showed  great  prudence  and  valor.  Alexan¬ 
der,  son  of  Philip,  king  of  Macedonia,  performed  many  glorious 
exploits.  Corinth  and  Carthage,  very  renowned  cities,  were  de¬ 
stroyed  by  the  Romans  in  the  same  year.  A  calm  death  was 
allotted  to  Cleobis  and  Biton,  two  sons  of  a  priestess  of  Argos. 
The  children  of  the  ancient  Persians  were  raised2  not  only  to 
( ad )  truth  and  justice,  but  also  to  temperance,  the  mistress  of 
all  desires.  Cinna  commanded  the  head  of  his  colleague  Gneus 
Octavius  to  be  cut  off3.  Bulls  fight  with  the  greatest  fierceness 
and  fury.  Tiberius  and  Caius  Gracchus,  tribunes  of  the  people, 
were  killed  by  the  aristocrats.  The  mild  Titus  had  preceded 
the  cruel  Domitian. 

1  terrae  motus .  2  informare.  3  praecidere .  4  impetus. 

MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 

11.  Virtue  is  the  promoter1  of  friendship.  You  know  that2 
my  brother  and  sister  have  departed  for  Italy.  Those  who  are 
born  wealthy,  are  exposed3  to  many  dangers.  The  Stoics  say 
that2  the  wise  man  is  the  happiest;  and  these  very  same  men 
think  that2  this  world  is  a  common  abode  for  {gen.)  gods  and 
men.  I  understand  that2  this  is  the  nearest  road  to  {ad)  virtue. 
To  conquer  enemies  is  difficult,  but  to  conquer  one’s  self  is  more 
difficult.  I  cannot  express  in  words  with  what4  longing  thy  brother 
and  I  have  awaited  thee.  He  whose  father  and  mother  have 


misecixaneous  exercises. 


7 


died,  is  called  an  orphan.  Cicero  says  that2  fortune,  honors  and 
victory  are  the  result  of  chance5.  I  heard  that2  both  the  walls 
and  the  gate  were  struck  by  lightning6.  Antony  and  Cleopatra 
were  conquered  by  Octavius  at  Actium.  Many  things  that  are 
hurtful,  appear  useful  to  us.  You  and  all  wise  men  honor  virtue. 
'Xour  parents  and  we  have  never  ceased  to  instruct  you  in  vir¬ 
tu*  and  wisdom. 

1  conciliator.  2  acc.  with  inf.  cf.  Gr.  §  272.  3  obnoxius.  4  ind.  quest, 

cf.  Gr.  §  278.  5  casu  evenire.  6  de  coelo  tangi. 

» 

12.  Philosophy  is  the  guide  of  life,  the  founder  of  laws, 
the  ttacher  of  morals1.  The  sun  is  the  king  of  the  heavens, 
the  moon  the  queen  of  the  stars.  Publius  and  Cneus  Scipio  were 
killed;  their  army,  however,  remained  unconquered2.  Life,  death 
and  poverty  affect3  men  most  strongly.  You  and  yours  have 
not  in  vain  rendered  great  services5  to  the  state.  That  is  pleas¬ 
ing  praise  which  comes6  from  praised  men.  Money  is  the  source 
of  many  and  great  pleasures.  Tell  me,  friend  Ignatius,  whether7 
this  was  the  true  cause  of  the  war.  The  ambassadors  of  Alexan¬ 
der  brought  Xenocrates  fifty  talents,  which  was,  at  that  time, 
a  large  sum  of  money.  If  you  are  not  of  one  mind,  you  will 
easily-  be  overcome  by  your  enemies,  as  those  three  oxen  in  the 
fable  became  the  prey  of  wild  beasts,  because  they  had  begun 
to  quarrel. 

1  mores.  2  invictus.  3  commovere.  4  vehementer.  5  officia  prae¬ 
stare.  6  proficisci.  7  ind.  quest. 

13.  We  see  that  fear  is  a  bad  watchman.  Whatever  has  an 
origin  will  perish,  whatever  has  matured1  will  decay2:  this  is  the 
nature  of  things,  this  the  effect  of  time.  The  applause  of  the 
people3,  the  thoughtless  eulogist  of  faults,  frequently  corrupts 
the  morals  of  men.  Laws  and  customs  have  been  established4 
from  {ex)  the  most  ancient  times.  The  city  of  Syracuse  was 
surrounded  by  two  harbors  and  adorned  with  many  beautiful 
porticoes.  Cicero,  when  consul,  saved  the  Roman  commonwealth. 
Cicero,  my  delight0,  will  return  towards6  evening.  Many  have 
learned  languages,  when  old;  but  it  is  certain  that  we  retain 
that  most  securely,  which  we  have  learned,  when  boys.  Veii, 
the  most  powerful  city  of  the  Etruscans,  was  taken  and  destroyed. 

1  adolesco.  2  senesco.  3  aura  popularis.  4  constituere.  5  deliciae. 
6  sub  (with  acc.). 


8 


SPECIFICATION  OF  PEACE  AND  TIME 


If  you  have  acquired  knowledge  when  boys  you  will  enjoy1  honor 
and  reputation  when  men.  Athens,  the  most  renowned  city  of 
Greece,  was  frequently  destroyed.  Susa,  the  wealthiest  city  of 
the  Persian  empire,  was  taken  by  Alexander  the  Great,  king  of 
Macedon.  The  senate  and  the  Roman  people  gave  thanks  t* 
Cicero,  because  he  had  saved  the  commonwealth.  The  brothers, 
Lucius  and  Spurius  Mummius,  were  orators  of  moderate  abilities2. 

1  frui,  abl.  2  mediocris. 

SPECIFICATION  OF  PLACE  AND  TIME, 

§  151. 

14.  Num  quidquam  tarn  puerile  dici  potest,  quam  s/  ea  ge¬ 
nera  belluarum,  quae  in  rubro  mari  Indiave  gignuntur,  mdla  esse1 
dicam?  Oppidum  Delphi  clarissimum  fuit  in  terris  oraculo  Apol¬ 
linis.  Atticus  Q.  Gellium  Canum  puerum  in  ludo2  cognoverat. 
Iter  vix  tolerabile  ingrediendum  erat  Alexandro;  terra  coeloque 
penuria  aquarum  est;  steriles  arenae3  jacent.  Xerxes  alienissimo 
sibi  loco,  contra  opportunissimo  hostibus,  adeo  angusto  mari  con¬ 
flixit,  ut  ejus  multitudo  navium  explicari  non  potuerit.  Ibam 
forte  via  sacra,  sicut  meus  est  mos.  Tyriorum  coloniae  paene 
orbe  toto  diffusae  sunt:  Carthago  in  Africa,  in  Boeotia  Thebae, 
Gades  ad  Oceanum.  Menippus  vStratonicensis  meo  judicio  tota 
Asia  illis  temporibus  disertissimus  erat.  Carthaginienses  terra 
marique  a  Romanis  victi  sunt.  Caesar,  Gallis  placatis,  cum  ma¬ 
gno  exercitu  in  Britanniam  trajecit.  Caesar  nuntium  mortis 
Pompeii  in  Aegypto  accepit.  Prima  cerasus  ex  Asia  in  Europam 
a  Lucullo  translata  est.  Legati  a  Mithridate,  qui  bellum  cum 
Romanis  gerebat,  ad  Sertorium  in  Hispaniam  venerunt.  Tota 
Graecia  nemo  fuit  sapientior  quam  Socrates.  Hannibal  e  Tau¬ 
rinis,  quae  Galliae  proxima  gens  est,  in  Italiam  degressus  est. 

1  not  exist.  2  school.  3  sandy  desert. 

15.  The  Latin  festivals  were  celebrated  yearly  on  Mount 
Alban.  After  Alexander  had  besieged  the  city  of  Tyre,  he  built 
a  dam  in  the  sea.  The  air  is  purer  on  the  mountains  than  in 
the  valleys.  Geese  were  fed  by  the  Romans  in  the  Capitol  at 
public  expense1.  I  am  glad  that2  you  have  returned  safe  from 
your  journey.  Hannibal  searched  the  whole  world  for  an  enemy 


SPECIFICATION  OF  PEACE  AND  TIME. 


9 


of  the  Roman  people.  The  Romans  could  not  prevent  that3  the 
battle  was  fought  in  a  place  very  unfavorable  for  them.  Han¬ 
nibal  called4  his  brother  Hasdrubal  to  Italy  and  the  latter  came 
by  the  same  road  by  which  Hannibal  had  come;  but  falling-5 
into  an  ambuscade,  which  was  prepared6  by  the  consuls,  he  was 
slain.  The  Greeks  carried  on  war  ag-ainst  the  Persians  for  some 
time 7  both  by  land  and  by  sea,  and  overcame  their  enemy  every¬ 
where.  At  present  our  affairs  are  in  better  condition  than  for¬ 
merly.  Hannibal  returned  to  Aquila  from  the  country  of  the  Pelig-ni. 

1  publice.  2  acc.  with  inf.  or  quod  cf.  Gr.  §  276.  3  quominus  cf.  Gr. 

§  284.  4  evocare.  5  incidere.  6  struere.  7  aliquamdiu. 

§  152. 

16.  Plato  rationem  in  capite,  sicut  in  arce,  posuit;  iram  in 
pectore  locavit.  Apes  in  labiis  Platonis  pueri  consedisse  dicuntur. 
Lucretia  cultrum  in  pectore  defig-it.  Nemo  beneficia  in  calenda¬ 
rio  scribit.  Aves  quaedam  se  in  mari  mergunt.  Bias  in  septem 
sapientibus  numeratur.  Cum  rex  in  urbem  advenisset,  magna 
hominum  vis  in  forum  convenit.  Pastor  gregem  suum  in  pratum 
coegit.  Trojani,  duce  Aenea,  in  Siciliam  appulsi,  in  terram 
egressi  sunt.  Imperator  per  speculatores  certior  factus  est  quo 
hostes  convenissent.  Ubi  sunt  libri  quos  hic  posui?  Reditu  Cae¬ 
saris  ex  Gallia  in  Italiam  bellum  civile  exarsit. 

17.  The  Cyclops  lying  in  the  middle  of  his  cave  dashed  the 
bodies  of  two  Greeks  against  the  rocks.  The  storks,  when  about 
to  depart  for  warmer  countries,  collect  in  one  place.  In  the  fifth 
book  of  his  commentaries1  on  the  Gallic  war,  Caesar  relates  his 
passage2  to  Britain.  When  Chares  had  arrived  at  the  island  of 
Samos,  the  enemy  departed  thence  with  his  troops.  Cicero  cen¬ 
tered3  all  his  thoughts  and  solicitude  on  the  welfare  of  his  coun¬ 
try.  When  Miltiades  wished  to  attack  the  Persians  at  Marathon, 
he  placed  the  Athenians  on  the  right  wing4  and  the  Plataeans 
on  the  left.  Aurelius  left  the  province  of  Dacia,  which  Trajan 
had  established  on  the  other  side  of  the  Danube  and  transferred5 
the  Romans  from  the  cities  of  Dacia  to  Moesia.  We  ought  to 
place  the  greatest  confidence  in  the  wisdom  and  power  of  God. 
A  swarm  of  bees  had  settled  on  a  tree  near  the  tent  of  the  com- 

1  commentarius .  2  transmissus ,  us.  3  defigere.  4  cornu,  us.  5  collocare. 


10 


SPECIFICATION  OF  PEACE  AND  TIME. 


mander1.  The  Campus  Martius,  where  the  Roman  youth  gathered 
for  its  games,  was  situated  on  the  left  bank  of  the  Tiber. 

1  praetorium. 

§  153. 

18.  Ut  Romae  consules,  sic  Carthagine  quotannis  annui  bini 
reges  creabantur.  Metaponti  templum  Junonis  vitigineis  colum¬ 
nis1  stetit.  Lacedaemone  in  urbe  Peloponnesi  fuit  honestissimum 
domicilium  senectutis.  Talis  Romae  Fabricius,  qualis  Aristides 
Athenis  fuit.  Cur  jam  oracula  Delphis  non  eduntur?  Fuit  Ar¬ 
ganthonius  quidam  Gadibus,  qui  octoginta  regnavit  annos,  cen¬ 
tum  viginti  vixit.  Hannibal  in  hiberna  Capuam  concessit.  Pe¬ 
lasgi  in  urbem  Athenas  commigravere.  Alexander  Tyriorum 
legatis,  Tyrum  se  ire  velle  dixit.  Cur  Plato  Tarentum  venit  et 
Locros?  Athenienses  bello  Persico  sua  omnia  quae  moveri  po¬ 
terant2,  partim  Salamina,  partim  Troezena  asportarunt.  Pompeius 
Luceria  proficiscitur  Canusium,  atque  inde  Brundisium.  Dama¬ 
ratus,  Tarquinii  Prisci  pater,  Corintho  ex  Graecia  fugit  Tarqui¬ 
nios  in  Italiam,  et  ibi  suas  fortunas  constituit.  Pater  meus 
Hamilcar,  in  Hispaniam  imperator  proficiscens  Carthagine,  Jovi 
optimo  maximo  hostias  immolavit.  Dion  obsecrabat  Dionysium, 
ut  Platonem  Athenis  arcesseret.  Augustus,  Nolae  in  oppido 
Campaniae  mortuus,  non  in  ipsa  Roma  in  foro,  sed  in  Campo 
Martio  crematus  est.  Attila,  ad  Romam  cum  maximo  exercitu 
contendens,  precibus  Leonis  Pontificis  Maximi,  in  Pannoniam 
reversus  est. 

1  pillars  of  vine.  2  their  movables. 

19.  Demosthenes  lived  in  Athens,  Cicero  in  Rome,  Epami¬ 
nondas  in  Thebes,  Lycurgus  in  Lacedaemon.  Miltiades  returned 
to  Athens  from  Chersonesus,  whither  he  had  been  sent  as  leader 
of  the  colonists.  My  brother  traveled  by  ship  from  Ephesus  to 
Athens,  I  on  foot1  through  (per)  Macedonia  to  Attica.  Many 
Roman  historians  were  born  in  Upper  Italy, — Catullus  at  Verona, 
Livy  at  Padua,  Virgil  at  Andes,  a  village  near  Mantua,  Corne¬ 
lius  Nepos  at  Hostilia,  a  small  town  in  that  region.  The  seat 
of  the  Jewish  kings  was  in  the  city  of  Jerusalem.  Catiline  dis¬ 
patched  G.  Manlius  to  Faesulae  and  others  to  other  places;  in 
the  mean  time  he  planned2  many  things  in  Rome  itself.  It  hap- 


SPECIFICATION  OF  PI, ACE  AND  TIME.  11 

pened,  that3  in  one  night  (abl.)  all  the  Hermae  which  were  in 
the  city  of  Athens  were  overturned4.  Roman  youths  were  ac¬ 
customed  to  go  from  Rome  to  Athens  to5  hear  the  philosophers. 
Conon,  expelled  from  Athens,  that  glorious  city  of  Greece,  be¬ 
took  himself 6  to  Pharnabazus,  a  relative  of  the  king-  of  the  Per¬ 
sians.  Pornpey,  defeated  by  Caesar,  fled  from  Pharsalus  in 
Thessaly  to  Ptolemaeus,  king’  of  Egypt.  From  Brundusium 
Pornpey  set  set  sail7  for  Cilicia  and  added  that  country  to  the 
Roman  empire. 

1  pedibus .  2  moliri.  3  ut ,  cf.  Gr.  §  285,  3.  4  dejicere.  5  ut,  cf.  Gr.  §  280. 

6  se  conferre.  7  proficisci. 

4k  * 

§  154. 

20.  Conon  plurimum  Cj^pri  vixit,  Timotheus  Lesbi.  Aeschi¬ 
nes  cessit  Athenis  et  se  Rhodum  contulit.  Cimon  (in)  Cyprum 
cum  ducentis  navibus  imperator  missus  est.  Caesaris  milites 
cogebantur  Corcyra  pabulum  supportare.  Legati  ad  C.  Neronem 
Samo  venerunt.  Aeneas  ex  Creta  in  Siciliam  navigavit.  Con¬ 
diunt  Aeg}^ptii  mortuos  et  eos  domi  servant.  Atticam  equidem 
ruri  esse  arbitror.  C.  Cornelius,  eques  Romanus,  et  E.  Vargun¬ 
teius  senator,  constituerunt  Ciceronem  domi  suae  confodere. 
Quum  plurimi  hortarentur,  ut  domos  suas  discederent,  Themistocles 
unus  restitit  et  universos  pares1  esse  aiebat,  dispersos  testabatur 
perituros.  Laelius  et  Scipio  incredibiliter  repuerascere  solebant, 
quum  rus  ex  urbe,  tamquam  e  vinculis,  evolavissent.  Quum 
Tullius  rure  redierit,  mittam  eum  ad  te.  In  domo  furtum  factum 
est  ab  eo,  qui  domi  fuit.  Alcibiades  educatus  est  in  domo  Peri¬ 
clis.  Appium  metuebant  servi,  verebantur  liberi:  vigebat  in  illa 
domo  patrius  mos  et  disciplina.  Antiocho  non  magis  licuit  re¬ 
migrare  in  domum  veterem  e  nova,  quam  nobis  in  novam  e  ve- 
tere?  Postquam  multis  laboribus  periculisque  domi  bellique  per¬ 
functus  sum,  tandem  res  meae  meliore  loco  esse  coeperunt. 

1  To  be  a  match  to  the  enemy,  i.  e.,  Persians. 

21.  After  Miltiades  had  arranged  the  affairs  of  the  Cherso¬ 
nesus,  he  returned  to  Lemnos  and  demanded  that1  the  citizens 
surrender  the  city  to  him.  On  account  of  the  war  many  citizens 
fled  from  their  homes  to  the  county.  Xenophon  led  the  army 
of  the  Greeks  home.  Aeneas,  a  fugitive  from  home,  came  to 

1  ut,  cf.  Gr.  §  285,  2. 


12 


SPECIFICATION  OF  PLACE  AND  TIME. 


Macedonia  and  thence  he  was  driven  to  Sicily.  After  the  battle 
of  Pharsalus,  the  corpses  of  many  distinguished  Romans,  who 
had  fallen,  lay  on  the  ground.  Tarquinius  Priscus  was  present 
at  all  public  and  private  deliberations,  both  in  war  and  in  peace. 
Plato  traveled  from  Athens  to  Sicily.  Venus  was  worshipped 
principally  in  Cyprus,  Diana  at  Ephesus,  Hercules  at  Tyre,  Apollo 
at  Delphi.  I  live  mostly  in  the  country  and  seldom  go  to  the 
city.  Aemilius  Paulus,  who  brought1  a  very  great  amount  of 
gold  and  silver  into  the  treasury,  took 2  nothing  to  his  own  home, 
except  the  perpetual  memory  of  his  name. 

1  invehere.  2  inferre. 

§§  155  &  156. 

22.  Roma  condita  est  Olpmpiadis  sextae  anno  tertio.  Ara¬ 
bes  campos  et  montes  hieme  et  aestate  peragrant.  Socrates  su¬ 
premo  vitae  die  multa  de  immortalitate  animorum  disseruit. 
Hieme  et  aestate  rara  fulmina,  vere  et  autumno  crebriora.  M. 
Agrippa  supremis  suis  annis  conflictatus  est  morbo  gravi  pedum. 
Postero  die,  prima  luce  a  patre  accersor:  tristis  erat  et  me  moe- 
stum  videbat.  Eucanus  prima  ingenii  experimenta  dedit  quin¬ 
quennali  certamine.  Si  examen  apum  ludis  in  scenam  venisset, 
haruspices  acciendos  esse  putaremus.  Major  saepe  gloria  est 
tempore  servasse  exercitum  quam  multa  millia  hostium  occidisse. 
Cato  in  senectute  linguam  Graecam  addidicit.  Tertio  bello  Pu¬ 
nico  Scipio  Carthaginem  delevit;  Mummius  eodem  tempore  Co¬ 
rinthum  diruit. 

Conchae1  omnes  celerrime  crescunt;  anno  magnitudinem  im¬ 
plent.  A  portu  Gebanitarum  vix  quinto  anno  revertuntur  nego¬ 
tiatores  et  multi  intereunt.  Hannibal  biduo  et  duabus  noctibus 
Adrumetum  pervenit,  quod  abest  a  Zama  circiter  milia  passuum 
sexaginta.  Saturni  sidus  maximo  ambire  circulo  ac  trigesimo 
anno  regredi,  certum  est.  Cn.  Pompeius  bellum  praedonum 
intra  tres  menses  confecit.  Senatus  decrevit  ut  legati  Jugurthae 
in  diebus  proximis  decem  discederent. 

1  shell-fish. 

23.  In  summer  many  rich  people  are  accustomed  to  go  to 
the  country.  The  beginning  of  autumn  is  in  the  month  of  Sep¬ 
tember.  At  sunset  the  Macedonians  came  into  a  valley,  covered 1 
with  thick  mist.  In  winter  it  is  more  pleasant  to  live  in  the 


SPECIFICATION  OF  PEACE  AND  TIME. 


13 


city  than  in  the  country.  In  the  evening-  Caesar  led  his  leg-ions 
back  into  camp  and  rested  the  next  nig-ht;  on  the  third  day  he 
fortified  his  camp  by  a  wall. 

In  the  Macedonian  war,  which  the  Romans  carried  on  with 
Perseus,  the  Rhodians  opposed2  the  Romans.  In  the  time  of 
Cicero  and  Pompey  the  pirates  were  masters  of  the  sea.  On 
that  day  on  which  the  theatre  at  Fidenae  fell  tog-ether,  twenty 
thousand  people  were  killed..  In  broad  daylig-ht3,  between  the 
third  and  the  fourth  hour,  there  was  darkness.  Livius  Andro¬ 
nicus  introduced  a  drama4  on  the  stage  at  the  time  of  the  plays 
of  Juventas,  which  plays  Livius  Salinator  had  vowed5  in  the 
battle  at  Sienna6.  Antony  was  Cicero’s  school-mate,  his  confidant 
in  youth,  his  colleague  in  the  questorship.  Under  the  present 
cicumstances  I  can  render7  you  no  assistance.  We  ought  to  en¬ 
deavor  to  perform  everything  at  the  right  time  and  in  the  right 
manner8.  The  Persians  were  conquered  in  one  day,  both  by 
land  and  by  sea.  Xerxes  returned  to  Asia  in  thirty  days,  by 
the  same  route,  by  which  in  six  months  he  had  made  his  jour¬ 
ney  to  Greece.  The  earth  revolves  around  the  sun  in  365  days. 
I  am  accustomed9  to  take  a  walk  twice  a  day. 

1  circumfundere.  2  adversari ,  dat.  3  lux.  4  fabulam  dare.  5  vovere. 

6  Senensis.  7  praebere.  8  recte.  9  consuescere. 

§  157. 

24.  Pericles  quadraginta  annos  praefuit  Athenis.  Aniculae 
saepe  inediam  biduum  aut  triduum  ferunt;  subduc  cibum  unum 
diem  athletae,  Jovem  Olympium  implorabit.  Tantae  tenebrae 
quondam  eruptione  Aetneorum  ignium  finitimas  regiones  obscu¬ 
ravisse  dicuntur,  ut  per  biduum  nemo  hominem  homo  agnosceret. 
Lacedaemonii  in  annos  triginta  pepigerunt  pacem.  Solis  defecti¬ 
ones  itemque  lunae,  praedicuntur  in  multos  annos.  Pyrrhus 
captivos  Romanos  castra  relinquere  permisit  ea  conditione,  ut  ad 
quartum  diem  redirent.  Homerus  multis  annis  fuit1  ante  Romu¬ 
lum.  Corpus  Alexandri  a  Ptolemaeo  Memphim  et  inde  paucis 
post  annis  Alexandriani  translatum  est.  Laelius  sermonem  de 
amicitia  habuit  paucis  diebus  post  mortem  Africani.  Themisto¬ 
cles  fecit  idem,  quod  vicesimo  anno  ante  apud  Romanos  fecerat 
Coriolanus. 

1  live. 


14 


miscellaneous  EXERCISES. 


Sub  adventum  in  Italiam  L.  Sullae  Cn.  Pompeius  viginti 
tres  annos  natus  erat.  Dionysius  sextum  et  vigesimum  annum 
agens  dominatum  occupavit.  Alcibiades  circiter  annos  quadra¬ 
ginta  natus  diem  obiit  supremum.  Galba  septuagesimo  quarto 
anno  aetatis  Neroni  in  regno  successit.  Demosthenes  abhinc 
annos  prope  trecentos  fuit.  Ante  hos  annos  XL  institutum  est, 
ut  convivae  jejuni  biberent,  potusque  vini  antecederet  cibos. 
Tertio  ante  hunc  annum  in  Treverico1  agro  uberrimas  messes 

habuerunt.  Quindecim  dies  sunt,  cum  epistolam  a  te  accepi. 

1  of  Treves. 

25.  Ulixes  returned  to  Ithaca,  after  he  had  been  absent 
twenty  years.  The  Lacedaemonians  alone  lived  according  to  the 
same  manners  (< abl .)  all  over  the  world  for  seven  hundred  years. 
Semiramis  held  the  administration  for  fourty  years  after  the 
death  of  Ninus.  The  seven  Roman  kings  reigned  244  years; 
Romulus  reigned  37  years;  Numa  43;  Tullus  Hostilius  32;  Ancus 
Martius  24;  Tarquinius  Priscus  38;  Servius  Tullius  45;  Tarquinius 
Superbus  25.  Cicero  held  court1  on  the  13th  of  February2  at 
Laodicea;  thence  he  returned  to  Cilicia,  where  he  remained  a 
whole  month.  Cold  weather  has  been  predicted  for  the  next  three 
days.  Hannibal  fled  from  Africa  to  Syria  to  (ad)  king  Antio¬ 
chus;  three  years  later,  however,  he  returned  to  Carthage.  Fla¬ 
minius  proposed  an  agrarian  law3  a  few  years  before  the  second 
Punic  war.  America  was  discovered  four  hundred  years  ago.  The 
general  ordered  the  soldiers  to  prepare  for  battle  for  the  next  day. 

In  the  letters  of  Cicero  we  read  that  he  was  elected  consul 
at  the  age  of  43,  and  after4  the  discovery  of  the  conspiracy  was 
called  the  Father  of  his  country.  Nobody  is  so  old5  as6  not  to 
hope  to  live  another  year.  Dionysius  became  king  when  25  years 
old;  he  was  sole  ruler  of  Syracuse  for  28  years.  Three  years 
ago  my  brother  and  my  sister  set  out  from  here,  and  will  return 
only7  after  eleven  months.  That  which  you  have  written  to  me  in 
your  last  letter,  I  had  already  written  to  my  brother  eight  days  ago. 

1  jus  dicere.  2  idus  Feb.  3  legem  ferre !  4  abl.  abs.  5  senex.  6  nt.  7  demuni 
(after  the  emphasized  word). 

MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 

26.  Boxers  and  actors1  came  to  Rome  from  Etruria,  and 
from  the  same  country  was  brought  the  art  of  soothsaying, 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


15 


which  predicted  the  future  from  the  entrails  of  the  victims. 
The  senators,  who  in  time  of  peace  lived  mostly  on  their  estates, 
were  called2  from  the  country  into  the  city  on  important  state 
affairs3.  The  senses  are  placed  in  the  head  as4  in  a  castle. 
Marius  and  Cicero  were  born  at  Arpinium,  a  small  free  town 5  of 
Latium.  Claudius  lived  64  years  and  reigned  21  years.  Our 
Cassius  and  I  will  be  at  your  house  to-morrow.  Ascanius  founded 
Alba  Longa  and  transferred6  thither  the  seat  of  government. 
Cicero  traveled  from  the  city  of  Rome  to  the  city  of  Athens, 
thence  to  Rhodes.  Induced7  by  the  influence  of  Miltiades,  the 
Athenians  led  their  troops  out  of  the  city  and  pitched  their 
camp  in  a  very  advantageous  place. 

1  histrio.  2  arcessere.  3  summa  res  publica.  4  quasi.  5  municipium.  6  col¬ 
locare.  7  impellere. 

27.  Socrates  called  philosophy  down  from  heaven  and  trans¬ 
ferred  it  into  the  cities  and  even  introduced 1  it  into  the  dwellings 
and  compelled  the  people  to  (ut)  meditate2  on  their  lives  and 
their  customs.  Hamilcar  died  in  Spain  in  the  year  229  before 
the  birth  of  Christ,  where  he  had  successfully  carried  on  war 
for  nine  years.  The  Luculli  took  into  their  house  the  poet 
Archias,  who  had  come  to  Rome.  Cicero  traveled  from  Tarsus 
to  Asia  and  alleviated3  the  famine  which  then  existed  in  whole 
Asia.  My  friend  Titus  died  30  years  ago.  Luclid  went  daily 
from  Megara  to  Athens,  to  ( ut )  hear  Socrates.  At  Capua,  a 
beautiful  city  of  Campania,  the  soldiers  lived  dissolutely.  In 
whole  Greece  no  one  was  wiser  than  Socrates,  who  was  declared 
the  wisest  of  all  by  the  Delphian  Apollo.  The  Stoics  place 
the  greatest  good  in  virtue;  the  greatest  evil  in  vice.  The  soul 
is  in  our  body  as  ( velut )  in  a  strange  house;  after  death  it  re¬ 
turns  to  heaven  as  its  home.  Appius  Claudius  died  one 
year  before  the  censorship,  nine  years  after  the  consulship  of 
Cato.  On  the  evening  of  the  seventh  day,  at  night,  I  returned 
home,  where  I  stayed  22  days. 

1  introducere.  2  quaero  de.  3  sedare. 

28.  In  war  Marius  rested  mostly  on  the  ground.  When  will 
you  go  into  the  country,  and  how  long  will  you  remain  in  the 
country,  and  when  will  you  return  from  the  country  into  the 

city?  Porsenna,  king  of  the  Clusini,  placed1  a  garrison  on  the 

1  collocare. 


16 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


Janiculum  and  pitched  his  camp  on  the  banks  of  the  Tiber. 
Aristides  was  recalled  to  his  country  after  three  years,  and,  un¬ 
mindful  of  the  wrong-  suffered 1  for  many  years,  performed 2  great 
services  for  his  fellow-citizens  both  in  war  and  in  peace.  Before 
the  arrival  of  Hamilcar  in  Sicily,  the  war  had  been  carried  on 
unsuccessfully  both  by  land  and  sea.  The  youth  fled  into  the 
temple  and  sat  down  on  the  altar.  When  Hannibal  was  in  the 
vicinity  of  (ad)  Rome,  the  terror  in  whole  Italy  and  in  Rome 
itself  was  very  great.  The  elephant  picks  up  with  his  trunk3 
the  smallest  things  which  lie  on  the  ground.  At  the  arrival  of 
Lucullus  in  Asia,  the  numerous4  troops  of  Mithridates  were 
furnished  and  equipped5  with  all  things.  Mummius,  laden  with 
many  treasures,  returned  to  Rome  from  Corinth,  a  renowned  city 
of  Greece.  Have  you  heard  that6  the  general  and  his  daughter 
were  murdered  on  the  same  day?  Alexander  died  at  Babylon, 
in  the  year  323  before  Christ,  33  years  and  one  month  old. 

1  accipere.  2  officia  praestare.  3  manus.  4  magnus.  5  instruere  atque  ornare. 
6  acc.  w.  inf. 

29.  Christ  was  born  1905  years  ago,  in  the  year  754  after 

the  foundation  of  Rome1.  When  Cicero  arrived  in  his  province, 

he  spent  three  days  at  Laodicea,  four  days  at  Apamea,  three  at 

Synnada,  and  just  as  many  at  Philomelium.  Cyzicus  was  most 

vigorously  besieged  by  Mithridates,  king  of  Pontus,  both  by  land 

and  by  sea.  Good  manners  were  practised  by  the  Romans  at 

home  and  in  the  field.  I  would  rather2  be  at  Rome  and  in  vour 

•/ 

house,  than  at  Mytilenae  or  Rhodes.  Rome  was  built  394  years 
after  the  destruction3  of  Troy.  The  camels  can  endure  thirst 
for  ten  days  and  more.  The  Roman  exiles  often  betook  them¬ 
selves  to  Rhodes,  Mytilenae  or  Massilia.  Milo,  when  an  exile, 
betook  himself  to  Massilia,  at  that  time  the  most  populous  city 
of  Gaul.  At  sunset  the  army  arrived  in  the  vicinity  of  Rome; 
it  sailed  for  Massilia  long  before  the  cavalry,  which  only4  ar¬ 
rived  at  Ostia  two  days  later. 

1  Roma  condita.  2  malo.  3  everto,  cf.  Gr.  §  311.  4  demum. 

30.  760  years  ago,  it  happened  that1  a  whole  city  was  saved 
by  a  stratagem  of  women.  During  the  Guelphic2  war,  which 
had  already  broken  out  several  years  before,  the  enemies  of  the 
emperor  were  besieged  at  Weinsberg3,  a  small  town  in  Suabia4; 


THE  ACCUSATIVE. 


17 


but  the  town  could  not  be  immediately  taken.  When  this  was 
announced  to  the  emperor,  he  commanded  his  army  to  advance5 
to  the  vicinity  of  Weinsberg.  Upon  the  arrival  of  the  emperor, 
the  danger  seemed  too  great6,  and  since  the  citizens  could  not 
escape  into  the  country,  they  preferred  to  implore  in  time  the 
mercy7  of  the  emperor,  who  was  very  mild.  Therefore,  shortly 
after,  they  sent  their  wives  to  him  as  mediators8.  He  permitted 
them  to  take  with  them  from  the  city  whatever  was  dearest  to 
them.  On  the  following  day  they  marched  out  of  the  gates, 
each9  carrying  her  husband  on  her  back. 

1  ut,  §  285  3.  2  Guelftcus.  3  Vinimontium.  4  Suevia.  5  accedere.  6  nimius. 
7  dementia.  8  conciliator.  9  quisque  (after  suus). 


THE  ACCUSATIVE. 

§§  158  &  159. 

31.  Deus  mundum  aedificavit.  Omne  fere  genus  bestiarum 
Aegyptii  consecraverunt1.  'Omne  animal  sensus  habet.  Omnium 
animantium  formam  vincit  hominis  figura.  Luna  varias  muta¬ 
tiones  habet2.  Panem  et  aquam  natura  desiderat.  Somnus  aufert 
sensus  actionemque  tollit  omnem.  Deus  religione  colitur,  super¬ 
stitione  violatur.  Sertorius  Mithridatem,  Ponti  regem,  classe 
juvit.  Omnibus  avibus,  quae  sermonem  imitantur  humanum 
in  suo  cuique  genere  latior  lingua  est.  Publicam  Romano¬ 
rum  magnificentiam  secuta  privata  luxuria  est.  Themistoclis 
consilio  Piraei  portus  constitutus  est,  isque  moenibus  circumda¬ 
tus,  ut  ipsam  urbem  dignitate  aequipararet. 

Prudentia  nunquam  deficit  oratorem.  Apud  Aegyptios  forum 
ac  negotia  feminae,  viri  pensa  ac  domus  curant;  onera  illae  hu¬ 
meris,  hi  capitibus  accipiunt.  Galli  ad  castra  Labieni  profecti 
sunt,  eum  consulto  proelium  defugere  rati.  Ambiorix  Nervios 
hortatus  est  ne  Romanorum  saevitiam  ulciscendi  occasionem  di¬ 
mitterent.  Romani  Tarentinis  bellum  indixerunt,  ut  legatos  con¬ 
tumeliis  affectos  ulciscerentur.  Post  victoriam  ab  Hannibale  ad 
Ticinum  partam  multi  Galli  a  Romanis  ad  eum  defecerunt. 

1  consider  sacred.  2  undergo. 

2 


18 


THE  ACCUSATIVE. 


32.  We  endure  hunger  more  easily  than  thirst.  Romulus 
built  Rome  754  years  before  Christ.  Cicero  feared  that1  Catiline 
would  set  Rome  on  fire  and  kill  the  good  citizens.  Mithridates 
raised2  troops,  pillaged  the  provinces,  and  divided  the  fourth 
part  of  the  booty  among  the  soldiers.  The  Roman  peasants  in¬ 
voked  Ceres  and  Liber  (. god  Bacchtis ),  because  their  fruits  were 
most  necessary  for  (ad)  the  sustenance3  of  life.  Those  are  wicked 
men  who  do  not  assist  their  friends.  The  defeated  Persians  did 
not  seek4  the  camp,  but  their  ships;  never  had  so  small  a  force 
totally  defeated5  so  great  an  army.  Behold,  my  Fabius  Aeneas, 
this  maple-tree  which  my  father  and  I  have  planted.  Good 
morals  are  corrupted  by  bad  company.  The  temple  of  Apollo 
at  Delphi6  was  plundered  by  the  Phocians7. 

Assistance  is  never  wanting  to  him  who  has  ever  been  faith¬ 
ful  to  others.  Friends  were  not  wanting  to  Cicero,  after  he  was 
banished.  Fools  flee  from  death,  but  it  follows8  them  whither¬ 
soever  they  go9.  He  who  seeks  to  withdraw10  himself  from  mil¬ 
itary  service,  is  justly  considered  a  coward.  Shun  vice;  practice 
virtue;  then,  true  honor  will  not  be  wanting  to  you.  Do  not 
avenge  yourselves  on  your  enemies.  The  magistrates  ought  to 
have  more  regard  for  the  welfare  of  their  fellow-citizens,  than 
for  their  own.  After  the  consuls  were  elected,  they  cast  lots  for 
the  provinces.  Caesar  punished  not  only  public  but  also  private 
wrongs.  Icarus  fell  into  the  sea,  because  he  did  not  give  heed 
to  the  command  of  his  father. 

1  ne ,  cf .  Gr.  §  282.  2  colligere .  3  alo ,  cf .  Gr.  §  224.  4  petere.  5  devincere. 

6  Delphicus.  7  Phocenses.  8  insequi.  9  ingredi.  10  subterfugere. 

§  160. 

33.  Mirari  satis  hujus  hominis  negligentiam  non  queo.  Nec 
honores  sitio  nec  desidero  gloriam.  Multi  cives  casum  meum 
doluerunt.  Nemo  tam  ferus  fuit,  quin1  Alcibiadis  casum  lacri¬ 
mant.  Grammaticus  non  erubescit  soloecismum2,  si  sciens  facit. 
Vel  magistri  equitum  virgas  ac  secures  dictatoris  tremere  atque 
horrere  solent.  Quidam  Curios  simulant  et  Bacchanalia  vivunt. 
Magis  laudatur  unguentum,  quod  ceram,  quam  quod  crocum3 
olere  videtur.  Hoc  vinum  resipit  picem.  Germani  parvam  sta¬ 
turam  Romanorum  ridebant.  Curtius  venit,  nihil  nisi  classes 

1  who  not.  2  solecism.  3  saffron. 


THE  ACCUSATIVE. 


19 


loquens  et  exercitus.  Ego  vestros  patres  vivere  arbitror  eam 
vitam  quae  sola  est  vita  nominanda.  Mirum  somniavi  somnium. 
Siccius  Dentatus  triumphavit  triumphos  novem.  Id  tibi  nullo 
modo  assentior.  Utrumque  laetor,  et  sine  dolore  corporis  te 
fuisse  et  animo  valuisse.  Dolores  nunquam  tantam  vim  habent, 
ut  non  plus  habeat  '  sapiens  quod  gaudeat,  quam  quod  angatur. 

34.  All  friends  deplore  my  misfortune.  Who  does  not  mourn 
the  death  of  his  friends  and  relatives?  You  know  that  people 
daily  complain  of  the  shortness  of  life.  Whilst  Socrates  was 
playing,  Alcibiades  laughed  at  him.  Tomyris,  the  queen  of  the 
Scythians,  said:  “Satiate  thyself,  Cyrus,  with  the  blood  for 
which  thou  hast  always  thirsted.”  At  Pharsalus  the  Romans 
fought  a  great  battle,  from  which  Caesar  came  away 1  victorious. 
Tyrants  live  a  miserable  life,  because  they  always  dread  snares. 
On  earth2  nothing  is  perfect;  of  this  we  complain,  and  our  fore¬ 
fathers  have  complained,  and  our  posterity  will  complain.  In 
what  do  we  differ  from  («)  the  rest  of  living  beings?  In  spring 
the  gardens  smell  of  violets,  roses  and  other  flowers.  Not  every 
king  can  glory  in  that,  in  which  a  good  man  glories. 

1  discedo.  2  in  terris. 

§  161. 

35.  Equites  Pompejani  aciem  Caesaris  circumire  coeperunt. 
Hannibal  saltum  Pyrenaeum  transiit.  Ea  fama  forum  et  urbem 
pervasit.  Tot  amnes  superavimus;  tot  montium  juga  transcurri¬ 
mus.  Fama  est,  Remum  ludibrio  fratris  novos  transiluisse  muros. 
Multa  senem  circumveniunt  incommoda.  .Molestiae,  laetitiae, 
cupiditates,  timores  similiter  omnium  mentes  pervagantur.  Cur 
Pythagoras  et  Aegyptum  lustravit  et  Persarum  magos  adiit? 
Cur  tantas  regiones  barbarorum  pedibus  obiit?  Hannibal  cum 
quinque  navibus  Africani  accessit.  Alexander  nihil  sine  divina 
ope  aggredi  videbatur.  Alexander  Mediae  fines  ingressus  est. 
Galli  urbem  cum  clamore  et  impetu  invadunt;  patentes  passim 
domos  adeunt.  Clodiam1  P.  Sextium,  tribunum  plebis,  inermem 
atque  imparatum,  alii  gladiis  adoriuntur,  alii  fustibus.  Caesar, 
Pompejus,  Crassus  societatem  inter  se  inierunt,  quae  primus  tri¬ 
umviratus  dicitur.  Xerxes  Hellespontum  exercitum  ingentem 
trajecit  et  Graeciam  invasit.  Graeci  Trojam  per  decem  annos 

1  The  adherents  of  Clodius. 


20 


THE  ACCUSATIVE. 


circumsederunt.  Caesar,  exercitu  Rubiconem  trajecto,  Romam 
petiit. 

36.  Caesar  could  not  prevent  the  Germans  from1  crossing 

the  Rhine.  The  river  Anio  flows  by  the  city  Tibur.  Mucius 
Scaevola  swam  across  the  Tiber.  The  Argonauts  sailed  along 
the  coast  of  the  Thracian  Chersonesus;  it  was,  however,  very 
difficult  for  them  to  pass  through  (j>e?j  the  Bosphorus  and  to 
arrive  at  Colchis.  When  Caesar  led  his  troops  accross  the  Rhine, 
the  Germans  withdrew2  to  the  woods.  Many  who  had  heard 
that  I  was  sick,  came  to  visit  me.  The  consul  Servilius  entered 
upon  his  office  at  Rome,  on  the  15th  of  March3.  After  Caesar 
had  conquered  Pompey  at  Pharsalus,  he  passed  over  to  Asia. 
Many  Spaniards,  who  had  been  led  across  the  Ebro  by  Hanni¬ 
bal,  returned  to  their  homes,  when  they  arrived  at  the  Pyrenees. 
Undergo  willingly  all  hardships  and  accept  every  pain.  Pytha¬ 
goras  is  said  to  have  wandered4  through  Egypt  and  visited  the 
Persian  magicians  and  traveled  through  many  countries  of  the 
barbarians  on  foot  ( abi.  Curtius  relates  that  Alexander 

applied  to  the  oracle  of  Jupiter  Ammon.  Our  soldiers  went 
around  the  right  wing  of  the  enemy  and  attacked  them  in  the 
rear.  The  Gauls  pursued  the  conquered  Romans  and  took  pos¬ 
session  of  the  city.  The  Romans  crossed  the  Rhine  and  the 
Danube,  but  could  not  subjugate  Germany.  Tissaphernes  was 
unfaithful5  to  the  friendship  of  the  king  of  Persia  and  formed 
an  alliance  with  the  Lacedaemonians.  Cicero,  who  incurred 
many  dangers  for  the  welfare  of  the  commonwealth,  finally  died 
an  ignominious  death. 

1  quominus ,  cf.  Gr.  §  284,  note  3.  2  se  recipere.  3  id  us  Martiae.  *  obire. 

5  dejicere  ab  aliquo. 

§  162. 

37.  Nunquam  primi  cousilii  Deum  poenitet.  Sapientia  sem¬ 
per  eo  contenta  est  quod  adest  neque  eam  unquam  sui  poenitet. 
Non  solum  me  piget  stultitiae  meae,  sed  etiam  pudet.  Prorsus 
vitae  nos  taedet,  ita  sunt  omnia  miseriarum  plenissima.  Tui  me 
miseret,  mei  piget.  Omnes  homines,  de  rebus  dubiis  consultan¬ 
tes,  ab  odio,  amicitia,  ira  atque  misericordia  vacuos  esse  decet. 
Parvum  parva  decent.  Quid  sit  optimum,  neminem,  fugit.  De 
Caesare  fugerat  me  ad  te  scribere.  Non  me  praeterit,  usum  esse 


THE  ACCUSATIVE. 


21 


optimum  discendi  magistrum.  Non  hoc  te  fallit,  quam  multa 
sint  et  quam  varia  genera  dicendi.  Eorum  nos  magis  miseret 
qui  nostram  misericordiam  non  requirunt,  quam  qui  illam  effla¬ 
gitant.  Quintum  poenitet  quod  amicum  tuum  offendit.  Me  non 
pudet  fateri  nescire  quod  nesciam.  Eorum  miseremur  qui  propter 
fortunam,  non  propter  malitiam  in  miseriis  sunt. 

38.  The  manners  of  the  Roman  people  disgusted  Sallust. 
Be  ashamed  of  this  life.  Lazy  men  always  dislike1  labor.  You 
will  once  repent  of  it,  and  no  one  will  pity  you;  for  every  one 
loathes  such  behavior  ( manners ).  Socrates  was  not  ashamed  to 
confess2  openly  that  he  was  ignorant3  of  many  thing's.  No  one 
has  repented  of  having-  learned  much.  The  Romans  repented 
of  having-  expelled  Cicero  from  the  city.  God  will  have  mercy 
on  him  who  has  mercy  on  the  poor.  Frequenti}"  men  are  more 
ashamed  of  the  punishment  than  of  the  crime.  We  shall  never 
repent  of  our  life,  if  we  do  not  have  to  be  ashamed  of  it.  It 
g-ave  pleasure4  to  Sulpicius  Gallus  to  predict  eclipses5  of  the  sun 
and  moon.  It  is  becoming-  a  youth  to  help  his  parents.  It  is 
not  becoming-  a  strong-  young-  man  to  sleep  twice  a  day.  It 
pleases  quarrelsome  people  to  give  trouble6  to  others.  What 
pupil  does  not  know7  that  Athens  was  the  teacher  of  oratory? 
It  behooves  a  youth  to  follow  the  good  precepts  of  old  men.  How 
often  do  old  men  repent,  that  they  misspent8  the  time  of  youth. 

1  piget.  2  profiteri.  3  nescire.  4  juvat.  5  defectio.  6  negotium.  7  fugit. 
8  male  collocare. 

§  163. 

39.  Caesar  ipse  se  consulem  fecit.  Ancum  Marcium  regem 
populus  creavit.  Thebani  Philippum,  Macedoniae  regem,  ducem 
eligunt.  Socrates  totius  mundi  se  incolam  et  civem  arbitrabatur. 
Senatus  Catilinam  et  Manlium  hostes  patriae  judicat.  Qui  vivum 
Dionem  tyrannum  vocitaverunt,  eundem  post  mortem  liberatorem 
patriae  tyrannique  expulsorem  praedicabant.  Omnes  fere  socii 
Lacedaemonios  deseruerunt  spectatoresque  se  otiosos  praebuerunt 
Leuctricae  calamitatis.  Moneo,  ut  te  erroribus  tuorum  placabilem 
praestes.  Homines,  nescio  quomodo,  facilius  in  timore  benigni, 
quam  in  victoria  grati  reperiuntur.  Volo  te,  Brute,  quum  fortis¬ 
simus  vir  cognitus  sis,  etiam  clementissimum  existimari.  Cur 
ego  poeta  salutor?  Themistocles,  quum  in  epulis  recusasset  ly- 


22 


THE  ACCUSATIVE. 


ram,  habitus  est  indoctior.  Universus  hic  mundus  una  civitas 
communis  hominum  est  existimanda.  Trajanus  Romae  et  per 
provincias  aequalem  se  omnibus  exhibebat.  C.  Marius  L,  Sullam 
quaestorem  habuit.  Artaxerxes  Iphicratem  ab  Atheniensibus 
petivit  ducem.  Homerus  principibus  heroum  certos  deos  pericu¬ 
lorum  comites  adjunxit.  Pompeio  fugienti  fortuna  duos  Lentulos 
consulares  Sextumque  filium  et  Favonium  praetorium1  comites 
ag-greg'avit.  Catilina  in  Etruriam  se  contulit  ad  Manlium,  quem 
de  adventu  suo  certiorem  fecerat,  in  ej usque  castris  pro  eonsule 
se  gessit.  Lucumonem,  quem  divitiae  Romanis  brevi  conspicuum 
faciebant,  non  modo  cives,  sed  etiam  rex  Ancus  pro  optimo  viro 
habebant.  Avaritia  improbos  efficit.  Caligula  ex  modesto  et 
benigno  factus  est  improbus  et  immanis. 

1  ex-pretor. 

40.  Philosophers  consider  all  passions  diseases  of  the  soul. 
I  do  not  consider  him  a  good  citizen  who  is  ashamed  of  work. 
The  Roman  people  elected  Scipio  Aemilianus  consul  before  the 
legal1  age.  Choose  him  for  your  friend  who  assists  you  in  word 
and  deed2.  Romulus  had  300  armed  men  as  body-guards,  who 
were  called  Celeres.  Fortune  makes  many  persons  blind.  The 
goddess  of  Fortune,  whose  daughter  was  Beauty,  asked  her  sister 
Minerva:  “How  shall  I  make  my  daughter  happy?”  The  latter 
answered:  “If  you  give  her  virtue  as  a  constant  companion.” 
Cicero  calls  modesty  the  ruler  of  the  desires.  Because  Dionysius 
wished  to  show  himself  a  patron  of  learned  men,  he  induced 
Plato  to  (ut)  come  from  Athens  to  Syracuse.  The  Athenians 
made  Alcibiades  commander-in-chief  on  land  and  sea  and  de¬ 
clared  war  against  the  Syracusans.  Soldiers,  show  yourselves 
brave !  Much  seems  becoming  to  us  which  is  considered  unbe¬ 
coming  in  other  people.  Can  you  tell  me,  why3  the  stork  is 
called  the  messenger  of  spring?  Dejoces  was  chosen  king  by 
the  Medes,  because  he  was  known  as  the  most  just  and  wise. 
Scipio  was  made  consul,  when  a  youth,  and  sent  against  the 
Carthaginians.  Tarquinius,  the  last  of  the  Roman  kings,  was 
called  the  Proud.  Atticus  was  not  esteemed  less  as  a  father  of 
a  family  than  as  a  good  citizen.  When  the  Roman  senate  had 
been  informed  of  the  destruction4  of  Saguntum,  it  declared  war 

1  legitimus.  2  res.  3  ind.  quest.  4  excidium. 


THE  ACCUSATIVE.  23 

against  Carthage.  The  Romans  conducted  themselves  everywhere 
as  lords  of  the  world.  Love  makes  men  kind;  hatred  cruel. 

§  164. 

41.  Eloquentia  efficit,  ut  ea,  quae  scimus,  alios  docere  pos¬ 
simus.  Catilina  juventutem,  quam  illexerat,  multis  modis  mala 
edocebat.  Antigonus  iter  quod  habebat1,  omnes  celat.  Oratione 
a  Divitiaco  habita,  omnes  qui  aderant  magno  fletu  auxilium  a 
Caesare  petere  coeperunt.  Discipulos  id  unum  moneo  ut  prae¬ 
ceptores  suos  non  minus  quam  ipsa  studia  ament.  Homo  scelestus 
scelera  Deum  celare  non  potest.  Rex  cuncta  edoctus  est  de  qui¬ 
bus  antea  a  legatis  erat  celatus.  Speculatores  in  castra  reversi 
imperatorem  docuerunt  de  insidiis  quas  hostes  paraverant.  Scy¬ 
thae  pueros  armis  et  equo  maxime  docebant.  D.  Junius  Selanus 
primus  sententiam  rogatus,  quod  eo  tempore  consul  designatus2 
erat.  Socrates  nullum  praemium  discipulos  poscebat,  sed  sapi¬ 
entiam  sine  pretio  eos  docebat.  Judices  reum  de  nominibus  con¬ 
sciorum”  frustra  interrogaverunt,  ideoque  in  carcerem  reduci 
jusserunt.  Sequere  virtutem;  hoc  te  hortor,  hoc  te  rogo.  Decet 
adolescentem  a  sene  consilium  rogare.  * 

1  intend.  2  consul-elect.  8  accomplice. 

42.  Cadmus,  who  had  come  from  Phoenicia,  instructed  the 
Greeks  in  the  art  of  writing.  God  has  taught  men  many  things, 
but  the  most  he  has  wisely  concealed  from  them.  It  is  becom¬ 
ing  for  ehildren  to  conceal  nothing  from  their  parents.  Proser¬ 
pina,  the  daughter  of  Ceres,  who  taught  the  Athenians  agricul¬ 
ture,  was  carried  off1  by  Pluto.  The  consuls  informed  the  senate 
of  the  cruelty  of  Verres.  The  dangers  which  threaten  a  state, 
ought  not  to  be  concealed  from  the  magistrates.  Pray  God  for 
health2  of  mind  and  body;  he  who  asks  God  for  riches,  asks 
him  for  transitory  goods.  The  Romans  instantly  demanded  the 
weapons  of  the  nations  that  were  conquered.  With  justice  we 
can  demand  that  of  others  which  they  have  promised  us.  It  be¬ 
comes  us  to  render  to  our  friends  the  services  which  they  have 
requested  of  us.  The  ambassadors  of  the  Tarentines  asked  of 
Pyrrhus,  king  of  Epirus,  assistance  against  the  Romans.  Cicero 
had  asked  Lentulus  for  his  opinion;  but  the  latter  was  silent. 

1  auferre,  2  sanitas. 


24 


THE  ACCUSATIVE. 


You  have  done  me  a  great  favor1  because  you  have  reminded 
me  of  what  I  had  forgotten.  I  ask  you,  what  you  are  seeking* 2? 
I  have  already  done  that  of  which  you  remind  me.  At  Rome 
the  senators  were  asked  their  opinion  by  the  consul. 

1  gratum  facere  (to  do  a  favor).  2  quaerere. 

§§  165,  166  &  167. 

/ 

43.  Caesar  a  lacu  Lemano  ad  montem  Juram  millia  passuum 
decem  murum  fossamque  perduxit.  Nemo  est  qui  possit  bidao, 
aut  summum  triduo,  septing*enta  millia  passuum  ambulare.  Per¬ 
petuae  fossae,  quinos  pedes  altae,  ducebantur.  Babylon  sexaginta 
millia  passuum  complexa  (est),  muris  ducenos  pedes  altis,  quin¬ 
quagenis  latis.  Tertio  post  die  Romani  simul  omnes  (amnem) 
transgressi  sunt  et  duo  millia  ferme  et  quingentos  passus  ab 
hoste  posuerunt  castra.  Caesar  ab  exploratoribus  certior  factus 
Ariovisti  copias  a  nostris  militibus  passuum  viginti  quattuor 
abesse.  Ancus  Marcius  apud  ostium  Tiberis  civitatem  sexto  de¬ 
cimo  milliario  ab  urbe  Roma  condidit.  Trabes  directae  paribus 
intervallis  in  solo  collocantur;  ea  autem  intervalla  grandibus 
saxis  effarciuntur.  Virido  vix  contra  Sabinum  duum  millium  spatio 
consedit  quotidieque  productis  copiis  pugnandi  potestatem  fecit1. 
Copiae  Trevirorum  a  tribus  millibus  passuum  consederunt. 

Remittimus  hoc  tibi,  ne  nostram  vicem  irascaris.  Cato,  quo¬ 
ties  de  re  aliqua  sententiam  dixit  in  senatu,  addidit:  “Ceterum 
censeo  Carthaginem  esse  delendam.”  Hannibal  uno  aut  summum 
altero  proelio  'Italiam  se  in  manu  habiturum  esse  sperabat.  Li¬ 
benter  veniam  a  te  rog*o,  si  in  te  aliquid  offendi.  Maximam  partem 
ad  injuriam  faciendam  ag-grediuntur.  In  balneis  fuit  cum  id 
aetatis  filio.  Ecce  medicus !  quamquam  is  doloribus  tuis  mederi 
nihil  poterit,  si  causam  mali  eum  celabis.  En  dextra,  mi  amice ! 
Te  fortunatum  qui  pericula  maris,  furorem  hostium  aliaque  id 
g*enus  effugeris !  O  virum  simplicem,  qui  nos  nihil  celat !  Heu 
dementiam  existimantium  se  ad  superbiam  genitos  esse  !  Eheu, 
me  miserum!  hucine  beneficia  tua  evaserunt?  Me  caecum,  qui 
haec  ante  non  viderim !  En  miserum  hominem,  si  dolor  summum 
malum  est! 

1  to  give  an  opportunity. 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


25 


44.  The  soldiers  who  besieged  the  city,  dug1  a  ditch  30 
feet  long,  five  feet  wide,  and  six  feet  deep.  The  Athenians 
fought  with  the  Persians  on  the  plains  of  Marathon2,  which  was 
10,000  paces  distant  from  their  city.  The  stadium  was  600  Greek, 
or  625  Roman  feet  long.  Defeated  and  routed3,  Hannibal  ar¬ 
rived  in  two  days  and  two  nights  at  Hadrumetum,  which  was 
about  300,000  paces  distant  from  Zama;  at  Hadrumetum  he  gath¬ 
ered  the  fugitives  and  in  a  few  days,  collected  many  soldiers  by 
new  levies.  The  general  pitched  his  camp  2,000  paces  from  the 
camp  of  the  enemy.  The  largest  pyramid  built  by  the  Cheops 
is  800  feet  high;  it  is  situated4  on  a  hight  80  or  100  feet  above 
the  Nile;  a  dam,  50  stadia  long  and  65  feet  wide,  leads5  to  that 
monument.  The  surviving6  Horatius  looking  back  saw  the  Curi¬ 
atii  following  him  at  large  intervals.  The  place  chosen  by  Cae¬ 
sar  and  Ariovistus  for  an  interview  was  at  an  equal  distance 
from  both  camps;  Caesar  placed  his  legion  200  paces  from  that 
place;  the  horsemen  of  Ariovisus  halted  an  equal  distance  off. 

The  laws  of  the  twelve  tables  are  for  the  most  part  com¬ 
posed  of  the  laws  of  Solon.  Lions,  tigers  and  other  animals  of 
that  kind  are  found  in  the  deserts  of  Africa.  Parents  who  grieve 
on  account  of  their  children  are  themselves  often  the  cause  of 
their  grief.  Behold  the  land  that  lies  open7  to  you!  O  that 
sad  and  unhappy  day  on  which  the  centurions  proclaimed8  Sulla 
consul !  O  fortunate  that  upright  man  who  conceals  nothing 
from  us !  Oh !  how  hrppy  thou  art ! 

1  ducere.  2  campus  Marathonius.  3  fugare.  4  positum  esse.  3  ferre  us¬ 
que  ad.  6  superstes.  7  patere.  8  renuntiare. 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 

45.  The  Lacedaemonians  showed  themselves  the  most  zeal¬ 
ous1  defenders2  of  the  liberty  of  their  country.  It  is  becoming 
for  a  Spartan  boy  to  lie  on  the  ground  the  whole  night  and 
suffer  pain,  thirst  and  hunger.  The  emperor  Nerva  sold  a  con¬ 
siderable  part  of  his  costly  furniture  to3  assist  his  friends  and 
relatives.  When  his  friends  had  asked  Alexander  whom  he 
would  leave  as  heir,  he  is  said  to  have  answered,  “the  most 
worthy;”  and  as  everyone4  taught  himself  the  most  worthy,  it 
1  acer.  2  vindex.  3  ut.  4  quisque  (after  the  reflexive.) 


26 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


happened  that1  everyone  of  his  generals  made  himself  king,  and 
thus  the  great  kingdom  was  divided.  Experience2  has  taught 
men  many  things.  Epaminondas  had  Lysis  of  Tarentum3,  a  Py¬ 
thagorean,  as  teacher  of  philosophy.  I  have  no  pity  on  those 
who  are  in  misery  through  their  on  fault  and  lay4  the  blame 
on  others.  When  the  battle  was  impending,  the  general  rode 
around  the  army  and  encouraged  the  soldiers.  No  one  has  felt 
more  sorrow  at  the  death  of  your  father  than  I.  For  six  years 
the  Persian  king  Xerxes  made  preparations  for  the  war  against 
Greece. 

1  ut.  2  usus.  3  Tarentinus .  4  transferre . 

46.  Although  Themistocles  deserved  best1  of  his  country, 
yet  he  did  not  escape2  the  jealousy  of  his  fellow-citizens.  After 
Hannibal  had  entered  the  territory  of  the  Saguntines  and  had 
laid  waste  the  land3  far  and  wide4,  he  attacked  the  city.  The 
temple  of  the  Ephesian  Diana,  which  is  considered  the  largest 
of  all  temples,  was  450  feet  long  and  220  feet  wide.  Livius  re¬ 
lates  that  Hannibal  led  90,000  foot  soldiers  and  12,000  horsemen 
and  37  elephants  from  Spain  accross  the  Pyrenees  and  Alps  to 
Italy.  Pythagoras  taught  the  boys  modesty.  Show  yourself 
such  a  youth  as  I  have  hitherto  known  you  to  be.  Do  not  ask 
me  how  man}75  are  dissatisfied6  with  their  lot.  Remus  is  said 
to  have  leaped  over  the  walls  of  Rome  and  on  that  account7  to 
have  been  slain  by  the  angered  Romulus,  who  added:  “Thus 
will  perish  whoever  leaps  over  my  walls.”  The  Romans  were 
accustomed  to  demand  hostages  from  conquered  nations.  We 
will  lament  the  death  of  this  man  who,  fearing  neither 
pain  nor  death,  willingly  incurred8  every9  danger  for  (pro)  his 
country  and  did  everything  that  becomes  a  good  citizen. 

1  bene  merere  de  aliquo.  2  effugere.  3  ager.  4  passim  (far  and.  wide). 
5  ind.  quest.  6  po enitet.  7  ob  eam  causam.  8  adire.  9  omnis. 

47.  A  wise  man  is  never  ashamed  to  confess  his  error  openly. 
He  appears  ridiculous  to  me  who  considers  himself  alone  ( unus ) 
wise.  If  you  follow  m37  teachings,  you  will  find  in  me  a  very 
benevolent  friend  and  I  will  always  aid  you.  Many  wish  to 
teach  others  what  they  themselves  have  not  learned  sufficiently 
well1.  O  glorious  day,  when  (cum)  I  shall  depart  for  that  di¬ 
vine  assembly 2  of  souls !  Adherbal,  king  of  the  Numidians, 


miscellaneous  exercises. 


27 


sent  ambassadors  to  Rome  to  ( nt )  inform  the  senate  of  the  mur¬ 
der  of  his  brother.  Your  teachers  will  conceal  nothing-  from 
you  that  will  be  of  use  to  you  in  life;  ever  follow  their  teaching's 
and  consider  practice  the'  best  teacher.  Nicias  and  Lamachus 
were  given  as  colleagues  to  Alcibiades,  whom  the  Athenians 
had  made  commander-in-chief  of  the  Syracusan  war.  I  ask  you 
to  ( ut )  inform  me  whether  you  are  in  g-ood  health.  Those  who 
mock  old  people,  seem  not  to  know  that  they  themselves  wish 
to  become  old3.  I  cannot  wonder  enougii  at  the  negiig-ence  of 
this  person.  He  to  whom  wealth  is  not  wanting-,  should  help 
the  poor.  When  the  tyrant  Dion  had  come  to  Meg-ara,  he  wished 
to  visit  Theodorus,  the  ruler  of  this  city.  Hannibal  put  to  fligiit 
the  Roman  force  which  was  holding-  Mount  Callicula,  and  crossed 
the  mountains. 

1  satis.  2  coetus,  us.  3  senescere. 

48.  One  who  does  not  blush 1  to  act  wickedly,  does  not  feel 
pity  at  seeing-  others  unhappy.  Cato,  being-  asked  his  opinion 
in  the  senate,  said  that  the  death  of  a  few  profligate  citizens  is 
better2  than  the  ruin  of  all  well-disposed3  persons.  Romulus  is 
said  to  have  founded  Rome,  when  he  was  eighteen  years  of  age, 
and  to  have  made  himself  its  king.  Everyone  knows  who  taught 
Epaminondas  music.  A  good  man  will  never  ask  his  friend  any¬ 
thing4  disgraceful.  Oh,  the  excellent  customs  and  discipline, 
handed  down  to  us  by  our  forefathers !  The  general  informed 
the  king  of  the  result  of  the  battle.  Pythias  commanded5  the 
Athenians  to  take6  Miltiades  as  their  leader.  True  pleas¬ 
ures  are  never  wanting  the  wise  man.  Hannibal  pitched  his 
camp  at  a  distance  of  3000  paces  from  the  city  of  Rome.  I  re¬ 
joice  that  you  are  well.  The  horsemen  began  to  outflank7  our 
line  of  battle  on  the  open  side.  The  cohorts  surrounded  the  left 
wing  and  attacked  the  enemy.  Augustus  entered  upon  the  du¬ 
ties  of  a  general.  The  Greeks  called  those  who  were  not  Greeks, 
barbarians.  It  does  not  escape  me,  how  little8  it  becomes  a  wise 
man  to  follow  his  evil  inclinations9.  The  Carthaginians  were 
ashamed  to  pay  tribute.  I  neither  repent  of  having  lived,  nor 
do  I  grieve  to  die. 

1  pudet.  2  potior.  3  bonus.  4  nihil  unquam.  5  praecipere  (dat.)  6  sumere. 

7  circumvenire.  8  quam  7ion  (how  little,  ind.  quest.).  9  libido. 


28 


THE  DATIVE. 


49.  Cato,  being*  asked  bis  opinion  about  the  conspirators, 
delivered  such  a  brilliant  speech  that  the  whole  senate  adopted1 
his  opinion.  The  senate  declared  Catiline  an  enemy  of  his  coun¬ 
try.  Isocrates,  being-  asked  why  he  himself  was  silent  though.2 
he  taught  others  the  art  of  eloquence,  said,  “Grindstones  also3 
cannot  cut,  yet  they  sharpen  iron.”  An  honest  man  will  not 
conceal  his  designs  from  his  friends.  Oh,  the  pleasant  news 
that  I  received  to-day  from  my  parents !  The  assaults  of  the 
enemy  could  not  prevent  Caesar  from4  leading-  a  larg-e  army 
over  the  Rhine.  Show  yourself  thankful  to  (in)  him  who  has 
taught  }'ou  a  useful  art.  Duty  demands  that  we  assist  those 
who  have  assisted  us.  The  orator  Aeschines  censured  Demosthe¬ 
nes,  because  he  mourned  the  death  of  his  daughter  to  much5. 
He  who  shall  have  imitated  the  most  worthless  companions,  shall 
not  escape  punishment.  It  becomes  a  judge  to  have  not  only 
abstemious6  hands,  but  also  abstemious  ears.  After  the  victory 
has  been  gained7,  those  must  be  saved  who  have  not  shown 
themselves  cruel  or  inhuman.  When  Cicero  was  in  the  thirty- 
ninth  year,  the  whole8  century  proclaimed9  him  pretor.  A  pru¬ 
dent  man  considers  the  goods  of  this  life  nothing,  for  he  knows 
that  they  are  transitory.  Porsenna  is  said  to  have  been  induced10 
to  a  great  extent  by  the  bravery  of  Mucius  Scaevola  to11  make 
peace  with  the  Romans. 

1  sequi.  -  cum ,  subj.,  cf.  Gr.  §  291,  3.  3  also  not,  ne  —  quidem  (the  emphatic 

word  stands  between  ne  and  quidem).  *  quominus,  cf.  Gr.  §  284,  note  3.  5  ni¬ 

mis.  6  abstinens.  7  victoriam  parere.  8  cunctus ,  a,  um.  9  renuntiare.  10  ad¬ 
ducere.  11  ut. 

THE  DATIVE. 

§  168. 

50.  Pittaco  Mitylenaei  multa  jugerum  agri  dederunt.  Con¬ 
sueverunt  dii  immortales  hominibus  sceleratis  secundiores  res  in¬ 
terdum  et  diuturniorem  impunitatem  concedere.  Cicero  omnia 
incrementa  sua  sibi  debuit.  Ubi  socordiae  te  atque  ignaviae 
tradideris,  nequidquam  deos  implores:  irati  infestique  sunt.  Satis 
diu  vixi  vel  naturae  vel  gloriae.  Non  sum  uni  angulo1  natus: 

1  spot. 


THE}  DATIVE. 


29 


patria  mea  totus  est  hic  mundus.  Nemo  errat  uni  sibi,  sed  de¬ 
mentiam  spargit  in  proximos.  Non  scholae,  sed  vitae  discimus. 
Tibi  aras,  tibi  occas1,  tibi  seris,  tibi  eidem  metis.  Catulus  dixit 
in  concione,  esse  quidem  praeclarum  virum  Cn.  Pompeium, 
sed  nimium  jam  liberae  reipublicae.  Magnis  viris  prospere  sem¬ 
per  eveniunt  omnes  res.  Ulixes  Graecis  auctor  fuit  ut  equum 
immanem  ex  ligno  aedificarent.  Bituriges  Gallis  omnibus  ad 
pedes  procumbentes  oraverunt  ne  pulcherrimam  urbem  succendere 
cogerentur.  At  tibi  repente  paucis  post  diebus  venit  ad  me  Ca¬ 
ninius.  Avaritia  senilis  quid  sibi  velit  non  intelligo.  Tibi  per¬ 
suade,  praeter  peecatum  ac  culpam  homini  accidere  nihil  posse, 
quod  sit  horribile  aut  pertimescendum.  Themistocles  persuasit 
populo,  ut  pecunia  publica,  quae  ex  metallis  redibat,  classis  cen¬ 
tum  navium  aedificaretur.  Multi  nesciunt  quid  faciant  divitiis. 

1  to  harrow. 

51.  The  Persian  king  gave  Themistocles  the  city  of  Magne¬ 
sia  to1  furnish  him  bread.  Servius  Tullius  gave  his  two  daugh¬ 
ters  in  marriage2  to  the  two  Tarquinii,  the  haughty  one  to  the 
gentle  and  the  gentle  to  the  haught}^.  All  that  you  learn,  you 
learn  for  yourself,  not  for  the  teacher.  Demetrius  the  son  of 
Perseus  soon  not  only  acquired  the  favor  of  the  senate  for  him¬ 
self,  but  also  obtained  pardon  for  liis  father.  Epaminondas 
sought  victory  not  for  himself,  but  for  his  country.  Gajus  said 
that  arts  and  sciences  were  riches  for  the  poor  and  ornaments 
for  the  wealthy.  The  miser  is  rich  for  no  one,  neither  for  him¬ 
self,  nor  his  fellow-citizens.  Octavian  was  Caesar’s  heir  and 
therefore  obtained  his  vast  property.  What  do  you  wish  to  do 
with  this  man?  You  have  restored  my  dearest  brother  to  me, 
me  to  my  brother,  my  parents  to  the  children  and  the  children 
to  us.  Hannibal  persuaded  his  soldiers  to1  cross  the  Alps  with 
him.  I  pray  thee,  receive  my  friend  kindly,  to  whom  I  am 
much  indebted3. 

1  ut.  2  in  matrimonium  collocare,  to  give  in  marriage.  3  debeo. 

§  i  60. 

52.  Mundus  Deo  paret,  et  huic  obediunt  maria  terraeque, 
et  hominum  vita  jussis  supremae  legis  obtemperat.  Utrumque 
vitium  est,  et  omnibus  credere,  et  nulli.  Cave,  nescis,  cui  male- 


30 


THE  DATIVE. 


dicas  viro.  Quidam  declamatores  contra  sentientibus  inhumane 
conviciantur.  Est  haec  saeculi  labes  quaedam  et  macula,  virtuti 
invidere.  Irasci  iis  nefas,  quos  amare  debemus.  Tiberius  Ger¬ 
manico  usque  adeo  obtrectavit,  ut  et  praeclara  facta  ejus  pro 
supervacuis  elevaret.  Dionysius  tyrannus,  dum  imperium  studuit 
munire,  nullius  vitae  pepercit.  Non  crimini  patrocinamur,  sed 
homini.  Cui  rei,  cui  gloriae,  cui  virtuti  studes?  Caesar  Mar¬ 
cellum,  cui  maxime  succensebat,  restituit.  Multi  Romani  qui 
pristinam  libertatem  restitutam  volebant,  Octaviani  potentiae 
invidebant,  consiliisque  adversabantur.  Multae  aves  in  rupibus 
quae  mari  imminent,  nidos  aedificant.  Omnes  Galli  qui  contro¬ 
versias  habebant,  certo  anni  tempore  in  locum  consecratum  con¬ 
veniebant  et  decretis  judiciisque  Druidum  parebant.  Ego  possum 
in  hac  re  medicari  mihi.  Reliquae  legiones  cum  tribunis  militum 
et  primorum  centurionibus  egerunt  ut  Caesari  satisfacerent. 
Quamquam  Caesar  semper  Aeduorum  civitati  praecipue  indul- 
serat  tamen  ii  ab  eo  deficere  conati  sunt.  Theodorus  philosophus, 
cum  Lysimachus  ei  crucem  minaretur,  respondit:  “Istis  purpu¬ 
ratis1  tuis  ista  horribilia  minitare.”  Maximas  tibi,  Deus,  gratias 
omnes  et  habere  et  agere  debemus.  Cicero  Rhodum  profectus 
est  ut  arti  dicendi  operam  daret.  Deprecatus  a  diis  immortalibus 
sum,  ut  ea  res  populo  Romano  bene  et  feliciter  eveniret.  Julia, 
Caesaris  filia,  Cn.  Pompeio  nupsit. 

1  courtier. 

53.  Do  not  trust  him,  who  favors  another  country  more 
than  his  own.  The  dictator  believed  neither  the  report  nor  the 
letter.  To  detract  from  the  fame  of  great  men  is  dishonorable. 
Marcellus  answered  the  Syracusans:  “I  shall  spare  the  citizens 
and  dwellings  of  the  city.”  Tacitus  says  that  the  Germans  ap¬ 
plied  themselves  to  the  chase  and  warfare,  and  not  to  agriculure. 
It  is  easier  to  envy  the  virtuous  than  to  imitate  them.  Cicero 
implored  not  only  Caesar,  but  also  his  friends  for  (pro)  the  ex¬ 
iled  Ligarius.  Do  not  imitate  an  unskillful  physician,  who  can 
not  heal  himself.  Marius  said:  “The  illustrious  men  envy  me 
for  (pro)  my  honors;  may  they  also  envy  me  for  my  labors,  my 
disinterestedness,  my  hazards,  because  by  the  latter  have  I  re¬ 
ceived  the  former.”  Wicked  men  are  wont  to  begrudge  distin¬ 
guished  men  their  respect  and  detract  from  their  reputation. 


THE  DATIVE.  31 

Astarte,  who  was  married  to  Adonis,  is  considered  the  Assyrian 
Venus.  Pardon  (me)  my  hurry ! 

54.  Nothing  is  more  difficult  than  to  govern  one’s  self1. 
Roman  youths  went  from  Rome  to  Athens  to2  study3.  It  is 
wrong4  to  be  angry  at  those  whom  we  ought  to  love.  When 
Marcellus  had  taken  Syracuse  he  commanded  the  soldiers  to 
spare  Archimedes,  the  renowned  mathematician.  All  men  strive 
after5  freedom.  Not  everyone  is  happy,  whose  fortune  the  foolish 
rabble  envies.  Good  parents  do  not  envy  the  success  of  their 
children;  they  rather6  rejoice  when  fortune  favors  the  efforts7  of 
their  chidren.  A  sister  of  Atticus  was  married  to  Q.  Tullius 
Cicero.  The  enemy  with  outstretched8  hands  implored  the  Ro¬ 
mans  to2  spare  their  wives  and  children.  In  ancient  times  some 
cured  sicknesses,  others  wounds,  and  others  eyes.  Since  I  have 
never  offended  you,  I  do  not  fear  that9  you  are  angry  at  me. 
Catiline  fleeing  from  the  city  threatened  it  with  fire  and  sword10. 
It  fell  to  the  lot11  of  Trasybulus  to12  free  his  country  from  the 
tyrants.  He  who  always  tries  to  humor  another  is  not  a  true  friend. 

1  sui.  2  ut.  3  studere  and  litterae.  4  nefas.  5  studere.  6  immo  begins  the 
sentence.  7  conatus.  8  pandere.  9  ne ,  cf.  Gr.  §  281.  10  ferrum  flammaque. 

11  contingit.  12  ut ,  cf.  Gr.  §  285,  3. 


§  170. 

55.  Frater  meus  est  clemens,  placidus;  arridet  omnibus.  Sub 
Vespasiano  Augusto  Judaea  Romano  accessit  imperio.  Ago  gra¬ 
tias  senectuti,  quod  me  lectulo  affixit.  Quod  viro  forti  adimi  ncn 
potest,  id  mihi  manet  et  permanet.  Haec  tibi  est  remissio,  lu¬ 
strare  saltus,  excutere  cubilibus  feras,  superare  immensa  montium 
juga.  Mors  innocentem  sola  fortunae  eripit.  Plures  cecidissent, 
ni  nox  proelio  intervenisset.  Caesar,  ne  Aeduorum  civitas  ad 
vim  atque  ad  arma  descenderet,  huic  rei  praevertendum  existi¬ 
mavit.  Ulvam1  frondemque  putidam2  substernito  ovibus.  Cro¬ 
toniatae  multum  omnibus  corporum  viribus  antesteterunt.  Caesar 
in  hiberna  in  Sequanos  exercitum  deduxit  hibernisque  Labienum 
praeposuit.  Druides  iis  qui  eorum  decretis  non  obtemperabant 
sacrificia  interdixerunt.  Omnibus  Druidibus  praeest  unus  qui 
summam  inter  eos  habet  auctoritatem.  Darii  praetores  qui  proe- 
1  sedge.  2  rotten. 


32 


THE  DATIVE. 


lio  apud  Isson  superfuerant,  Lydiam  recuperare  tentabant.  Pe¬ 
lopidas  omnibus  periculis  adfuit. 

Eumenes  simulata  deditione  praefectis  Antiochi  imposuit. 
Elephas  corpus  Pari  dorso  suo  imposuit.  Mulier  in  India  una 
cum  viro  rogo  imponitur.  Imposuistis  in  cervicibus  nostris  sem¬ 
piternum  dominum.  Caeli  convexitas  undique  terrae  incumbit. 
Incumbamus  ad  studia.  Pergite  ut  facitis,  adolescentes,  et  in  id 
studium  in  quo  estis  imcumbite.  Non  omni  causae,  nec  auditori, 
neque  personae,  neque  tempori  congruere1  potest  orationis  unum 
genus.  Ennius  equi  fortis  et  victoris  senectuti  comparat  suam. 
Cleomenes,  Lacedaemoniorum  rex,  non  multo  postquam  ex  bello 
quod  Argivis  intulerat  domum  rediit,  in  insaniam  incidit  et  ma¬ 
nus  sibi  attulit;  neque  enim  ignem  luco  Agri  sacro  subjicere,  et 
Junonis  sacerdoti,  a  quo  ad  aram  accedere  atque  rem  divinam 
facere  vetitus  erat,  vim  afferre  veritus  est. 

1  to  be  suitable. 

56.  The  Athenians  added  to  their  former  ships  an  equal 
number  of  triremes  and  transported 1  all  movable  goods  partly  to 
Salamis  and  partly  to  Troezen.  What  greater  or  more  salutary 
gift  could  we  present2  to  the  state  than  to  teach  or  instruct 
youth.  The  Persian  king  Darius  crossed  the  river  Ister  to  make3 
war  on  the  Scythians.  Frequently  fortune  smiles  less  on  the 
good  than  on  the  wicked.  I  implore  thee,  Jupiter,  most  gracious, 
most  powerful4,  and  thee,  queen  Juno,  protect5  the  republic! 
Justice  is  not  always  joined  with  kindness.  Small  things  are 
often  justly  compared  with  great  things.  Alexander  the  Great, 
when  twenty  years  of  age,  succeeded  his  father  Philip  in  the 
government.  Hannibal  persuaded  Antiochus,  with  whom  he  had 
taken  refuge,  to  wage  war  against  the  Romans.  P.  Decius  Mus 
was  not  placed  at  the  head  of  the  army;  but,  since6  he  had  pre¬ 
ferred  his  country  to  all  things,  and  esteemed7  life  less  than 
fame,  he  alone  ( unus )  exposed8  himself  to  danger,  and  threw 
himself  into  the  midst  of  the  enemy,  although  he  knew  that  he 
would  be  slain.  Youths,  apply  yourselves  with  the  greatest  zeal 
to  glorious  pursuits! 

1  asportare.  2  afferre.  3  inferre.  4  Jupiter  optimus  maximus.  5  praesidere. 
6  cum,  subj.  'postponere,  esteem  less.  8  offerre. 

57.  Lacedaemonian  youths  endured  hunger  and  thirst,  heat 
and  cold,  (in  order)  that  a  sound  mind  might  live1  in  a  healthy 
body.  As  long  as  war  was  waged  with  (cum)  the  citizens,  Epa¬ 
minondas  remained2  quiet  at  home;  in  all  other  dangers,  how- 


THE  DATIVE. 


33 


ever,  he  took  part.  Among  the  Romans,  the  senate  presided  over3 
public  affairs;  the  high-priests,  however,  presided  over  religious4 
affairs  of  the  state.  We  compare  past  with  present  events,  and 
with  these  connect5  the  future.  Leonidas,  king  of  the  Lacedae¬ 
monians,  surprised6  the  Persians.  Some  poets  have  compared 
human  life  to  a  journey;  others,  to  the  seasons.  Cicero  wished 
neither  to  forsake7  his  country,  nor  survive  it.  The  Thebans  pos¬ 
sessed  great  strength  of  body,  but  talent  was  wanting  to  them. 
Homer  compares  the  Trojans  fleeing  before  Achilles  to  fishes 
fleeing  from  the  dolphin.  The  Helvetians  excelled  the  Gauls  in 
bravery,  because  they  fought  almost  daily  with  the  Germans. 
Cicero  wrote  to  his  son:  “Apply  yourself  to  the  liberal  arts  with 
the  greatest  zeal  that  you  may  excel  your  contemporaries.”  The 
horse  Bucephalus  suffered  no  one  to  sit  on8  its  back  except 
Alexander. 

1  inesse .  2  quiescere.  3  prceesse.  4  sacer.  5  adjungere.  6  supervenire. 

7  deesse.  8  insedere. 


§  171. 

58.  Orationi  asperguntur  sales,  qui  in  dicendo  nimium  quan¬ 
tum1  valent.  Dionysius  cubiculari  fossam,  latam  circumdedit.  Ju¬ 
gurtha  moenia  Cirtae  Vallo  atque  fossa  circumdedit.  Pythius 
quidam,  Bithynus,  platanum  auream  Dario  regi  donavit.  Augu¬ 
stum  senatus  corona  obsidionali2  donavit.  Dion  publice  elatus3 
et  sepulcri  monumento  donatus  est.  Pessimum  vitae  scelus  fecit, 
qui  aurum  primus  induit  digitis.  Hippias  orator  gloriatus  est, 
nihil  esse  ulla  in  arte  rerum  omnium,  quod  ipse  nesciret:  soccos4 
etiam,  quibus  indutus  esset,  se  sua  manu  confecisse.  Num  tibi 
intercludo  perfugium  fortunae?  Aquilius  hostem  commeatu  inter¬ 
clusit  et  ad  extrema  compulit.  Deus  in  animo  humano  impressit 
imaginem  suam.  Cum  Hector  Patroclum  occisum  armis  exuisset, 
Achilles,  indutus  splendidis  vestibus,  quae  Volcanus  ei  donaverat, 
in  pugnam  ruit,  ut  Hectorem  ulcisceretur.  Post  Carthaginem  dele¬ 
tam  Romani  mores  severos  majorum  gradatim  exuerunt.  Principes 
Galliae  consilia  inierunt  ut  Caesarem  ab  exercitu  intercluderent. 

1  too  much.  2  obsidional  (relating-  to  sieg-e  or  blockade).  3  bury.  4  shoe. 

59.  The  Tarentines  presented  Archias  with  the  citizenship. 
Semiramis  founded  Babylon  and  surrounded  the  city  with  a  wall. 
The  Romans  anticipated  the  enemy  in  such  a  manner  as  to  («/) 
cut  off  their  flight.  I  give  you  thanks,  because  you  have  pre¬ 
sented  me  with  a  book,  and  I  promise  that  I  will  obey  you  to 

3 


34 


THE  DATIVE. 


the  letter.  The  priests  once  sprinkled  the  altar  with  the  blood 
of  the  victim.  When  the  king-  passed  through  the  land,  some 
Persians  used  to  present  him  with  oxen,  sheep  and  corn;  others, 
with  gold  and  pearls,  and  others  again,  with  ripe  fruits.  Caesar 
hoped  to  be  able  to  end1  the  war  without  a  battle,  because  he 
had  cut  olf  the  enemy  from  the  convoy2.  The  general  surrounded3 
the  besieged  city  with  soldiers.  That  which  we  see  impresses 
itself  more  upon  the  memory  than  that  which  we  hear.  Bad 
company  has  already  robbed  many  of  their  virtue.  In  spring  the 
trees  clothe4  themselves  with  leaves  and  blossoms. 

1  conficere.  2  res  frumentaria.  3  circumfundere.  4  induere. 

§  172. 

60.  Natura  hominis  pecudibus  reliquisque  belluis  antecedit. 
Alexander  Magnus  indole  omnes  reges  antecessit.  Virtus  omnibus 
rebus  anteit.  Jugurtha  omnes  aequales  gloria  anteibat.  Atticus 
non  adulatus  est  potenti  Antonio.  Canes  nimium  mites  etiam 
fures  adulantur.  Athenienses  Epaminondae  aemulari  consueve¬ 
rant.  Quod 1  me  Agamemnonem  aemulari  putas,  falleris.  Ingens 
animos  militum  desperatio  incessit.  Quem  praestolaris  hic  ante 
ostium?  Sibi  hic  ipse  desperat.  Marcellinum  nostrum  ego  non 
despero:  etiamnum  servari  potest.  Saepe  illudit  nobis  fama. 
Carneades  oratorum  praecepta  illudere  solebat.  Nemo  qui  suae 
confidit,  alterius  virtuti  invidet.  Quis  potest  aut  corporis  firmi¬ 
tate  aut  fortunae  stabilitate  confidere?  Ariovistus  omni  Gallia 
Romanis  interdixit.  Caesaris  leges  jubent,  ei  qui  majestatis  dam¬ 
natus  sit,  aqua  et  igni  interdici.  Cynosura2  duce  nocturna  fidunt 
Phoenices.  Fabius  imperandi  arti  fidens  ad  exercitum  rediit. 
Dictator  dixit  se  nunquam  volentem3  rerum  consilio  gerendarum 
magistro  equitum  cessurum  esse. 

1  that.  2  lesser  bear.  3  willingly. 

61.  Many  persons  have  put  aside  all  human  feeling1;  they, 
therefore,  mock  the  misery  of  others.  Sulla,  who  had  accom¬ 
panied  Marius  in  the  Jugurthine  war,  afterwards  became  his 
most  bitter  adversary.  He  who  shall  have  emulated  great  men, 
shall  not  be  numbered  among  the  wicked.  As  long  as  strength 
does  not  fail  you,  do  not  despair  of  life.  Cicero  bade  his  brother 
remain  at  Rome  and  await  Atticus.  Men  who  rely  too  much  on 
their  own  knowledge  and  prudence,  easily  commit  mistakes.  My 
brother  wrote  me  that  you  gave  up  the  park2  to  him.  In  ad¬ 
versity  we  shall  sometimes  be  forsaken3  by  those  in  whom  we 


THE  DATIVE. 


35 


confided  more  than  in  all  others.  The  use  of  the  purple  was 
prohibited  to  Roman  ladies.  A  few  days  ere  the  arrival  of  Cae¬ 
sar,  the  Romans  were  so  shamefully  defeated  by  the  enemy  that 
they  despaired  of  their  safety. 

1  omnem  humanitatem  exuere.  2  hortus.  8  deserere. 

§  173. 

62.  Raro  invidetur  eorum  honoribus  quorum  vis  non  timetur. 
Ab  imperatore  victore  aedificiis  nec  publicis  nec  privatis  ne  tem¬ 
plis  quidem  deorum  parsum  est.  Quum1  ab  utroque  exercitu  ab 
hora  septima  ad  vesperum  acriter  pugnatum  sit,  aversum  hostem 
videre  nemo  potuit.  Quamquam  Cicero  omnibus  temporibus  sum¬ 
mus  orator  habebatur,  tamen  ejus  laudibus  a  plurimis  hodie  ob¬ 
trectari  solet.  Morti  nulla  vi  resisti  potest.  Ei  satisfieri  debet 
cui  nocetur.  Mihi  satis  persuasum  est  animos  esse  immortales. 
A  Lycurgo  lege  constitutum  erat  ne  Lacedaemoni  moenia  circum¬ 
darentur.  Terra  quae  undique  aqua  circumfunditur,  insula  ap¬ 
pellatur.  Imago  Dei  impressa  est  animae  humanae.  Acestes, 
victor  appellatus,  primo  honore  donatus  est.  Attico  plausus  ma¬ 
ximi,  signa  praeterea  benevolentiae  permulta  a  bonis  impertiuntur. 

1  thoug-h. 

63.  The  Roman  senate  was  presided  over  by  the  consuls. 
The  ambassadors,  sent  to  Caesar,  begged  that  their  people  be 
spared.  The  Helvetians  were  persuaded  by  their  chieftains  to  ( ut ) 
burn  their  towns  and  leave  their  country.  We  know  that  the 
rich,  who  have  abundance  of  all  things,  are  often  envied  by  the 
poor.  This  is  a  beautiful  villa,  it  has  been  surrounded  by  its 
owner1  with  everything  that  makes  it  pleasant.  A  glorious  death 
is  preferred  by  many  to  a  disgraceful  life.  Pelopidas  was  pre¬ 
sented  by  all  the  cities  of  Thessaly  with  golden  crowns  and 
brazen  statues.  It  is  well  known  that  good  men  are  not  always 
favored  by  fortune.  Man  wishes  to  be  forgiven,  but  does  not 
wish  to  forgive  others.  All  men  who  lead  a  good  life,  are  prom¬ 
ised  eternal  reward.  All  children  are  commanded2  by  God  to  (ut) 
obey  their  parents.  Tyrants  often  thirst  for  the  blood  of  those, 
by  whom  they  have  not  at  all  been  injured. 

1  herus.  2  mando. 

§  174. 

64.  Cultura  agrorum  generi  humano  salutaris  est.  Ratio 
multis  pestifera  est.  Atticus  adolescens  seni  Sullae  fuit  jucun- 


36 


THE  DATIVE. 


dissimus.  Senectus  plerisque  senibus  odiosa  est.  Miltiades  ami¬ 
cior  omnium  libertati,  quam  suae  fuit  dominationi.  Scio,  quam 
sis  alienus  ambitioni,  quam  familiaris  otio  ac  literis.  Pausanias 
consilia,  quam  patriae,  tam  sibi  inimica,  capiebat.  Verba  inno¬ 
centi  reperire  facile  est;  modum  verborum  misero  tenere  difficile. 
Stomacho  apta  sunt,  quaecunque  austera  sunt  et  quae  acida, 
quaeque  contacta  sale  modico  sunt;  aliena  vero  stomacho  omnia 
tepida,  omnia  salsa,  omnia  praedulcia,  omnia  pinguia.  Vetusta¬ 
tis  exempla  oratori  nota  esse  debent.  Deo  probitas  grata  est. 
Vita  otiosorum  aliis  gravis  et  molesta  est.  Nihil  est  homini  ac¬ 
commodatius  quam  beneficentia  et  liberalitas.  Antonius  Pius 
nulli  acerbus,  cunctis  benignus  fuit.  Multas  ad  res  perutiles 
Xenophontis  libri  sunt.  Nihil  est  tam  aptum,  tam  conveniens 
ad  res  vel  secundas  vel  adversas,  quam  amicitia.  Corporis  motus 
ad  naturam  accomodati  sunt.  Viros  fortes  magnanimos,  eosdem 
bonos  et  simplices,  veritatis  amicos,  minimeque  fallaces  esse  vo¬ 
lumus.  Perturbationes  animorum  sunt  turbidi  motus,  inimicissimi 
mentis  vitaeque  tranquillae.  Summum  bonum  a  Stoicis  dicitur 
convenienter  naturae  vivere.  Id  Deo  est  proximum  quod  est  opti¬ 
mum.  Legati  Germanorum  a  Caesare  petierunt  ne  propius  se 
castra  moveret.  Proelium  navale  Athenienses  cum  Persis  com¬ 
miserunt  ad  Salamina,  quae  insula  in  sinu  Saronico  proxime  ab 
Attica  sita  est. 

65.  Ennio  aequalis  fuit  Livius,  qui  primus  fabulam  dedit. 
Massaesyli,  gens  affinis  Mauris,  in  regionem  Hispaniae,  qua  sita 
Nova  Carthago  est,  spectant.  Viri  maxime  propria  est  fortitudo. 
Accusatores  contendunt,  affinem  esse  alicujus  culpae  eum  qui  ac¬ 
cusetur.  Artificia  quaedam  omnium  qui  ex  Aeschinis  disciplina1 
profecti  sunt  oratorum  communia  sunt.  Pauci,  ut  ita  dixerim, 
non  modo  aliorum,  sed  etiam  nostri  superstites  sumus.  Nulla  est 
utilitas  quae  honestati  est  contraria.  Homo  vult  hominis  similis 
esse,  formica  formicae.  Phocion  legatis  Philippi:  “Si  mei  si¬ 
miles  erunt  liberi  mei,”  inquit,  “idem  hic  ag*ellus 2  illos  alet,  qui 
me  ad  hanc  dignitatem  perduxit;  sin  dissimiles  sunt  futuri,  nolo 
meis  impensis  illorum  ali  augerique  luxuriam.”  Simplex  est 
animi  natura,  neque  habet  in  se  quidquam  dispar  sui  atque  dis¬ 
simile.  Ex  pietate,  justitia  ceterisque  virtutibus  existit  vita  be¬ 
ata,  par  et  similis  coelestium.  Dionysius  Syracusiorum  tyrannus 
fuit,  et  Philistus  aequalis  temporum  illorum.  P.  Orbius,  meus 
fere  aequalis,  T.  Juventii  auditor  fuit. 

1  school.  3  small  farm. 


THE  DATIVE. 


37 


66.  Three  thing’s  are  necessary  to  all  living*  being's:  sleep, 
food  and  drink.  Simple  and  austere  customs  are  beneficial  to 
men.  Nothing*  is  more  difficult  for  man  than  to  learn  to  know 
himself.  For  a  young*  man  who  wishes  to  acquire  knowledge, 
nothing*  is  more  pleasing*  and  useful  than  to  read  good  books. 
Caesar  was  more  inclined1  to  mercy  than  to  revenge.  Not  all 
men  are  fit  for  military  service2.  Experience  teaches  that  bo¬ 
dily  3  exercise  is  necessary  for  health.  Pausanias  betook  himself 
to  Colonae,  and  there  took  measures  which  were  destructive  to 
himself  as  well  as  to  his  country.  Miltiades  fortified  all  places 
that  seemed  suitable  for  citadels.  Maecenas  was  very  intimate 
with  Augustus,  helped  whomsoever  he  could  and  injured  none. 
Too  great  emotions  of  the  soul  are  the  greatest  enemies  of  in¬ 
terior  peace.  Many  philosophers  did  not  live  consistently  with 
their  teachings.  Crassus  pitched  his  camp  very  close  to  the 
ocean.  The  nearer  a  country  is  to  the  equator4,  the  warmer  is 
its  climate. 

1  propensus.  2  militia.  3  gen.  of  corpus.  4  circulus  equinoctialis. 

67.  Demosthenes  was  a  contemporary  of  Philip,  king  of  Ma¬ 
cedonia.  In  the  most  ancient  times  the  Greeks  believed  that  the 
soul  survives1  the  body.  The  desire  of  honor,  glory  and  wealth 
is  common  to  nearty  all  men.  If  you  think  that  only  a  few  took 
part2  in  the  crime,  you  err.  Sickness  belongs  not  to  old  age 
alone,  but  is  common  to  all  periods  of  life3.  The  life  of  Seneca 
was  contrary  to  his  precepts.  None  of  the  Roman  kings  was 
more  like  to  Romulus  than  Tullus  Hostilius.  Quintus  Fabius, 
who  after  the  battle  at  lake  Trasimenus  was  made  dictator,  soon 
proved  himself  a  match4  for  Hannibal.  In  the  war  we  lost  every¬ 
thing  that  belonged  to  us.  Children  who  resemble  their  parents 
are  sometimes  very  unlike  to  them  in  their  character  ( obi .). 
Your  father,  my  most  intimate  friend  and  an  excellent  man, 
whom  few  of  our  citizens  equalled4  in  virtue  ( abl .),  used  to  say 
that  there  is  nothing  more  praiseworthy,  nothing  more  honorable 
than  to  show  ourselves  kind  to  our  enemies,  though5  they  are 
ill-disposed  towards  us. 

1  superstes  esse.  2  affinis  esse.  3  actas.  4  par.  5  quamvis  (subj.) 

§  175. 

68.  Homini  cum  Deo  similitudo  est.  Nullum  theatrum  vir¬ 
tuti  conscientia  majus  est.  Nulla  potest  esse  voluptati  cum  ho¬ 
nestate  conjunctio.  Omnibus  inter  se  virtutibus  amicitia  est. 


38 


THE  DATIVE. 


Syracusis  est  fons  aquae  dulcis,  cui  nomen  Arethusa  est.  Terra 
circumfusa  undique  est  hac  spirabili  natura,  cui  nomen  est  aer. 
Est  specus  in  Dalmatiae  ora;  nomen  loco  est  Senta.  Aegyptum 
occupaverat  Ptolemaeus,  cui  cognomentum  Philopatri  fuit.  Attus 
Clausus,  cui  postea  Appio  Claudio  fuit  nomen,  Romam  transfugit. 
Metello  cognomen  Numidici  inditum  fuit.  Amphyction  primus 
Minervae  urbem  sacravit,  et  nomen  civitati  Athenas  dedit.  Est 
et  vitis  Aminea  nigra,  cui  Syriacae  nomen  imponunt. 

69.  The  horns  of  many  cattle  are  straight,  but  some  cattle 
have  crooked  horns.  The  Samnites  fled  to  Maleventum,  which 
city  later  received  the  name  of  Beneventum.  Carbo  had  three 
brothers:  Gaius,  Gneus  and  Marius.  At  Athens  Gellius  heard 
the  philosopher  Peregrinus,  who  afterwards  was  given  the  sur¬ 
name  of  Proteus.  As  in  spring  the  flowers  have  a  fresh 1  color, 
so  also  do  we  have  fresh  strength  as  boys  and  youths.  Modesty 
can  have  no  connection  with  sensuality.  Aristides  had  the  sur¬ 
name  of  Just.  Cimon  had  a  sister  who  was  called  Elpinice. 
Who  does  not  know  that  the  name  of  the  first  king  of  the  Ro¬ 
mans  was  Romulus  and  of  the  last,  Tarquin  the  Proud?  Papy¬ 
rius  was  surnamed  the  Runner  on  account  of  the  nimbleness  of 
his  feet.  The  Romans  gave  Fabius  the  surname  of  Cunctator. 

1  integer. 

§  1 76. 

70.  Macedbnes  quaerebantur,  Alexandro  patriam  esse  fasti¬ 
dio.  Virtutes  hominibus  decori  gloriaeque  sunt.  Desinant  amici 
Verris  ea  dictitare,  quae  detrimento,  maculae,  invidiae,  infamiae 
nobis  omnibus  esse  possint.  Haruspices  vaticinati  erant,  Valeriam 
civitati  in  quam  delata  esset  exitio  futuram.  Hispanis  populis 
insigne  documentum  Sagunti  ruinae  erunt,  ne  quis  fidei  Roma¬ 
nae  aut  societati  confidat.  Nicias  et  Alcibiades  et  Lamachus 
tantis  viribus  Siciliam  repetunt,  ut  ipsis  terrori  essent,  in  quorum 
auxilium  mittebantur.  Epaminondas  in  judicio  nihil  eorum  ne¬ 
gavit,  quae  adversarii  crimini  dabant.  Gloriabatur  Q.  Hortensius, 
quod  nunquam  bello  civili  interfuisset;  hoc  illi  tribuebatur  igna¬ 
viae.  Postquam  divitiae  honori  esse  coeperunt,  hebescere  virtus, 
paupertas  probro  haberi  coepit.  Jugurtha  laborantibus  suis  auxi¬ 
lio  venit.  Agesilaus  annorum  octoginta  subsidio  Tacho  in  Aegy¬ 
ptum  ivit.  Pausanias,  quos  Byzantii  ceperat  regis  propinquos, 
ei  muneri  misit.  Populus  Romanus,  quascunque  urbes  et  agros 
bello  Punico  secundo  manu  ceperat,  Masinissae,  Numidiae  regi, 
dono  dedit.  Ea  quae  gloriae  esse  debent,  crimini  vertis.  Agri- 


THE  DATIVE. 


39 


colae  virtus  omnibus  aequalibus  admirationi  fuit,  qui  nunquam 
rempublicam  quaestui  habebat.  Archias,  cum  per  aliquot  annos 
in  aliis  Italiae  oppidis  versatus  erat,  Romam  domicilio  sibi  delegit. 

71.  Who  does  not  know  that  sluggishness  tends  to  the  dis¬ 
grace  of  boys,  diligence  to  their  advantage  and  honor?  I  believe 
that  my  welfare  is  as  dear  to  you  as  your  own.  To  appear  on 
the  stage1  was  considered  a  disgrace  for  no  one  in  all  Greece, — 
the  same  was  imputed  to  the  Romans  as  a  reproach.  Pausanias 
inscribed  his  name  on  the  tripod  which  he  had  given  to  the 
Delphic  Apollo  as  a  present;  his  enemies  imputed  this  to  him  as 
a  reproach.  Dumnorix  commanded  the  cavalry  which  the  Haedui 
had  sent  to  the  assistance  of  Caesar.  Caesar  left  five  cohorts  to 
guard  the  camp;  then  he  commanded  the  trumpeter  to  sound  the 
retreat.  The  laws  of  Lycurgus  were  very  salutary2  to  the  Lace¬ 
daemonians.  If  you  are  not  solicitous  about  your  studies  now, 
you  will  once  repent  of  your  negligence.  If  one  was  despised, 
the  ancients  called  him  the  last  of  the  M/ysians.  The  Persian 
kings  were  accustomed  to  give  entire  cities  as  presents  to  their 
friends.  Before  the  battle  of  Zama,  Hannibal  asked  Scipio  to 
appoint  a  day  and  place  for  a  parley3. 

1  prodire  in  s cenam.  *  salus.  3  colloquium. 

§  177. 

72.  Diligentia  in  omnibus  rebus  plurimum  valet,  haec  prae¬ 
cipue  colenda  est,  nobis  haec  semper  adhibenda.  Irae  nobis 
temperandum  est,  ne  faciamus  quod  nos  poeniteat.  Mihi  a  te 
ignoscendum  est,  id  enim  amicitia  postulat.  Quidquid  in  hac 
causa  mihi  susceptum  est,  id  omne  reipublicae  causa  suscepisse 
confirmo.  Semper  in  his  studiis  viventi  non  intelligitur,  quando 
obrepat  senectus.  Ista  verba  neque  patribus  neque  plebi  proba¬ 
buntur.  Leges  a  L.  Lucullo  in  Asia  latae,  a  senatu  probatae 
non  sunt. 

73.  The  laws  which  God  has  made,  must  be  observed  by 
all  men.  We  all  must  strive  after1  virtue  and  avoid  vice.  The 
vanquished  must  comply  with  the  conditions  made  by  the  con¬ 
querors.  We  must  not  be  angry  at  our  friends.  The  works 
written  by  Cicero  are  still  admired  by  all  friends  of  literature. 
The  repty  which  Demosthens  made  to  the  ambassadors  of  Philip 
was  approved  by  the  whole  Athenian  people.  I  am  glad2  that 
the  advice  which  I  gave  you  in  my  last  letter  has  pleased  you, 

1  studere .  2  gaudere , 


40 


The  dative. 


§  178. 

74.  Pater  a  me  petiit  ut  mihi  caverem.  Tarquinius,  ultimus 
Romanorum  rex,  superbe  in  cives  consuluit  ideoque  ex  urbe  ex¬ 
pulsus  est.  Pyrrhus  Apollinem  Delphicum  consuluit  de  bello 
quod  cum  Romanis  gesturus  erat.  Cicero  cavebat  concordiae 
publicae.  Formicosam1  arborem  sorices2  cavent.  Consules  Ro¬ 
mani  regem  inimicissimum  monuerunt,  ut  a  veneno  caveret.  DuX 
hortatus  est  milites,  ut  gloriae  pariter  ac  praedae  consulerent. 
Ibo  et  consulam  amicos.  Non  eadem  tellus  arboribus  convenit 
plerumque  et  frugibus.  Si  Clodium  convenero,  ex  illius  sermone 
ad  te  scribam  plura.  Tissaphernes  inducias  a  Lacone  petivit, 
simulans  se  dare  operam,  ut  Lacedaemoniis  cum  rege  conveni¬ 
ret.  Erant  in  epistola  quam  Argilius  a  Pausania  acceperat,  quae 
ad  ea  pertinebant,  quae  inter  regem  Pausaniamque  convenerant. 

1  full  of  ants.  2  shrew-mouse. 

75.  Favebat  et  cupiebat  Dumnorix  Helvetiis  propter  affini¬ 
tatem.  Messalla  causam  mihi  tradidit,  quem  sua  causa  cupere 
intelligebat.  P.  Lentulus  quibusdam  Gallis  litteras  ad  gentem 
eorum  dedit.  Moderari  animo  et  orationi,  quum  sis  iratus,  non 
mediocris  ingenii  est.  Res  rusticas  venti  tempestatesque  mode¬ 
rantur.  Orithya,  Amazonum  regina,  auxilium  a  rege  Scythiae 
petit.  Haud  dubitabat  Darius  quin  Alexander  celeberrimas  urbes 
petiturus  esset.  M.  Valerius  subdit  calcaria  equo  et  Tarquinium 
infesto  spiculo  petit.  Homo  ceteris  animantibus  plurimum  prae¬ 
stat.  Hannibal  tanto  praestitit  ceteros  imperatores  prudentia, 
quanto  populus  Romanus  antecedit  fortitudine  cunctas  nationes. 
Ego  jam  prospiciam  mihi.  Iis  fidem  habemus  quos  futura  pro¬ 
spicere  credimus.  Caesar,  postquam  frumentum  exercitui  provi¬ 
dit,  in  Italiam  profectus  est.  Si  Verres  cuiquam  ulla  in  re  tem¬ 
peravit,  vos  quoque,  judices,  ei  temperate.  Non  magis  post 
proelium,  quam  in  proelio,  caedibus  temperatum  est.  Solis  tum 
accessus  tum  recessus  et  frigoris  et  caloris  modum  temperant. 
Milites  victores,  precibus  ducis  mitigati,  ab  excidio  civitatis  (sibi) 
temperavere.  Neminem  equidem  timeo  praeter  Deum  immortalem. 
Cum  Philippus,  rex  Macedonum,  Thermopylas  occupasset,  Demo¬ 
sthenes  patriae  suae  maxime  timebat.  Vacare  culpa  magnum  est 
solatium.  Non  potest  studio  artis  oratoriae  vacare  mens,  nisi 
omnibus  vitiis  libera  sit. 

76.  Beware  of  frivolous  persons !  I  am  convinced  that  you 
will  provide  for  the  welfare  of  your  brother.  The  Romans  could 
not  come  to  an  agreement  with  the  enemy  on  the  conditions  of 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


41 


peace.  In  very  important  matters,  the  Greeks  were  wont  to  ask 
counsel  of  the  Delphic  Apollo.  Fabricius  advised  Pyrrhus  to  be 
on  his  guard  against  ambuscades.  If  Hannibal  had  attacked 
Rome  after  the  battle  at  Cannae,  perhaps  the  terrified1  Romans 
would  have  sued  for  peace.  Cicero  requested  Atticus  that,  hav¬ 
ing  returned  from  Rome,  he  should  visit  Quintus.  Catiline  and 
his  associates  sought2  the  life  of  Cicero.  No  one  doubts  that 
the  Romans  excelled  all  other  nations  in  valor.  I  will  provide 
for  you  better  than  you  are  wont  to  provide  for  others.  A  pru¬ 
dent  man  foretells  the  future  from  the  past.  The  conquerors 
refrained  from  injustice  and  cruelty.  It  is  meet  to  spare  even 
conquered  enemies.  Alexander  the  Great  did  not  bridle  his  anger. 
We  do  not  readily  trust8  him  whom  we  fear. 

1  perterrere.  2  petere.  3  committere. 

77.  The  enemy,  fearing  for  themselves  and  their  children, 
sent  ambassadors  to  the  Romans.  He  who  can  moderate  his  in¬ 
clinations  is  considered  a  free  man.  Solon  regulated  the  state 
of  the  Athenians  by  wise  laws.  When  Regulus  was  captured  by 
the  Carthaginians,  they  did  not  spare  him,  but  put  him  to  death. 
A  wise  (man)  does  not  fear  anything,  but  is  on  his  guard  against 
everything.  Caesar  commanded  the  soldiers  that  they  should  not 
treat  the  citizens  of  the  conquered  city  cruelty.  When  ambas¬ 
sadors  had  come  to  Hannibal  recalling  him  to  Africa,  he  is  said 
to  have  listened  to  them  sighing,  and  to  have  been  hardly  able 
to  refrain  from  tears.  Caesar  found  out  that  Dumnorix  was  well 
disposed  towards  the  Helvetians.  Though  Marius  was  away  from 
Rome,  he  was  a  candidate  for  the  consulship.  It  behooves  pu¬ 
pils  to  strive  after  knowledge.  Several  months  ago  I  wrote  a 
letter  to  you,  but  I  have  not  yet  received  an  answer.  No  one 
is  found  who  is  entirely  free  from  cares.  Cicero  retired  from 
Rome  to  his  villa,  to  devote  himself  to  literature.  Are  you  not 
afraid  of  this  dog?  Beware  of  him !  When  Marcellus  carried 
on  war  in  Sicily,  he  not  only  provided  for  his  allies,  but  also 
spared  the  vanquished  enemy.  If  you  wish  to  take  care  of  your 
own  welfare,  guard  yourself  against  flatterers. 

MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 

78.  When  Lucius  Tarquinius  had  returned  to  Rome  from 
Ardea,  which  he  had  besieged,  he  found  the  gates  closed  against 
him;  in  vain  did  he  make  war  on  his  country;  afterwards  he 
betook  himself  to  Tusculum,  a  city  of  Latium,  where  he  lived 


42 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


fourteen  years  as  a  private  person.  Marius  had  as  an  adversary 
Metellus,  who  from  (ab)  his  valor  had  the  surname  of  Numidi¬ 
cus.  When  the  Athenians  were  besought  to  come  to  the  aid  of 
the  city  of  Olynthus,  they  could  not  persuade  Demosthenes  to 
( ut )  make1  war  on  king  Philip.  The  Persian  king  Xerxes  carried 
on  war  against  Greece  by  land  and  by  sea;  in  this  distress2,  the 
Athenian  fleet  brought  safety  to  all.  We  behold  that  all  men 
are  devoted3  to  liberty.  Xerxes  feared  that  he  would  be  cut  off 
from  his  return  to  Asia.  Among  the  Lucedaemonians  nothing 
tended  more  to  the  shame  of  warriors  than  to  return  from  battle 
without  their  shields. 

1  inferre.  2  tempus.  3  studere. 

79.  Nature  has  given  men  a  certain  form  which  is  adapted 
to  the  human  soul.  Although  Cincinnatus,  that  valiant  Roman 
general,  had  no  riches,  the  Romans  elected  him  dictator.  Select 
those  for  your  friends  and  companions,  who  strive  after  virtue; 
beware  of  those  who  begrudge  others  their  reputation.  He  to 
whom  the  most  necessary  books  are  wanting,  seems  to  care  little 
about  his  studies.  Cicero  wrote  to  a  certain1  friend  (of  his)  that 
he  had  seen  the  impending2  storm  as  from  a8  watchtower4.  The 
Athenians  presented  a  golden  crown  to  Demosthenes  on  account 
of  his  ability.  Timotheus  brought  Corcyra  under  the  power  of 
the  Athenians  and  added  to  their  state  the  Epiroti  and  all  the 
nations  bordering  on  the  sea.  Socrates  excelled  many  Athenians 
in  braver}^:  near  Patidaea  he  courageously  exposed  himself  to 
the  enemy  and  saved  the  life  of  his  friend  Alcibiades;  later  he 
took  part  in  the  battle  of  Delos  and  exposed  himself  to  the 
greatest  dangers  for  {fro)  the  welfare  of  his  country. 

1  quidam.  2  futurus.  3  aliquis.  4  specula ,  ae. 

80.  Alexander  the  Great  strove1  after  the  greatest  glory, 
and  envied  Achilles,  because  the  latter  was  praised  by  Homer, 
the  greatest  poet.  If  you  shall  ask  me  my  opinion,  I  shall  tell 
you  it,  but  I  pray  that  you,  when  asked  your  opinion,  may  like¬ 
wise  tell  me  it.  Caesar  awaited  the  arrival  of  Curio  with  twelve 
men-of-war2  which  he  had  left  at  Utica.  Do  you  not  see  that 
modesty  tends  to  the  honor  of  youths?  The  Romans  engraved8 
on  ( in )  bronze  the  laws  which  were  called  “  The  Twelve  Tables.” 
Caesar  exhorted  the  soldiers  not  to  fear  the  great  number  of  the 
enemy.  Caesar  left  a  few  cohorts  to  guard  the  camp;  with  {cum) 
the  remainder  he  made  a  sally4  and  defeated  the  enemy;  the 
bravery  of  the  soldiers  contributed  to  their  honor  and  advantage; 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


43 


thereupon  he  marched  to  the  assistance  of  his  lieutenants.  He 
who  is  indifferent6  to  reputation,  and  who  does  not  scruple  to 
revile  others,  is  justly  hated  by  all.  The  individual6  states  of 
the  Etruscans  had  their  chiefs,  who  were  called  Lucumoni. 

1  studere .  2  navis  longa.  3  incidere.  4  eruptio.  5  non  esse  cordi.  6  singuli . 

81.  Choose  as  your  friend  him  who  envies  no  one,  does  not 
easily  get  angry  at  others,  ever  strives  for  peace,  heals  the 
wounds  of  others  whenever  he  can.  When  a  certain  Athenian 
imputed  it  as  a  dishonor  to  Anacharsis,  that  he  was  born  in 
Scythia,  he  said:  “My  native  land  is  a  reproach  to  me,  and 
you  to  your  native  land.”  We  will  shun  the  friendship  of  those 
who  without  any  reason,  get  angry  at  friends,  and  do  not  for¬ 
give  them  the  slightest  mistakes.  We  cheerfully  communicate 
to  our  friends  every  thing  that  we  think,  experience  and  do.  A 
righteous  man  does  not  implore  the  judge,  because  he  knows 
that  he  has  done  nothing  contrary  to  justice.  Those  who  cannot 
moderate  their  anger,  have  frequently  injured  not  only  individ¬ 
uals,  but  also  entire  states.  Pelopidas  persuaded  the  Thebans 
to  go  to  the  aid  of  Thessaly.  Pomponius  Atticus  was  most  in¬ 
timate  with  Cicero;  the  letters  of  Cicero  which  are  extant1  to 
this  day2  serve  as  proof  of  this  fact3. 

1  exstare.  2  hodie  quoque.  3  res. 

82.  Cotys,  king  of  the  Thracians,  acted  severely  towards 
his  subjects  and  spared  no  one;  when,  therefore,  a  friend  asked 
him,  whether  that  was  not  madness,  he  answered1:  “Indeed, 
you  have  spoken  the  truth;  it  is  madness  which  is  salutary  for 
my  subjects.”  Hannibal  promised  his  father  that  he  would  be 
a  deadly  enemy2  of  the  Roman  name.  Be  convinced3,  my  son, 
that  diligence  will  be  attributed  as  the  greatest  honor  to  him 
who  applies  himself  cheerfully  to  his  studies!  Caesar  commanded 
his  lieutenants  to  procure  provisions  for  the  arm)\  When  Virgil 
had  come  to  Athens,  he  there  met  the  emperor  Augustus  and 
wished  to  return  with  him  to  Rome,  but  died  at  Brundusium. 
After  the  Romans  had  subdued  Italy,  it  was  easy  for  them  to 
conquer  all  other  nations.  He  who  confides  in  his  own4  virtue, 
does  not  envy  others  their  virtue.  After  Pausanias,  who  had  taken 
hostile  measures  against  his  country,  had  returned  home,  he  was 
cast  into  prison  by  the  Ephori,  who  had  the  highest  power.  When 
Lucius  Tarquinius  made  preparations 5  to  surround  the  city  with 
a  stone  wall,  the  Sabine  war  interfered6  with  his  undertaking7. 

1  inquam.  2  inimicissimus.  3  (convince  yourself.)  4  suns.  3  praeparare. 
6  intervenire.  7  incepta ,  orum . 


44 


THE  GENITIVE  CASE. 


83.  After  Themistocles  had  been  presented  with  many  gifts 
by  the  Persian  king-  Artaxerxes,  he  returned  to  Asia  Minor  and 
took  up  his  residence  at  Magnesia;  for  this  city  was  given  him 
by  the  king.  A  youth  who  shuns  labor,  provides  badly  for  his 
old  age.  I  do  not  envy  the  rich;  for  happiness  and  inward 
peace1  are  not  always  joined  to  wealth.  The  soldiers  who  were 
in  want  of2  everything  necessary  for  life  and  not  at  all  a  match 
for  the  large  number  of  enemies,  refused  to  fight,  although  the 
place  was  most  suitable  for  battle.  Although  my  mind  is  at 
no  time  free  from  fear  and  is  tortured  by  so  great  a  pain  that 
I  can  scarcely  refrain  from  tears,  yet  this  consolation  remains 
to  me,  that3  all  good  citizens  are  well  disposed  towards  me.  The 
emperor  Augustus  pardoned  the  poet  Horace,  who  had  belonged 
to  the  faction  of  Brutus  and  Cassius,  and  gave  him  an  estate  in 
the  land  of  the  Sabines  as  a  present. 

1  tranquillitas .  2  de  esse.  3  acc.  with  inf.  cf.  Gr.  §  271,  1. 

THE  GENITIVE  CASE. 

§§  179  &  180. 

84.  Varia  sunt  hominum  judicia.  Custos  virtutum  omnium 
verecundia  est.  Colonia  Tarraco  est  opus  Scipionum,  sicut  Car¬ 
thago  Poenorum.  Naturae  opera  absoluta  atque  perfecta  gignun¬ 
tur.  Catonis  est  dictum,  pedibus  compensari  pecuniam.  Clodius 
domi  Caesaris  deprehensus  est.  Classis  Mithridatis,  regis  Ponti, 
a  Lucullo  victa  et  demersa  est.  Erroribus  levitatis1  facilius  in- 
dulgemus  quam  malitiae.  Tota  Syria,  Phoenice  quoque,  Mace¬ 
donum  erant.  Domus,  quae  quondam  Ciceronis,  mox  Censorini 
fuit,  nunc  Statilii  Sisennae  est.  Temeritas  est  florentis  aetatis, 
prudentia  senescentis.  Sapientis  est  proprium,  nihil  quod  poeni¬ 
tere  possit,  facere.  Solon  carmine  animos  Atheniensium  ita  cepit, 
ut  extemplo  bellum  adversus  Megarenses  decerneretur,  et  Sala¬ 
mis  insula  Atheniensium  fieret.  Periculose  a  paucis  emitur,  quod 
multorum  est.  In  homine  id  lauda  quod  ipsius  est.  Sua  cujus- 
que  animantis  natura  est.  Bello  Gallico  praeter  Capitolium  at¬ 
que  arcem  omnia  hostium  erant.  Eo  ventum  est,  ut  aut  amico¬ 
rum  aut  inimicorum  Campani  simus.  Est  sapientis  judicis  non 
quid  ipse  velit,  sed  quid  lex  et  religio  cogat,  cogitare.  Populi 
grati  est,  praemiis  afficere  bene  meritos  de  republica  cives.  Non 
minus  est  imperatoris,  consilio  superare,  quam  gladio.  Judicis 

1  proceeding  from  thoughtlessness, 


THE  GENITIVE  CASE.  45 

officium  est,  ut  res,  ita  tempora  rerum  noscere.  Tyrus  urbs  mare 
vicinum  suae  ditionis  fecit. 

85.  Nulla  tua  culpa  est  quod  heri  me  non  convenisti.  No¬ 
strum  est  ferre  modice  populi  voluntates.  Quis  profitetur,  esse 
suum  de  omnibus  quaestionibus  dicere.  Meum  puto  esse,  quid 
sentiam,  ostendere.  Constantis  est  non  perturbari  in  rebus  ar¬ 
duis.  Superbum  est  negligere  quid  alii  de  nobis  sentiant.  Levi¬ 
tas  est  veram  gloriam  repudiare.  Hominum  peritorum  responsa 
nobis  cognoscenda  sunt.  Manlius  in  perpetuum  Torquati  cogno¬ 
men  accepit.  Domini  appellationem  semper  exhorruit  Augustus. 
Kx  P.  Clodii  ore  religionis  verbum  excidere  potest?  Sanctum 
apud  vos,  judices,  sit  nomen  poetae.  Recte  fecistis  quod  ea  judi¬ 
care  veriti  estis,  quae  judicii  vestri  non  sunt. 

86.  The  laws  are  the  foundation  of  liberty  and  the  source 
of  justice.  God’s  love  embraces  all  creatures.  The  evils  arising 
from  old  age  must  be  borne  patiently.  The  villa  of  the  poet  Ho¬ 
race  was  situated  in  the  Sabine  territory.  At  the  time  of  Au¬ 
gustus  the  entire  then  known  world  belonged  to  the  Romans. 
Scipio  brought1  the  whole  coast  up  to  the  river  Lbro  into  the 
possession 2  of  the  Romans.  Before  the  first  Punic  war,  the 
greater  part  of  Sicily  belonged  to  the  Carthaginians.  That  which 
formerly  belonged  to  us,  now  belongs  to  the  enemy.  It  was  an 
ancient  law:  the  ship  and  cargo  shall  belong  to  those  who  have 
saved3  them  in  a  storm.  It  is  the  duty  of  the  senate  to  assist 
the  state  by  its  advice.  He  is  esteemed  more  who  confesses  and 
repents  his  faults,  than  he  who  thinks  he  will  profit  by  telling 
falsehoods.  The  estate  which  had  belonged  to  your  brother,  has 
come  into  the  possession  of  my  father. 

1  facere.  2  dicio  Romana.  3  use  the  second  future. 

87.  It  is  the  duty  of  a  scholar  to  obey  his  teacher.  It  is 
my  duty  to  obey  my  teacher.  It  is  the  mark  of  a  great  soul  al¬ 
ways  to  hope;  but  it  shows  the  greatest  folly  to  exert1  one’s  self 
in  vain.  It  is  the  mark  of  a  noble  conqueror  to  spare  the  van¬ 
quished.  To  disparage  great  men  is  a  sign  of  a  low  mind.  It 
is  the  duty  of  the  orator  to  convince  the  judges  of  the  truth  of 
his  case2.  Firmness  of  character  is  proper  to  knowledge;  pas¬ 
sion,  to  error.  The  Areopagites  sentenced3  a  boy  who  was  wont  to 
pluck  out4  the  eyes  of  the  quails5,  because  they  considered  this 
a  sign  of  a  cruel  disposition6.  When  I  returned  home,  a  friend 
of  mine  was  waiting  for  me.  It  is  my  duty,  yours  and  that  of 

1  niti.  2  causa.  3  damno .  4  effodere.  6  coturnix ,  icis.  6  animus. 


46 


THE  GENITIVE  CASE. 


all  men  to  obey  the  laws  of  God.  It  is  foolish  to  expose  one’s 
self  recklessly  to  danger.  To  pity  the  unfortunate  is  a  sign  of 
kindness.  It  is  for  you  to  consider  whether1  you  wish  to  expose 
yourself  to  so  great  a  danger.  The  stars  Ceres  and  Pallas  and 
Juno  revolve  between  the  stars  Mars  and  Jupiter.  The  word  pleas¬ 
ure  is  more  agreeable  to  many  than  the  word  virtue.  The  fam¬ 
ily  of  Scipio  attained  everlasting  fame  by  the  Punic  wars.  Do 
you  not  remember  to  what  Roman  the  surname  Cunctator  was 
given,  and  what  the  word  Cunctator  means? 

1  num  (subj.). 


§  181. 

88.  Multorum  benefactorum  recordatio  jucundissima  est. 
Frangor  saepe  misericordia  puerorum.  Terrenorum  commodorum 
omnis  est  in  homine  dominatus.  Difficilis  est  rerum  alienarum 
cura.  Perjurii  poena  divina  exitium,  humana  dedecus.  Maximum 
remedium  irae  dilatio  est.  Multos  divini  supplicii1  metus  a  scelere 
revocavit.  Animi  morbi  sunt  cupiditates  immensae  divitiarum, 
gloriae,  dominationis,  libidinosarum2  etiam  voluptatum.  Quam 
civitati  carus  fuerit  Scipio,  moerore  funeris  indicatum  est.  Con¬ 
scientia  rectae  voluntatis  maxima  consolatio  est  rerum  incommo¬ 
darum.  Amor  nostri  saepe  nos  fallit.  Iphricrates  ipso  aspectu 
cuivis  injiciebat  admirationem  sui.  Hannibal  maximo  amore  erga 
patriam  et  odio  in  Romanos  tenebatur.  Ea  quae  faciebat  tua  se 
fiducia  facere  dicebat. 

1  punishment.  2  licentious. 

89.  Cicero  says  that  wisdom  is  the  knowledge  of  human  and 
divine  things.  Imitate  the  good  and  avoid  the  company  of  the 
wicked!  Nature  instills  love  towards  parents  into  the  bosom  of 
children.  Not  fear  of  punishment,  but  remembrance  of  one’s  duty 
is  the  best  incentive  to  virtue.  Euclides  was  inflamed  with  such 
a  desire  for  knowledge,  that  he  went  to  Athens  at  night  to1  hear 
Socrates.  Confidence  in  our  own  power  increases  our  courage*. 
Frequently  the  thirst  for  wealth  and  honorary  positions  hinders 
the  efforts  for  true  fame.  I  receive  no  letter  from  you  without3 
perceiving  in  it  your  solicitude  and  love  for  me.  A  man  who 
lacks4  self-respect,  will  readily  fall  into  great  and  disgraceful 
vices.  In  our  actions  we  must  have  regard5  not  only  for  our¬ 
selves  but  also  for  others.  The  love  of  Brutus  for  his  country 

1  ut.  2  animos  addere  (raise  courage).  8  quin  (—  that  not).  4  careo 
(abl.).  6  ratio . 


THE  GENITIVE  CASE. 


47 


surpassed  his  love  for  Caesar,  and  therefore  he  entered  into  a 
conspiracy  against  him,  in  order  to  preserve  the  liberty  of  the 
Roman  people. 

§  182. 

90.  Nini,  regis  Assyriorum,  temporibus  Hesiodus  fuit,  vir 
perelegantis  ingenii.  Datames  Thyum,  hominem  maximi  cor¬ 
poris,  ad  regem  duxit.  Dies  tempus  est  viginti  quatuor  horarum. 
Aristides  exilio  decem  annorum  mulctatus  est.  Hamilcar  in  His¬ 
paniam  secum  ducit  filium  Hannibalem  annorum  novem.  Atheni¬ 
enses  Miltiadi  classem  septuaginta  navium  dederunt.  Caesar  a 
lacu  Lemanno  ad  montem  Juram  murum  in  altitudinem  pedum 
sedecim  fossamque  perduxit.  Mare  Caspium  serpentes  ingentis 
magnitudinis  alit,  pisces  longe  diversi  ab  aliis  coloris.  Latini 
coronam  auream  in  Capitolium  tulere  parvi  ponderis.  Spes  unica 
imperii  populi  Romani,  L.  Quinctius,  quatuor  jugerum  colebat 
agrum.  Titus  facilitatis  tantae  fuit  et  liberalitatis,  ut  nulli  quid¬ 
quam  negaret.  Vir  bonus  summae  pietatis  erga  Deum  est.  Xer¬ 
xis  classis  mille  et  ducentarum  navium  longarum  fuit.  Genus  est 
enim  belli  ejusmodi,  quod  maxime  animos  vestros  excitare  atque 
inflammare  ad  persequendi  studium  debeat. 

91.  Cato  in  omnibus  rebus  singulari  fuit  prudentia  et  in¬ 
dustria.  Agesilaus  statura  fuit  humili  et  corpore  exiguo.  Ju¬ 
gurtha  erat  impigro  atque  acri  ingenio.  Iphicrates  fuit  et  animo 
magno  et  corpore,  imperatoriaque  forma.  Caesar  fuisse  traditur 
exelsa  statura,  colore  candido,  teretibus 1  membris,  ore  paulo  ple¬ 
niore,  nigris  vegetisque2  oculis,  valetudine  prospera.  Quanta 
innocentia  debent  esse  imperatores,  quanta  temperantia,  quanta 
fide,  quanta  facilitate,  quanto  ingenio,  quanta  humanitate!  Clavi 
erant  digiti  pollicis  crassitudine.  Apud  Athenienses  Themistocles 
per  multos  annos  magnae  habitus  est  auctoritatis.  Sapientis  est 
etiam  in  rebus  adversis  tranquillo  animo  esse. 

1  smooth.  2  lively. 

92.  Tarquinius,  the  last  of  the  Roman  kings,  was  (a  man) 
of  intolerable  haughtiness.  Nero  put  to  death  Seneca,  the  phi¬ 
losopher,  a  man  of  eminent  talents  and  very  great  learning. 
Paris,  the  son  of  Priam,  carried  off  Helen,  a  woman  of  remark¬ 
able  beauty,  from  Greece  to  Troy  in  Asia  Minor.  Darius  equipped 
a  fleet  of  500  ships,  and  placed  Datis  and  Artaphernes  at  the 
head  of  it.  Philocles  perceived  that  he  had  no  influence1  with 

1  momentum. 


48 


THE  GENITIVE  CASE. 


the  army.  Zama  is  a  five  days’  journey  distant  from  Carthage. 
The  Athenians  and  Peloponnesians  carried  on  a  war  of  almost 
30  years,  whose  issue  was  unfortunate  both  for  the  Peloponnesians 
and  the  Athenians.  The  old  Germans  were  men  of  great  strength 
and  good  talents.  Not  all  the  Roman  emperors  possessed  {esse) 
as  much  kindness  and  liberality  as  Titus;  the  most  were  very 
cruel1.  The  memory  of  Alexander  the  Great  will  not  easily  be 
blotted  out;  for  he  was  a  man  of  genius,  capable  of2  great 
exertion;  this  alone  is  to  be  lamented,  that  he  did  not  control 
his  anger  and  his  desire  for  honor. 

1  crudelitas.  2  idoneus. 

93.  The  love  and  solicitude  of  your  brother  for  you  is  such 
that  {ut)  the  envy  of  your  enemies  towards  you  cannot  harm 
you.  The  Romans  built  a  wall  many  miles  in  length  from  the 
Danube  to  the  Rhine.  Iphicrates  was  very  courageous  and  faith¬ 
ful  \  Pythagoras  possessed  {esse)  so  great  authority  and  esteem, 
that  he  was  considered  the  most  learned  man  of  his  time.  Caesar 
relates  that  the  Germans  were  of  immense  bodily  size  and  of 
incredible  valor.  As  Cicero  could  see  from  many  circumstances, 
Caesar  was  not  ill  disposed2  towards  him.  Scipio  Africanus  always 
had  with  him  at  home  and  in  war  Polybius  and  Panaetius,  men 
of  extraordinary  talents3.  The  city  of  Athens  is  so  old,  that  the 
Athenians  consider  themselves  its  original  inhabitants4.  The 
Persians  sought  to  kill  Alcibiades;  this  could  not  be  long  con¬ 
cealed  from  him,  for  he  was  possessed  of  such  sagacity5,  that  he 
could  not  be  deceived.  Pliny  was  a  man  of  so  extensive6  and 
varied  reading7,  that  he  was  admired  by  all  his  contemporaries. 
Cato  the  elder  was  always  considered  a  man  of  the  highest  in¬ 
tegrity  and  of  the  greatest  severity.  At  the  age  of  25  years  Han¬ 
nibal  besieged  the  city  of  Saguntum,  which  the  Romans  had 
called  their  friend  and  ally.  Cyrus,  the  first  king  of  the  Persians, 
was  of  beautiful  appearance  and  of  a  kind  heart. 

1  use  substantives.  2  animus  inimicus.  3  ingenium ,  ii.  4  indigena ,  ae. 
5  sagacitas.  6  tantus.  7  lectio. 


§  183. 

94.  Magna  pars  navium  fluctibus  hausta  est.  Piscium  femi¬ 
nae  majores  quam  mares.  Nemo  mortalium  omnibus  horis  sapit. 
Quotusquisque  philosophorum  invenitur,  qui  ita  sit  moratus,  ut 
ratio  postulat?  Multae  istarum  arborum  mea  manu  sunt  satae. 
Trajanus  solus  omnium  intra  urbem  sepultus  est.  Elephanto  nulla 


THU  GENITIVE  CASE. 


49 


bestiarum  prudentior  est.  Omnium  nationum  exterarum  princeps 
Sicilia  se  ad  amicitiam  populi  Romani  applicuit,  prima  omnium 
provincia  est  appellata.  Alexander  seniores  militum  in  patriam 
remisit.  Urbem  Syracusas  maximam  esse  Graecarum  urbium,  pul- 
cherrimamque  omnium  saepe  audistis.  Animalium  ea  sunt  for¬ 
tiora,  quibus  sanguis  crassior.  Ventorum  frigidissimi  sunt,  qui 
a  septentrione  spirant.  Crassus  omnium  maturrime  ad  publicas 
causas  accessit.  Tarquinius  Superbus  septimus  atque  ultimus  re¬ 
gum  Romanorum  fuit.  Septuaginta  millia  Romanorum  ex  octo¬ 
ginta  sex  millibus  in  pugna  Cannensi  occisi  sunt. 

95.  Excellentissimi  Persarum  reges  fuerunt  Cyrus  et  Darius, 
Hystaspis  filius;  quorum  uterque  virtute  regnum  est  adeptus; 
prior  horum  apud  Massagetas  in  proelio  cecidit.  Miltiades,  Cimo¬ 
nis  filius,  et  antiquitate  generis  et  gloria  majorum  et  sua  mo¬ 
destia  unus  omnium  maxime  florebat.  In  proelio  Cannensi  con¬ 
sulum  effugit  alter,  alter  occisus  est;  dubium,  uter  majore  animo. 
Diogenem  miraris  et  Daedalum;  uter  ex  his  sapiens  tibi  videtur? 
Duo  consules  ejus  anni  alter  ferro,  alter  morbo  periit.  Uterque 
aditus  in  Ciliciam  ex  Syria  parvis  praesidiis  intercludi  potest. 
Utrique  et  Romani  et  Carthaginienses  pacem  facere  cupiebant. 
Cum  Alpes  transiremus,  salus  omnium  nostrum  in  manibus  ducis 
posita  est.  Tribus  Romanae,  quae  triginta  quinque  fuerunt,  divi¬ 
debantur  in  urbanas  et  rusticas.  Novem  naves  nostrae  demersae 
sunt.  Complures  cives  nostri  satis  magnam  pecuniam  confecerunt  . 
ut  inopiae  peregrinorum,  qui  plerique  vix  pannis  teguntur,  succur¬ 
rerent. 

96.  In  the  time  of  Phocion  there  were  two  factions1  at 
Athens,  the  one  of  which  advocated2  the  cause  of  the  people, 
the  other,  the  cause  of  the  aristocrats;  both  of  them  sought  the 
assistance  of  the  Macedonians.  The  consul  Q.  Cornelius  Scipio 
slew  an  immense  number  of  Gauls  who  had  crossed  the  Alps. 
Croesus  asked  Solon  whom  he  considered  the  happiest  of  all  men. 
Before  the  Peloponnesian  war,  Athens  was  the  most  powerful  of 
all  Grecian  cities.  Which  of  you  two  will  provide  for  our  inter¬ 
ests  and  (those)  of  the  city?  Since  there  are  so  many  of  us,  we 
can  complete  the  work  quicker.  Mountaineers  are  most  of  all 
affected3  by  a  longing  for  their  home. 

1  factio.  2  studere.  3  tenere. 

97.  To  one  of  the  Scipios  was  given  the  surname  Africanus; 
to  the  other,  Asiaticus;  and  yet  afterwards  both  of  them  were 
hated  by  the  people.  Who  of  us  doubt  that  the  world  is  governed 

4 


50 


THE  GENITIVE  CASE. 


by  the  Providence  of  God?  In  the  same  year  in  which  Carthage 
fell,  Mummius  destroyed  Corinth,  which  had  existed  for  952  years; 
each  of  the  two  victorious  generals  was  honored  with  the  name 
of  the  vanquished  people.  Lately  I  have  begun  to  read  the  Gre¬ 
cian  poets,  of  whom  there  are  many.  At  the  house  of  Catiline 
a  large  band  of  reprobates  and  robbers  assembled,  who  had  been 
allured  by  the  hope  of  plunder  and  the  love  for  warfare.  Of 
our  soldiers  nearly  100  fell.  Of  the  legions  some  returned  to 
winter-quarters  by  land,  others  were  placed  on  ships.  Many  of 
those  Athenians  who  had  returned  safe  from  Sicily,  acknowledged 
that  they  owed  their  safety  to  Euripides.  I  have  received  none 
of  your  letters.  One  of  the  pyramids  which  Cheops,  king  of  Egypt, 
built,  was  800  feet  high  and  the  stones  at  least1  30  feet  long. 

1  ad  minimum. 


§  184. 

98.  Strato  medietis  armarii 1  fundum 2  exsecuit,  et  auri  quin¬ 
que  pondo  abstulit.  Verres  CCCC  amphoras8  mellis  habuit.  Py¬ 
ramis  amplissima  prope  Memphim  octo  jugera  obtinet  soli.  Cae¬ 
sar  populo  frumenti  denos  modios  et  totidem  olei  libras  viritim 
divisit.  Cyrus  ex  Asia  devicta  argenti  quingenta  millia  talen¬ 
torum  reportavit.  Servius  Tullius  ex  primoribus  civitatis  duo¬ 
decim  centurias  equitum  conscripsit.  Ingens  est  in  terris  medi¬ 
catorum  fontium  vis.  Quantum  crescit  Nilus,  tantum  spei  in 
annum  est.  Multum  habet  jucunditatis  coeli  solique  mutatio. 
Thebanorum  genti  plus  inest  virium,  quam  ingenii.  Plurimum 
mali  credulitas  facit.  Dimidium  facti,  qui  coepit,  habet.  Fabius, 
quamquam  probe  sciebat,  non  in  castris  modo  suis,  sed  etiam 
Romae  infamem  suam  cunctationem  esse,  obstinatus  tamen  eodem 
consiliorum  tenore4  aestatis  reliquum  extraxit.  Plebs  nequaquam 
laeta  Quinctium  dictatorem  vidit,  rata,  imperii  nimium  esse. 

1  a  safe.  2  a  bottom.  3  a  jar.  4  an  uninterrupted  course. 

99.  Quis  nescit,  primam  esse  historiae  legem,  ne  quid  falsi 
dicere  audeat;  deinde,  ne  quid  veri  non  audeat?  Pythagoras,  quum 
in  geometria  quiddam  novi  invenisset,  musis  bovem  immolasse 
dicitur.  Exempla  imprimis  hoc  in  se  boni  habent,  quod  appro¬ 
bant,  quae  praecipiunt,  fieri  posse.  Tibi  idem  consilii  do,  quod 
mihimet  ipsi:  ut  vitemus  oculos  hominum,  si  linguas  minus  facile 
possimus.  Quod  cuique  temporis  ad  vivendum  datur,  eo  debet 
esse  contentus.  Catilinae  inerat  satis  eloquentiae,  sapientiae  pa¬ 
rum.  Populus  Romanus  Carthagini  victae  argenti  pondo  annua 


THE  GENITIVE  CASE* 


51 


imperavit,  nihil  auri.  Nonnulli  oratores  nimis  insidiarum  ad  ca¬ 
piendas  aures  adhibere  solent.  Mihi  videtur  acerba  semper  et 
immatura  mors  eorum,  qui  immortale  aliquid  parant.  Migrandum 
esse  Rhodum  aut  aliquo  terrarum  arbitror.  Ubicunque  eris  gen- 
tium,  a  nobis  diligaris. 

100.  Hiero,  the  most  powerful  king-  of  Sicily,  having-  heard 
of  the  defeat  near  lake  Trasimenus,  sent  300,000  bushels  of  wheat 
and  240  pounds  of  gold  as  a  present  to  the  Roman  people.  To 
Horatius  Codes  was  given  as  much  land  (fields),  as  he  could 
plough  in  one  day.  In  spring-  many  kinds  of  birds  return  to  us, 
which  in  autumn  have  departed  for  distant  countries.  At  Mara¬ 
thon  the  Athenians  put  to  flight  a  ten-fold  number  of  enemies. 
Catiline  cared  nothing  for  the  life  of  the  citizens  or  the  welfare 
of  his  country.  Many  apply  too  little  care  and  labor  and  yet  de- 

.  mand  a  large  reward.  That  is  a  glorious  victory  in  which  there 
is  more  mercy  than  cruelty.  Whatsoever  there  was  of  gold  and 
silver  in  Sicily,  Verres  seized.  He  that  has  too  much  confidence 
in  himself,  will  injure  himself.  Whatever  time  is  passed,  is  lost. 
Aristides  determined  how  much  money  should  be  given  to  each 
city.  Whenever  anything  fortunate  happens  in  war,  it  is  attrib¬ 
uted  to  the  general.  Who  doubts  that1  there  is  sufficient  pro¬ 
tection  for  a  happy  life  in  virtue? 

1  quin. 

101.  Where  in  the  world  are  my  books?  They  are  in  the 
same  place,  where  you  left  them.  After  the  battle  at  Zama  noth¬ 
ing  remained  for  the  Carthaginians  than  to  accept  the  terms1  of 
the  Romans.  Do  not  imitate  those  who,  indeed,  have  sufficient 
eloquence,  but  possess  too  little  wisdom;  nothing  great  or  noble 
has  been  produced  by  them.  A  wise  man  does  nothing  disgrace¬ 
ful,  nothing  low,  nothing  slavish,  but  ever  strives  after  some¬ 
thing  exalted2,  something  glorious,  something  celestial  and  divine. 
Much  corn  was  transported  from  Sicily  to  Rome.  Not  seldom 
does  something3  sweet  lie  at  the  bottom4  of  sorrow. 

1  conditio.  2  excelsus.  3  quidam.  4  inesse. 


§  185. 

102.  Gloriae  te  esse  avidissimum  non  negabis.  Pythagoras 
sapientiae  studiosos  appellabat  philosophos.  Conscia  mens  recti 
famae  mendacia  ridet.  Themistocles  peritissimos  belli  navalis 
fecit  Athenienses.  Conon  et  prudens  rei  militaris  et  diligens  erat 
imperii.  Immemorem  beneficii  omnes  oderunt.  Alexander  irae 


52 


THE  GENITIVE  CASE. 


potens  non  erat.  Cn.  Pompejus  potentiae  cupidissimus,  amici¬ 
tiarum  tenax  et  paene  omnium  vitiorum  expers  fuit.  In  omni¬ 
bus  rebus  est  aliquid  optimum,  idque  ab  eo  potest,  qui  ejus  rei 
gnarus  est,  judicari.  Numa  Pompilius ‘vir  consultissimus1  erat 
omnis  divini  atque  humani  juris.  Venturae  memores  jam  nunc 
estote  senectae.  Solus  homo  ex  tot  animantium  generibus  ratio¬ 
nis  est  particeps.  Ira,  ut  insania,  impotens  est  sui.  Pharos  insu¬ 
la  magnae  urbis  haud  capax  est.  Non  inopes  vitae,  sed  prodigi 
sumus.  Plena  exemplorum  est  nostra  respublica,  cum  saepe  alias, 
tum  maxime  bello  Punico  secundo,  quae,  Cannensi  calamitate 
accepta,  majores  animos  habuit,  quam  unquam  rebus  secundis. 
Xerxes  refertus  fuit  omnibus  praemiis  donisque  fortunae.  Attica 
erat  fere  inops  frumenti  frugumque,  fertilis  autem  oleae  et  fici. 
Omnes  homines  ratione  praediti  sibi  temperare  debent.  Caesar 
ad  oppidum  Noviodunum  contendit,  quod  vacuum  a  defensoribus 
esse  audiebat.  Nullus  sermo  aliqua  re  utili  vacuus  esse  debet. 

1  consultus,  a,  unt  {jure,  or  is),  learned  in  law. 

103.  The  people,  desirous  of  revolution,  were  devoted1  to 
Catiline.  The  ancient  Romans  were  skilled  in  war,  but  rather 
ignorant  in  the  sciences.  He  who  is  conscious  of  no  crime,  is 
happy.  Anger  is  not  master  of2  itself,  unmindful  of  friendship, 
and  devoid  of  reason.  He  who  is  more  desirous  of  money  and 
pleasures  than  of  virtue,  will  not  participate 3  in  true  happiness. 
Plato  inscribed  on  his  door:  “Let  no  one  enter  who  is  not  skilled 
in  geometry.”  The  ancient  poets  extolled4  Amathus,  a  city  of 
Cyprus,  consecrated  to  Venus,  with  the  greatest  eulogies5.  Of 
all  the  provinces  of  the  Roman  empire,  Sicily  and  Egypt  were 
the  most  productive  of  grain.  Soldiers,  attack  the  enemy  boldly, 
mindful  of  your  former6  valor!  The  ancient  historians  report 
that  the  rivers  of  Germany  were  teeming7  with  fish  and  the 
woods  were  full  of  game8.  Carbo  was  ignorant  of  the  laws  and 
not  versed9  in  civil  right.  Many  men  strive  to  acquire  wealth, 
in  order  to  be  free 10  from  cares  in  their  old  age.  Of  the  orators 
Crassus  had  the  best  knowledge  of  law,  of  those  versed  in  law 
Scaevola  was  the  most  eloquent. 

1  studiosus.  2  impotens.  3  particeps.  4  efferre.  5  laus.  6  pristinus.  7  re¬ 
fertus.  8  ferae.  9  imperitus.  10  vacuus. 

§  186. 

104.  Claudius  Caesar  fuit  cibi  vinique  quocunque  et  tem¬ 
pore  et  loco  appetentissimus.  Catilinae  corpus  fuit  patiens  in- 


THE  GENITIVE  CASE. 


53 


ediae1,  vigiliae,  algoris2;  animus  audax,  alieni  appetens,  sui  profu¬ 
sus3.  Quintus  Pompejus  fuit  omnis  officii  diligentissimus.  Pertinere 
ad  beate  vivendum  arbitror,  ut  cum  viris  bonis,  jucundis,  aman¬ 
tibus  tui  vivas.  Epaminondas  adeo  fuit  veritatis  diligens,  ut  ne 
joco  quidem  mentiretur.  Quidam  philosophi  virtutem  ob  eam 
rem  laudarunt,  quod  efficiens  esset  voluptatis.  Nihil  est  appe¬ 
tentius  similium  sui,  quam  natura. 

1  fasting.  2  cold.  3  lavish. 

105.  Anaxagpras  bequeathed1  his  patrimony  to  his  relatives, 
and  indifferent2  to  everything’,  he  set  out  for  Athens  to  apply 
himself  to  studies.  Of  the  Romans  Aemilius  Paullus  loved3  the 
children4  most,  and  took  part  in  all  their  sports.  Alexander  the 
Great  was  so  eag-er  for  honor  and  fame,  that  he  said  he  was 
the  son  of  Jupiter.  In  my  youth  I  could  endure  every  hardship, 
but  now  I  have  become  so  feeble,  that  I  avoid  the  least  exer¬ 
tion.  Thorius  Balbus  had  not  only  an  inclination5  for  amuse¬ 
ments,  but  was  even  a  judg-e6  in  every  kind  of  them.  Seek 
the  company  of  those  who  honor7  religion,  and  shun  the  com¬ 
pany  of  those  who  despise8  religion.  Decius  Mus  was  so  devoted9 
to  his  country,  as  to  expose  himself  to  the  greatest  dangers. 
He  who  loves  himself  too  much,  will  only  be  mindful  of  his  own 
advantage,  indifferent  to  his  duties,  and  unmindful  of  the  bene¬ 
fits  bestowed  upon  him  by  others. 

1  permittere.  2  neglegens.  3  amans  sum.  4  parvuli,  orum.  5  cupidus. 
6  intelligens.  7  colens.  8  contemnens.  9  amans. 

%  187. 

106.  Animus  meminit  praeteritorum,  praesentia  cernit,  fu¬ 
tura  praevidet.  Divico,  Helvetiorum  legatus,  Caesarem  hortatus 
est,  ut  reminisceretur  et  veteris  incommodi  sui,  et  pristinae  vir¬ 
tutis  Helvetiorum.  Homo  iste  insignis  nequitiae  aliquando  cum 
dolore  flagitiorum  suorum  recordabitur.  Caesar  cohortatus  est 
Aeduos,  ut  controversiarum  et  dissensionum  obliviscerentur.  Hal¬ 
cyonum  nidi  figura  reliquarum  (avium)  quoque  sollertiae1  admo¬ 
net.  Grammaticos  officii  sui  commonemus.  Canes  itinera  quam¬ 
vis  longa  meminerunt.  Est  operae  pretium,  diligentiam  majorum 
recordari.  Homines  res  praeclarissimas  obliviscuntur.  De  lacrimis 
illis  recordor,  quas  pro  me  saepe  profudistis.  Putavi  ea  de  re 
te  esse  admonendum.  Venit  mihi  in  mentem  illius  temporis,  quo 
fuimus  una2.  Dormientibus  nobis  interdum  ea  in  mentem  veniunt 
quae  vigilantes  vel  vidimus  vel  fecimus. 

1  skillfulness.  2  una,  adv.,  together. 


54 


THE  GENITIVE  CASE. 


107.  Who  is  so  insensible1  as  to  forget  the  place  where  he 
was  born,  bred  and  educated?  We  term  those  conscientious  who  are 
ever  mindful  of  their  duty.  People  are  wont  to  forget  favors 
more  readily  than  offences.  Imitate  the  Pythagoreans,  who  were 
wont  to  recall  in  the  evening  what  they  had  done  during  the 
day.  When  Phocion  was  led  to  execution,  many  citizens,  remem¬ 
bering  his  former  renown,  deplored  his  sad  fate.  Presents  from 
those  who  remind  others  of  the  benefits  received,  are  not  pleasing. 
The  Romans  often  thought  of  the  defeat  at  Cannae;  but  never 
would  such  a  great  disaster  have  befallen2  the  Roman  legions, 
had  not  Terrentius  Varro  had  so  much  self-confidence.  When 
his  guests  reminded  Alexander  of  the  deeds  of  Philip,  he  began 
to  prefer  himself  to  his  father  and  to  extol5  the  greatness  of  his 
undertackings4.  In  prosperity  we  very  easily  forget  God;  misfor¬ 
tune  reminds  us  of  him.  He  who  forgets  his  friends,  will  also 
neglect5  God. 

1  inhumanus.  2  accidere.  3  extollere.  4  res.  5  negligens  sum. 

m 

§  188. 

108.  Miltiades  proditionis  accusatus  est.  Piso  Germanicum 
luxus  et  superbiae  incusavit.  Vitellius  Pisonem  magni  sceleris 
coarguit.  Scaurus  pecuniae  a  Jugurtha  acceptae  arcessebatur. 
Quid  est  acerbum,  quid  grave  nimis  in  homines  tanti  sceleris 
convictos?  Recte  condemnamus  haruspices  aut  stultitiae  aut  vani¬ 
tatis  aut  impudentiae.  Ne  audacem  quidem  timoris  absolvimus. 
Nomine  sceleris  conjurationisque  damnati  sunt  multi.  Alcibiades 
postulabat,  ne  absens  invidiae  crimine  accusaretur.  Thrasybulus 
legem  tulit,  ne  quis  anteactarum  rerum  accusaretur  neve  multare¬ 
tur.  Qui  alterum  incusat  probi,  ipsum  se  intueri  oportet.  Fannius 
Verrem  insimulat  avaritiae  et  audaciae.  Annon  intelligis,  quales 
viros  summi  sceleris  arguas?  Miltiades  capitis  absolutus,  pecuniae 
multatus  est.  Lex  vetat  eum,  qui  de  pecuniis  repetundis  damnatus 
sit,  in  concione  orationem  habere.  Dixit  nunc  demum  se  voti 
esse  damnatum. 

109.  The  Roman  laws  forbade  the  use  of  water  and  fire  to 
him  who  was  condemned  for  high  treason1.  Verres  was  accused 
of  extortion.  As  many  were  accused  of  treason  at  Athens,  so 
were  many  charged  with  embezzlement  at  Rome.  Caecilius 
doubted  whether  he  should  accuse  his  enemy  of  violence  or 
treachery.  Sextus  Roscius  was  accused  of  patricide  at  Rome, 
but  Cicero  effected  by  his  eloquence  that  he  was  acquitted  of 


the  genitive  case. 


55 


this  charge.  Who  can  accuse  the  army  of  flight  or  of  fear,  since 
50,000  men  have  fallen?  The  ancient  Romans  established  by 
law,  that2  a  thief  should  be  sentenced  to  a  double  amount3,  a 
usurer  to  a  fourfold  amount*.  Socrates  was  prosecuted  for  im¬ 
piety  by  the  Athenians  and  condemned  to  death;  but  they  soon 
repented  of  having  condemned  the  most  innocent  man  to  death. 
Cicero  defended  P.  Sulla,  whom  Torquatus  had  accused  of  parti¬ 
cipation5  in  the  conspiracy  of  Catiline.  The  Romans  had  such  a 
predilection6  for  gladiatorial  and  other  games  of  this  kind,  as  to 
sentence  those  who  were  convicted  of  crime  to  fight  with  wild  beasts. 

1  majestas  laesa .  2  ut.  3  duplum.  4  quadruplum.  5  societas.  6  studio¬ 

sus  sum. 

§  189. 

110.  Natura  parvo  esset  contenta,  nisi  voluptatem  tanti  aesti¬ 
maretis.  Nulla  possessio,  nulla  vis  auri  et  argenti  pluris,  quam 
virtus,  aestimanda  est.  Divitiae  a  me  minimi  putantur.  Ille  finis 
amicitiae  deterrimus  est,  ut  quanti  quisque  se  ipse  facit,  tanti 
fiat  ab  amicis.  Ego  a  meis  me  amari  et  magni  pendi  postulo. 
Avarus  sua  parvi  pendit,  aliena  cupit.  Tanti  est  exercitus,  quanti 
imperator.  Dum  tibi  placeam,  tergum  meum  flocci  non  facio. 
Hephaestionem  Alexander  plurimi  fecit.  Laelius  non  eo  dictus 
est  sapiens,  quod  non  intelligeret,  quid  suavissimum  esset,  sed 
quia  parvi  id  duceret.  Commi  regis  virtus  in  Britannia  magni 
habebatur.  Magno  ubique  pretio  virtus  aestimatur. 

111.  To  act  circumspectly  is  more  valuable  than  to  think 
prudently.  It  is  known  that  geese,  the  deliverers  of  the  Capitol, 
were  highly  valued  at  Rome.  A  servant  that  is  not  mindful  of 
his  duty,  is  worth  little.  The  Roman  general  Fabricius  valued 
gold  and  silver  not  as  highly  as  righteousness.  Pericles  esteemed 
Anaxagoras  very  highly,  and  when  the  latter  was  accused  of 
impiety,  he  was  acquitted  by  the  assistance  of  Pericles.  O  the 
foolish  men,  that  value  pleasure  higher  than  virtue!  After  God 
we  must  esteem  our  parents  and  country  most.  It  is  disgraceful 
to  esteem  one’s  birth 1  and  riches  more  than  virtue.  Themistocles 
did  not  esteem  justice  as  highly  as  his  contemporary  Aristides, 
who  valued  just  designs  more  than  useful  ones.  He  who  esteems 
money  as  highly  as  virtue,  will  neglect  his  friends  and  think 
little  of  God.  Philip  valued  victories  obtained2  by  words  more 
than  those  achieved  by  weapons.  All  the  goods  of  fortune  are 
not  as  valuable  as  virtue.  It  rarely  happens  that  traitors  are 

1  genus,  eris .  2  parere , 


56 


THE  GENITIVE  CASE. 


highly  esteemed;  for  even  the  enemy  fears  that1  he  will  be  be¬ 
trayed  by  them.  If  we  do  not  esteem  honors  highly,  it  is  our 
duty  not  to  enlist  in  the  service2  of  the  state.  The  statue  was 
valued  at  fifty  talents. 

1  ne.  2  nomen  dare . 

§§  190  8c  191. 

112.  Interest  reipublicae  dignitate  eminere.  Theophrastus 
moriens  accusasse  naturam  dicitur,  quod  cervis  et  cornicibus  vi¬ 
tam  diuturnam,  quorum  id  nihil  interesset,  hominibus,  quorum 
maxime  interfuisset,  tam  exiguam  vitam  dedisset.  Dei  naturam 
indagare1  neque  interest  hominum,  nec  capit  humanae  conjectura 
mentis;  sacer  est,  aeternus,  immensus.  Nihil  interest  mea,  quan¬ 
tus  circa  mortem  meam  tumultus  sit.  Quid  nostra  refert  victum 
esse  Antonium?  Caesar  dicere  solebat,  non  tam  sua,  quam  rei¬ 
publicae  interesse,  ut  salvus  esset.  Ipsi  animi,  magni  refert,  quali 
in  corpore  locati  sint.  In  Epirum  statui  me  conferre:  non  quo 
mea  interesset  loci  natura,  sed  nusquam  facilius  hanc  miserrimam 
vitam  sustentabo.  In  vocibus  animantium  multum  refert  locorum 
natura.  Quod  tua  nihil  refert,  percontari  desinas.  Ad  honorem 
nostrum  magni  interest,  quam  primum  ad  urbem  me  venire.  Quid 
id  ad  me  aut  ad  meam  rem  refert,  Persae  quid  rerum  gerant? 
Mea  fortuna  facile  obtrectatores  invenit;  non  meo  quidem  merito, 
sed  quanti  id  refert,  si  tamen  accidit?  Quod  permagni  interest, 
pro  necessario  saepe  habetur.  Maxime  interest,  quemadmodum 
quaeque  res  audiatur.  Multum  interest  rei  familiaris  tuae,  te 
quam  primum  venire.  Quam  multa  quae  nostra  ipsorum  causa  non 
faceremus,  amicorum  gratia  facimus.  Divitiarum  magis,  quam  inju¬ 
riae  causa  bellum  inceptum  est.  Pausanias  barbaros  apud  Plateas 
delevit,  ej usque  victoriae  ergo  Apollini  donum  dedit.  Summam  mi¬ 
litum  indignationem  movit  consul  se  in  castris  regis  instar  esse 
professus. 

1  to  search. 

113.  It  is  of  the  greatest  importance  to  good  parents  to  have 
their  children  well  educated.  It  is  of  great  importance  to  him  who 
wishes  to  learn,  whether  he  follows  the  right  or  wrong  method1. 
If  the  battle  is  lost,  it  matters  not  how  many  have  fallen  in  the 
engagement  or  have  been  captured  in  the  flight.  The  expulsion2 
of  Hannibal  out  of  Italy  was  a  matter  of  great  interest  to  the 
Romans.  That  which  is  of  less  concern  to  me,  perhaps  delights 
you  more.  It  is  of  importance  to  all  men  to  treat  the  wicked 
with  severity.  It  must  be  of  interest  to  all  of  us  to  see  our 


MISECEEANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


57 


friends  prosper3.  The  Romans  believed  that  it  was  of  great  im¬ 
portance  for  the  common  good  to  have  two  consuls  in  the  state. 
It  is  of  great  importance  to  all  of  us  to  leave  as  good  a  memory 
of  us  as  possible4.  Your  health  is  of  much  interest  to  me,  your 
progress  in  the  sciences  of  greater;  but  that  you  may  become  not 
only  refined  but  also  good  men,  is  of  the  greatest  interest  to  me. 
It  behooves  an  intelligent  man  to  esteem  good  citizens  highly, 
and  to  despise  bad  citizens;  for  it  must  be  of  great  importance 
to  all  of  us  to  have  as  many  good  citizens  and  as  few  bad  ones 
as  possible.  The  ancient  Egyptians  built  pyramids  like  moun¬ 
tains.  Is  not  exile  like  to  death?  Demosthenes  was  presented 
with  a  golden  crown  because  of  his  virtue  and  his  good  will 
towards  the  Athenian  people.  Hunters  train  dogs  for  the  sake  of 
hunting.  I  shall  do  this  not  for  your  sake  but  for  mine. 

1  ratio.  2  expulsus,  cf.  Gr.  §  311.  3  valere.  4  quam  optimus  (as  good  as 

possible). 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 

114.  Among  the  ancient  Romans  and  Greeks  the  attention1 
to  hospitality  was  very  great,  and  they  chose  Jupiter  as  its 
patron2,  and  named  him  “Jupiter  Hospitalis”.  The  wise  man 
practices  virtue  even  if3  no4  reward  follows;  for  he  believes  that 
nothing  is  to  be  esteemed  higher  than  virtue.  Caesar  relates 
in  his  first  book  on  (pie)  the  Civil  War,  that  the  consul  Scipio 
had  flattered  the  chief  men5  of  the  state,  in  order  that  through 
their  influence,  he  might  be  acquitted  of  bribery6.  The  birds 
fly  about7  the  nests  of  their  young  full  of  anxiety,  when  they 
suspect  that  an  enemy  will  hurt  them.  Cato  took  the  poet  En¬ 
nius  along  with  him  to  Rome,  an  event8  which  we  value  not 
less  than  the  greatest  triumph.  Whenever  any  thing  happens 
which  may  seem  of  any  importance  to  us  or  our  friends,  we 
write  letters.  He  who  loves9  virtue,  endures10  hardships,  does 
not  covet11  others’  goods,  is  justly  considered  happy.  L.  Tar¬ 
quinius  traveled  through12  the  cities  ot  Etruria  and  sought  assist¬ 
ance  from  the  Veientes  and  Tarquinians,  reminding  them  of  the 
former  insults  of  the  Roman  people.  Demaratus,  who  fled  from 
Corinth  to  Tarquinii,  had  two  sons,  of  whom  the  elder  died  in 
Tarquinii,  and  the  younger  resided  at  Rome  after  the  death  of 

1  cur  a.  2  praeses,  idis.  3  etiamsi.  4  nihil.  5 princeps .  6  ambitus.  7 circum¬ 

volare .  8  id.  9  amans  sum.  10  perferens  sum.  11  appetens  sum.  12  circumire. 


58 


miscellaneous  EXERCISES. 


his  father.  He  who  leaves  a  good  memory  of  himself  has  at¬ 
tained  sufficient  fame. 

115.  Those  who  pursue1  trifling-  advantag-es  with  no  small 
danger,  are  like  those  who  fish  with  a  g-olden  hook.  Cyrus  van¬ 
quished  Croesus,  king*  of  Lydia,  who  considered  himself  the 
happiest  of  mortals.  Have  mercy  on  the  poor,  so  that  God  may 
once  have  mercy  on  you.  Virtue,  say2  the  Stoics,  is  the  highest 
good,  and  everything  else  that  is  considered  pleasant  or  unpleas¬ 
ant  is  of  no  importance.  Aristotle  calls  friendship  the  most 
beautiful  of  all  human  ties.  Who  of  you  does  not  know  how  much 
inconstancy  and  perverseness  there  is  in  folly?  Take  the  sword 
away  from  him  who  is  not  master  of  his  anger.  All  who  re¬ 
mained  at  home  were  ashamed  of  their  cowardice,  when  they 
heard  that  the  enemy  had  been  defeated.  Miltiades  was  accused 
of  treason  and  condemned  to  death,  thereupon  freed  from  his 
sentence  and  fined.  The  Roman  state  produced  many  men  re¬ 
nowned  both  in  war  and  in  peace:  for  instance3,  Cicero,  a  man 
of  great  eloquence;  Caesar,  a  man  of  extraordinary  military  tal¬ 
ents;  Cato,  a  man  of  singular  love  for  his  country. 

1  sutari.  2  inquam.  3  velut. 

116.  What  is  more  disgraceful  than  to  compute1  how  much 
a  good  man  is  worth?  It  is  the  duty  of  man  to  have  compassion 
with  the  wretched.  All  the  members  of  the  body  accord2  with 
one  another,  for  the  preservation  of  each  one  is  of  importance 
to  the  whole  body.  I  do  not  doubt  that  some  of  the  dialogues 
that  are  generally3  ascribed4  to  Plato,  do  not  belong  to  him. 
He  is  beneficent  who  deals  kindly  with  others  not  for  his  own 
sake,  but  for  that  of  his  neighbor5.  The  hope  of  better  times 
is  a  consolation  in  misfortune.  After  Themistocles  had  been 
accused  of  treason,  he  fled  to  Asia,  to  king  Artaxerxes,  who 
presented  him  with  three  cities.  The  pyramid  of  Cheops,  king 
of  Egypt,  was  800  feet  high.  Iphicrates  had  (esse)  a  great  soul, 
as  well  as  a  great  body  and  the  appearance  of  a  commander,  so 
that  he  inspired  every  one  with  admiration  for  his  person.  The 
star  Saturn  completes  its  course  in  thirty  years6.  My  brother 
wrote  to  me  that  only  a  few  of  you  returned  from  the  battle  un¬ 
hurt.  That  scholar  possesses  great  talent  and  an  extraordinary 
memory,  and  is  versed  in  Greek  not  less  than  in  Latin.  Aristides 
surpassed  his  fellow-citizens  in  love  of  truth  and  justice;  where¬ 
fore  the  Athenians  gave  him  the  honorable  surname  of  Just. 

1  computare.  2  congruere ,  3  solere .  4  addicere  nomini  alicujus.  5  alter. 

6  every  30th  year, 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


59 


117.  Of  all  the  gods  the  Gauls  honor  Mercury  most,  whom 
they  call1  the  inventor  of  all  the  arts.  The  Albanians  had  more 
courage  than  strength.  Tiberius  called  Priam  happy,  because 
he  had  survived1  all  his  family.  I  doubt  not  that  your  crimes 
will  come  into  your  mind.  The  woman  was  accused  of  poisoning 
and  sentenced  to  death.  Justly  do  we  consider  those  the  wisest 
of  all  men  who  control  their  passions.  To  be  more  solicitous 
for  the  welfare  than  the  will  of  the  people,  is  the  mark  of  duti¬ 
ful  senators.  Since  many  islands  had  assisted  the  Persians,  a 
fleet  of  seventy  ships  was  given  to  Miltiades  to  wage  war  against 
them;  he  was  a  man  of  approved  valor,  who  did  nothing  for 
his  own  sake,  but  everything  for  the  sake  of  his  *  fellow-citizens. 
When  Antisthenes  heard  that  he  was  praised  and  highly  es¬ 
teemed  by  some3  profligate  persons,  he  said:  “I  fear  that  I 
have  done  something  wrong.”  Among  the  Roman  kings,  of 
whom  there  were  seven,  Numa  Pompilius  was  the  most  peace¬ 
able,  Tarquinius  Superbus  the  most  cruel. 

1  perhibere.  2  superstes  sum.  3  quidam. 

118.  It  seems  to  you,  indeed,  that  I  have  undertaken  too 
much  work,  but  he  that  commences  with  a  cheerful1  spirit,  has 
already  finished  half  the  work.  Cicero  and  Hortensius  were 
considered  the  greatest  orators  by  the  Romans  and  so  highly 
esteemed,  that  it  could  not  be  ascertained,  which  of  the  two 
was  more  esteemed  or  beloved.  It  is  of  great  interest  to  both 
of  us,  to  see  you  before  your  departure.  Because  Orestes  had 
killed2  his  mother,  he  was  accused  of  matricide,  but  was  ac¬ 
quitted  by  Apollo.  Socrates,  the  wisest  of  all  the  Athenians, 
although  very  virtuous3  and  irreproachable,  was  nevertheless 
accused  of  impiety  by  the  ungrateful  Athenians,  and  by  the 
unjust  verdict  of  the  judges  put  to  death  by  poison.  The  for¬ 
tunes4  of  nations  and  of  men  remind  us  of  human  frailty,  which 
we  too  often  forget.  Do  not  those,  who  possess  sufficient  elo¬ 
quence,  but  too  little  true  wisdom,  do  the  greatest  harm  to  the 
state?  The  general  reminded  the  soldiers  of  the  wrong  inflicted 5 
upon  them.  To  whom  is  the  refinement  of  your  mind  and  heart 
of  greater  concern  than  to  your  parents  and  teachers?  You 
sometimes  think  that  nothing  depends  upon  the  strict  observance 
of  every  precept;  but  that  betrays  want  of  judgment6;  later  you 
will  repent  of  your  levity,  if  you  now  value  little  the  teachings 
of  those  whose  duty  it  is  to  give  you  a  good  education,  and  for 

1  alacer.  3  trucidare ,  3  virtus.  ^  fatum  r  5  injuri  a,  m  accipere ,  6  imbecillitas 
judicii , 


60 


MISCBIA ANEOUS  KxKRCISKS. 


whom  it  is  to  judge  what  tends  to  your  profit  or  disadvan¬ 
tage. 

119.  Shun  the  society  of  the  wicked,  so  that  they  may  not 
persuade  you  to  do  evil.  Vercingetorix,  a  man  of  distinguished 
prudence  and  bravery,  did  nothing  for  his  own  sake,  but  valued 
his  country  more  than  all  riches.  Caesar  brought  Gaul  under 
the  power  of  the  Romans;  but,  because  it  was  of  great  interest 
to  him  that  the  resources1  of  the  Roman  people  should  appear 
great,  he  resolved  to  set  out  for2  Germany  and  cross  over  to 
Britain.  Which  poem  do  you  value  more,  the  Odyssey  or  the 
Iliad?  Who  does  not  know  that  both  are  highly  valued  by  the 
learned?  It  is  known  how  highly  Alexander  appreciated  them. 
Always  be  mpidful  of  the  divine  commandments,  do  not  be  an¬ 
gry  with  those  who  remind  you  of  neglect  of  duty,  forget  past 
grievances,  be  ashamed  of  mean  revenge,  pity  even  the  needy 
enemy.  Alexander  repented  of  having  slain  his  friend  Clitus 
and  began  to  be  ashamed  of  his  deed,  as  soon  as  he  thought 
of  Clitus’  sister,  who  had  been  his  nurse3.  During  the  battle 
of  Cannae  Lentulus  said  to  Aemilianus  Paullus:  “Flee;  even 
without  3rour  d§ath,  we  have  tears  and  sorrow  enough!”  What¬ 
ever  pains  and  solicitude  shall  have  been  spent 4  in  acquiring  the 
knowledge  of  good  things,  will  ever  be  praised. 

1  facultas.  2  adire.  3  nutrix,  icis.  4  ponere. 

120.  Tarquinius  Priscus,  who  succeeded  Ancus  Martius,  and 
reigned  38  years,  conquered  the  Sabines,  and  added  not  a  little 
of  their  country1  to  the  Roman  territory.  Cicero  appreciated 
the  applause2  of  the  Romans  very  much,  so  that  he  considered 
that  day  on  which  he  returned  and  was  applauded8,  the  most 
beautiful  of  his  life.  It  is  a  sign  of  magnanimity  not  to  think 
of  the  offences  of  inferior  enemies.  It  is  your  duty  to  esteem 
those  highly  who  have  taught  you  useful  things.  It  was  a 
peculiarity  of  the  customs  of  the  Gauls  to4  compel  travelers  to 
stop  and  to  inquire  what  news  they  had  heard  or  from  what  coun¬ 
try  they  had  come.  It  is  worth  while  to  learn  in  boyhood  and 
to  refine  the  heart  and  soul  as  much  as  possible;  if  this  is  not 
done,  others  will  not  respect  us.  Lysander  believed  he  could 
easily  bribe  the  Africans;  in  (abl.)  this  expectation  he  traveled 
to  Africa.  Where  in  all  the  world  is  old  age  so  much  respected 
as  at  ivacedaemon?  The  Volscians  procured  auxiliaries  for  the 
Latins;  enraged  at  this,  the  consuls  led  their  legions  into  the 
territory  of  the  Volscians.  The  Romans  pursued  Hannibal  with 

1  ager.  2  plausus,  us.  3  applaudere.  4  ut. 


THE  ABLATIVE. 


61 


such  implacable1  hatred  as  not  to  leave  him  any  place  on  earth 
as  a  refuge2. 

1  implacabilis.  2  refugium  relinquere. 


,  THE  ABLATIVE. 

§§  192  &  193. 

121.  Prisci  Romani  duabus  his  artibus,  audacia  in  bello, 
ubi  pax  evenerat,  aequitate  seque  remque  publicam  curabant. 
Ferro  geruntur  bella,  non  auro;  viribus,  non  urbium  tectis.  Sol 
omnia  luce  clarissima  collustrat.  Non  tam  utilitas  parta  per 
amicum,  quam  amici  amor  ipse  delectat.  Deus  Israelitis  per 
Moysen  leges  dedit.  Alexander  cum  toto  exercitu  secundo  Indo 
vectus,  ubi  ad  oceanum  pervenit,  milites  partim  navibus,  partim 
pedibus  in  Mesopotamiam  redire  jussit.  Iphicrates  exercitum 
cui  praeerat  armis  ita  exercuit,  ut  tota  Graecia  nullius  copiae 
exercitatiores  viderentur.  Consul  hostem  tormentis  sagittariisque 
et  funditoribus  eminus  terruit.  Quod  heri  per  dolum  speciemque 
amicitiae  adeptus  non  es,  hodie  per  vim  non  consequeris.  Homi¬ 
nes  annum  solis  reditu  metiuntur.  Prudentia  maxime  ex  tem¬ 
perantia  cognoscitur.  Vasorum  alia  ex  humo,  alia  ex  auro  et 
argento  finguntur. 

122.  Lucius  Tarquinius,  appointed1  tutor2  of  the  children 
of  Ancus,  delivered  a  speech  by  which  he  won3  the  affection  of 
the  Roman  people;  therefore  he  was  with  the  unanimous4  consent 
of  the  people  chosen  king.  We  see  with  our  eyes,  hear  with 
our  ears,  and  think  with  our  mind.  The  Romans  proclaimed 
war  through  the  fetial  priests.  We  preserve  and  increase  our 
property  by  diligence  and  frugality.  The  Romans,  active5  at 
home  and  in  the  field,  defended  liberty,  country  and  parents  with 
their  weapons.  The  Persian  king  Xerxes  attacked  the  Greeks 
with  an  immense  army;  these,  however,  defeated  him  both  by 
and  and  by  sea,  at  Plataeae  and  at  the  island  of  Salamis.  Kingl 
Pyrrhus  strove  in  vain  to  bribe  Fabricius  with  money.  The 
Romans  devastated  Alba  with  fire  and  sword,  and  leveled6  all 
dwellings  to  the  ground.  Men  of  low  birth  have  frequently 
attained  the  highest  honors  by  their  industry.  The  Gauls  begged 
the  Romans  for  peace  through  their  embassadors.  Agamemnon 
transported7  his  army  across  the  sea  on  1,200  ships.  Caesar,  in 

1  constituere.  2  tutor.  3  conciliare.  4  magnus.  5  intentus.  6  aequare. 
7  trajicere. 


62 


THE  ABLATIVE. 


a  few  days,  came  by  ship  from  Gades  to  Tarraco,  and  by  land1 
from  Tarraco  to  Narbo. 

1  pes  (pi.) 

123.  The^  Pythagoreans  exercised  themselves  in  abstinence 
from  food.  You  are  aware1  that  it  becomes  a  youth  to  be  in¬ 
structed  in  the  sciences.  Immediately  after  meals  the  Romans 
played  dice2.  It  is  the  sign  of  a  great  mind  to  foresee3  the  fu¬ 
ture  in  one’s  thoughts.  Alcibiades,  who  had  departed  for  Sicily, 
did  not  return  home  when  called  by  the  people,  but  sailed  to 
Thurii  on  the  ship  which  the  Athenians  had  sent  him,  and 
thence  betook  himself  to  Elis,  thence  to  Thebes.  At  Rome  there 
was  preserved  below  the  Capitol  a  picture  of  good  Fortune,  hold¬ 
ing  in  her  right  hand  a  plate4,  in  her  left  an  ear  of  corn5  and 
a  poppy.  In  ancient  Italy  it  frequently  rained  stones  and  the 
statues  of  the  gods  sweated  blood.  If  anything  new  happens,  I 
will  inform  you  by  letter.  The  Romans  conquered  the  Cartha¬ 
ginians  partly  by  force,  partly  by  deceit.  From  the  shortness 
of  the  letter  you  can  see  that  I  am  very  much  occupied6.  God 
made  man  of  the  slime  of  the  earth.  Most  people  fail  in  this, 
that7  they  judge  the  plans  of  illustrious  men  by  the  success8, 
not  by  the  intention9. 

1  non  fugit.  2  talus.  3  praecipere.  *  patera,  ae.  5  spica,  ae.  6  distentus. 
7  quod.  8  eventus.  9  voluntas. 

§  194. 

124.  Viginti  talentis  unam  orationem  Isocrates  vendidit.  Tan¬ 
tus  olim  terror  Gallici  nominis  erat,  ut  multi  reges  ultro  pacem 
ingenti  pecunia  mercarentur.  Paria  singula  columbarum,  si  sunt 
formosae,  bono  colore,  integrae,  vulgo  veneunt  ducenis  nummis. 
Magno  Romanis  deliciae  constabant.  Spem  pretio  non  emo.  Ly¬ 
curgus  emi  omnia  non  pecunia,  sed  compensatione  mercium  jussit. 
Matris  magnae  fanum  pecunia  grandi  venditum  est.  Chrysogonus 
vas  aliquod  Corinthium  tanto  pretio  mercatus  est,  ut,  qui  pretium 
enumerari  audiebant,  fundum  venire  arbitrarentur.  Sejus  in  cari¬ 
tate  annonae  asse  modium  populo  dedit.  Augustus  notavit  ali¬ 
quos  equites,  quod  pecunias  levioribus  usuris  mutuati,  graviore 
foenore  collocassent.  Fames  parvo  constat,  fastidium  magno. 
Eam  urbem  in  qua  piscis  pluris  emeretur  quam  bos,  stare  non 
posse  Cato  verissime  dixit.  Haec  domus  quam  abhinc  minus 
quam  tredecim  annos  satis  magno  emi,  tantidem  venibit.  Ger¬ 
manis  certum  modum  agri  habere  rion  licebat,  ne  studium  belli 
gerendi  agricultura  commutarent. 


THE  ABLATIVE. 


63 


125.  King-  Attalus  bought  a  painting  from  the  Theban  artist 
Aristides  for  100  talents.  When  corn  is  plentiful1,  it  is  bought 
cheap.  Nothing  is  more  precious  than  time  which  can  not  be 
bought  for  gold  or  silver.  The  pictures  of  Apelles  cost  very  much, 
one  was  sold  for  20,000  florins2.  Wisdom  is  not  sold  for  gold, 
nor  silver,  nor  pearls.  During  war  everything  that  belongs3  to 
daily  sustenance4  is  sold  at  a  high  price.  The  civil  war  which 
the  Romans  waged  with  one  another  cost  them  much  blood.  For 
how  much  was  this  farm  sold?  For  20  talents.  Merchants  sell 
their  wares  not  only  for  as  much  as  they  bought  them,  but  for 
more.  The  villa  which  Horace  had  at  Tibur  cost  him  nothing; 
it  was  presented  to  him  by  Maecenas.  When  the  danger  of  his 
country  demanded  it,  Cincinnatus  gladly  exchanged  the  plow  for 
the  sword  and  led  the  Romans  to  victory. 

1  copia ,  ae.  2  Jiorenus,  i.  3  pertinere.  4  victus,  us. 

§  195. 

126.  Neminem  Thrasybulo  praefero  fide,  constantia,  magni¬ 
tudine  animi,  in  patriam  amore.  Atticus  in  eam  civitatem  se  con¬ 
tulerat,  quae  antiquitate,  humanitate,  doctrina  praestabat  omnes. 
Italia  est  rectrix  parensque  mundi  altera1,  viris,  ducibus,  militibus, 
servitiis,  artium  praestantia,  ingeniorum  claritate,  situ  ac  salubri¬ 
tate  coeli  atque  temperie,  accessu  cunctarum  gentium  facili,  lito- 
ribus  portuosis,  benigno  ventorum  afflatu,  aquarum  copia,  nemo¬ 
rum  salubritate,  ferorum  animalium  innocentia,  soli  fertilitate, 
pabuli  ubertate.  Magnos  homines  non  virtute  metimur,  sed  for¬ 
tuna.  Massilia  fama  rerum  gestarum,  et  abundantia  opum  flore¬ 
bat.  Grandis  natu  parens  adductus  ad  supplicium;  ex  altera  parte 
filius.  Ennius  fuit  major  natu  quam  Plautus.  Socrates  omnium 
eruditorum  testimonio  totiusque  Graeciae  judicio,  phliosophorum 
omnium  facile  princeps  fuit.  Virorum  antiquitatis  fortissimorum 
vix  quisqum  illustrior  est  quam  Alexander,  magni  patris  filius  ma¬ 
jor,  natione  Macedo,  eruditione  et  studiis  Atheniensis,  prudentia, 
fortitudine,  fortuna  bellica  non  minus  insignis  quam  comitate, 
liberalitate,  humanitate.  Sext.  Pompejus,  Cn.  Magni  filius,  erat 
studiis  rudis,  sermone  barbarus,  impetu  strenuus,  fide  patri  dis¬ 
simillimus,  libertorum  suorum  libertus,  servorumque  servus,  spe¬ 
ciosis  invidens,  ut  pareret  humillimis.  Augustus  Dalmatico  bello 
vulnera  accepit,  una  acie  dextrum  genu  lapide  ictus,  altera  au¬ 
tem  et  crus  et  utrumque  brachium  ruina  pontis  consauciatus2. 

1  the  second  mother  of  the  world.  2  to  wound  seriously. 


64 


THE  ABLATIVE. 


127.  Agesilaus  was  king-  in  name,  but  not  in  power.  Caesar 
equaled  all  Roman  orators  except  Cicero  in  oratorical  fame.  King* 
Richard  of  Eug-land  was  like  a  lion  in  strength  and  courage. 
Mithridates,  king  of  Pontus,  was  a  second1  Hannibal  in  his 
hatred  of  the  Romans.  Nobody  excelled  Homer  in  sublimity2  in 
great  things  and  simplicity  in  small  ones;  he  is  pleasing  and  se¬ 
rious  and  admirable  both  in  his  profuseness3  and  brevity.  Al¬ 
though  no  one  equaled  Thrasybulus  in  virtue,  yet  in  fame  he 
was  excelled  by  many.  Much  is  useful  in  appearance,  which  is 
destructive  in  reality  4.  At  the  advice  of  Themistocles  the  harbor 
of  Piraeus  was  so  embellished,  that  it  equaled  the  city  in 
splendor  and  excelled  it  in  usefulness.  Nobody  could  equal  Al¬ 
cibiades  in  bodily  strength.  Julius  Caesar  was  very1  much  like 
Alexander  the  Great  in  greatness  of  plans,  celerity  in  battle,  en¬ 
durance  in  dangers.  At  the  time  of  Caesar’s  arrival  in  Egypt, 
Ptolemy,  a  boy  in  years,  carried  on  war  against  Cleopatra,  his 
older  sister. 

1  alter.  2  sublimitas.  3  copia.  4  res. 

§  196. 

128.  Miltiades  aeger  erat  vulneribus,  quae  acceperat.  Min¬ 
turnenses  C.  Marium,  fessum  inedia  fluctibusque,  recrearunt.  Pyg¬ 
malion  Sichaeum,  auri  caecus  amore,  clam  ferro  superat.  Darius, 
Hystaspis  filius,  senectute  diem  obiit  supremum.  Themistocles 
post  proelium  ad  Marathonem  commissum  gloriae  cupiditate  ar¬ 
dens,  somnum  capere  non  potuisse  fertur.  Homo  invidus  alio¬ 
rum  rebus  secundis  nunquam  gaudet,  adversis  nunquam  dolet. 
Moestus  calamitate  Ciceronis,  senatus,  tamquam  in  publico  luctu, 
veste  mutata,  pro  eo  deprecabatur.  Orgetorix  regni  cupiditate 
inductus,  conjurationem  nobilitatis  fecit.  Clarissimorum  antiqui¬ 
tatis  regum  res  gestae,  mea  quidem  sententia,  cum  Caesaris  nec 
contentionum  magnitudine  nec  numero  proeliorum  nec  celeritate 
conficiendi  possunt  conferri.  Hannibal,  cum  ex  oculis  laboraret 
et  lectica  ferretur,  tamen  Flaminium  consulem  ad  lacum  Trasi¬ 
menum  devicit.  Servius  injussu  populi,  voluntate  patrum  regna¬ 
vit.  Ut  adolescentibus  bona  indole  praeditis  sapientes  senes  delec¬ 
tantur,  leviorque  fit  eorum  senectus,  qui  a  juventute  coluntur  et 
diliguntur:  sic  adolescentes  senum  praeceptis  gaudent,  quibus  ad 
virtutum  studia  ducuntur.  Venio  nunc  ad  voluptates  agricola¬ 
rum,  quibus  ego  incredibiliter  delector:  quae  nec  ulla  impediuntur 
senectute,  et  mihi  ad  sapientis  vitam  proxime  videntur  accedere. 


THE  ABLATIVE. 


65 


129.  Caesar  was  greatly  esteemed  for  his  beneficence  and 
liberality,  Cato  for  his  purity1  of  life;  the  former  was  renowned 
for  his  mildness  and  compassion,  the  severity  of  the  latter  had 
added2  to  his  honor.  The  scarcity  of  provisions8  is  sometimes 
so  great,  that  many  people  die  of  hunger.  Love  of  country  is, 
in  my  opinion,  a  great  virtue.  Not  out  of  love  of  peace,  but 
out  of  fear  of  war,  the  enemy  sent  ambassadors,  to  whom  the 
Romans  granted  an  armistice  of  twenty-one  years.  Peace  was 
granted  to  the  Locrians  at  Hannibal’s  request.  At  the  advice 
of  Themistocles  the  Athenians  built  a  fleet  of  200  ships.  Numa 
Pompilius,  whom  the  Romans  had  elected  king,  as  the  most  expe¬ 
rienced  in  divine  and  human  laws,  died  of  some  sickness  in  the 
forty-third  year  of  his  reign.  The  Persians,  after  having  taken 
the  pass  of  Thermopylae  by  storm,  attacked  Athens,  and,  at  the 
king’s  command,  set  it  on  fire. 

1  integritas.  2  addere.  3  caritas  a?monae. 

130.  The  work  of  many  months  went  to  ruin1  in  one  moment2 
on  account  of  the  unfaithfulness  of  the  allies  and  the  violence  of 
the  storm.  The  Romans  concluded  peace  with  the  Carthaginians 
after  the  first  Punic  war  on  this  condition,  that  (ut)  the  latter 
surrender  Sicily.  Manlius,'  Catiline’s  accomplice,  stirred  up3 
the  people  of  Etruria,  who,  on  account  of  poverty  and  resent¬ 
ment  of  injuries  received,  were  desirous  of  innovations.  The 
body  of  Darius,  who  was  murdered  by  Bessus,  was  at  the  com¬ 
mand  of  Alexander  buried  according  to  custom  of  his  country4. 
Many  undertake  dangerous  voyages  out  of  desire  for  gold.  Ti¬ 
berius  and  Cajus  Gracchus,  tribunes  of  the  people,  attempted  many 
innovations  out  of  compassion  for  the  destitution5  of  the  common 
people.  Those  who  always  boast  of  their  services6  are  justly 
despised  by  us.  Although  Scipio  rejoiced  at  the  defeat  of  the 
Carthaginians,  yet  their  misfortune  pained  him.  Men  frequently 
have  an  aversion  to  those  things  in  which  boys  delight.  If  your 
eyes  pain  you,  rest  is  best  for  you.  Those  who  are  content  with 
their  lot  have  sufficient  mone}'.  Scipio  the  Elder  defeated7  the 
Carthaginian  general,  who  was  so  proud  of  his  victories,  and 
concluded  the  second  Punic  war.  In  war  it  frequently  happens 
that  the  soldiers  have  to  endure  hunger  and  thirst. 

1 pereo .  2  punctum  temporis.  3  sollicitare.  4  patrius,  a,  um.  5  inopia . 

°  virtus.  7  supervenire. 

§  197. 

131.  Querebantur  cum  luctu  et  gemitu  aratores.  Epaminon¬ 
das  a  judipio  capitis  maxima  discessit  gloria.  Hannibal  cum 

5 


66 


THE  ABLATIVE. 


dolore  et  indignatione  reliquit  Italiam  quam  per  tot  annos  pro¬ 
spere  et  maxima  cum  gloria  domuerat.  Dux  suo  periculo  progredi 
cogitat:  populi  impetus  periculi  rationem  non  habet.  In  omnibus 
quae  ratione  docentur  et  via,  primum  constituendum  est,  quid 
quidque  sit.  Praetores  merito  ac  jure  laudantur.  Fuit  quoddam 
tempus  cum  in  agris  homines  bestiarum  more  vagabantur.  Caesar 
ab  equitibus  certior  factus  est  hostium  duces  copias  silentio  e 
castris  educere.  Hannibal,  Pyrenaeis  montibus  magno  cum  exer¬ 
citu  superatis,  per  regiones  Galliae  meridianas  singulari  celeri¬ 
tate  et  nullo  fere  negotio  iter  fecit.  Scipio  cum  pallio  et  crepidis 
in  gymnasio  ambulare  solebat.  Maxima  cum  celeritate  Galli 
impetum  subito  fecerunt  in  legionarios  castrorum  in  munitione 
occupatos;  qui  summa  virtute  se  defenderunt,  nullo  ordine,  nullo 
imperio;  multi  etiam  nudo  capite  pugnaverunt,  quod  tempus  ga¬ 
leas  induendi  eos  defecerat.  Aemilius  Paullus  cum  maxima  pompa 
nave  Persae,  quae  inusitata  magnitudine  fuisse  dicitur,  Romam 
rediit. 

132.  In  anger  nothing  good  or  considerate  can  be  done. 
That  which  we  perform  with  zeal  and  diligence,  we  are  wont  to 
do  with  success.  I  have  read  your  letters,  from  which  I  learn 
with  the  greatest  pleasure,  that  you  are  in  good  health.  In 
his  old  age  Cato  learned  the  Greek  language  with  great  fervor. 
Leonidas  preferred  to  die  with  great  glory  than  retreat  with 
shame.  Tiberius,  who  had  reigned  with  extraordinary  sluggish¬ 
ness1,  oppressive2  cruelty,  and  criminal3  covetousness,  died,  to 
the  great  joy  of  all,  in  Campania,  in  the  twenty-third  year  of 
his  reign,  and  the  seventy-eighth  of  his  life.  Let  us  prepare 
ourselves  in  every  way  for  war  against  our  enemies.  With  per¬ 
fect  justice  Lnnius  once  called  the  poets  holy.  He  that  is  con¬ 
scious  of  no  crime,  can  await  death  with  a  calm  mind.  The 
proconsul  took  many  fortresses  by  force;  others  surrendered  to 
him  of  their  own  accord. 

1  segnities,  ei.  2  gravis.  3  nefarius. 

133.  After  the  king  defeated  the  army  of  the  enemy  through 
the  valor  of  his  soldiers,  he  arranged  the  affairs  of  the  state1 
with  the  greatest  equity.  If  you  are  unjustly  suspected  by  others, 
act  so  that  you  may  refute  their  suspicion.  Those  who  excel 
in  age  and  knowledge,  are  obeyed  with  a  more  willing2  mind. 
Posterity  will  with  grateful  hearts  think  of  him  who  will  have 
left  behind  him  a  pleasing  memory  of  his  name.  Miltiades 
returned  to  Athens  to  the  great  displeasure  of  his  fellow-citizens. 

1  publicus.  2  aequus. 


fHE  ABLATIVE. 


67 


The  enemy  marched  towards  the  camp  of  Caesar  with  an  im¬ 
mense  army.  Children  like1  to  walk  bare-footed.  At  Rome  those 
who  sought  an  office,  went  about  in  a  white2  toga;  on  this 
account  they  were  called  “candidati”.  With  your  permission 
I  will  inform  my  father  of  your  plan.  Many  people  are  poor 
without  any  fault  of  theirs.  Damon  went  to  the  palace  of  Dio-- 
nysius  with  a  dagger  hid  in  his  garment.  When  Darius  had 
invaded  Scythia  with  an  immense  army,  the  Scythians  drove 
him  back3  in  shameful  flight;  for,  when  they  had  retreated  into 
the  interior4  of  their  country,  Darius  pursued  them  rashly  and 
in  a  short  time  suffered  so  great  want  of  provisions,  that  he 
was  forced  to  retreat  hastily  and  without  order. 

1  juvat .  2  candidus .  3  repello.  4  ulterior  pars. 

§  198. 

134.  Mortuorum  non  modo  vitae  commodis,  sed  ne  vita  qui¬ 
dem  ipsa  quisquam  caret.  Gravius  est  spoliari  fortunis  quam  non 
augeri  dignitate.  Constat  Germaniam  Galliamque  abundare  rivis 
et  fluminibus.  Aetna  aliquando  multo  igne  abundavit.  Capua 
fortissimorum  virorum  multitudine  redundat.  Antiochia  quondam 
eruditissimis  hominibus  liberalissimis  studiis  affluebat.  Unde  pos¬ 
sum  scire,  quantum  adversus  paupertatem  tibi  animi  sit,  si  divi¬ 
tiis  diffluis?  Metallis  plumbi,  ferri,  aeris,  argenti,  auri  tota  ferme 
Hispania  scatet.  Corpus  multis  eget  rebus,  ut  valeat.  Quid  af¬ 
ferre  consilii  potest,  qui  ipse  eget  consilio?  Atticus  familiares 
suos  quibus  rebus  indiguerunt,  adjuvit.  Monitio  acerbitate,  ob¬ 
jurgatio  contumelia  carere  debet.  Maximae  admirationi  sunt, 
qui  et  virtute  ceteris  praestare  et  vitiis  quibus  ceteri  resistere  non 
possunt,  carere  videntur.  Injuste  moriens  beatior  est  quam  ii  qui 
vita  eum  privant.  Sol  cuncta  sua  luce  complet.  Gravitas  morbi 
facit,  ut  medicinae  egeamus. 

135.  Wicked  people  often  have  abundance  of  wealth  and 
honor;  the  good  are  frequently  in  want  of  the  most  necessary 
things.  Those  parents  that  were  bereft  of  their  children,  were 
under  the  protection1  of  the  goddess  Orbona.  Diving  beings 
can  not  be  without  air.  T.  Pomponius  Atticus,  who  died  at 
the  age  of  seventy-four  years,  needed  no  medicine  for  thirty 
years.  The  Greek  philosophers,  who  possessed  an  excellent  power 
and  quickness  of  mind,  have  followed  the  examples  of  their 
teachers.  It  is  the  duty  of  the  state  to  honor  and  reward2  those 

1  tutela,  ae.  2  afficere. 


68 


THE)  ABLATIVE. 


men  who  have  deserved  well  of  their  fellow-citizens.  Necessary 
thing's  do  not  so  much1  require  art  as  labor.  In  ancient  times 
Sicily  had  so  great  an  abundance  of  corn,  that  it  was  called 
the  granary  of  Italy.  Nothing'  seemed  so  sad  to  the  ancients 
as  to  be  absent  from  one’s  country.  The  smaller  and  tender 
plants  are,  the  more  care  do  they  require.  Many  have  already 
been  deprived  of  the  g-ain  which  they  acquired  in  an  unjust 
manner.  It  pained  Caesar,  when  he  saw  Brutus,  whom  he  had 
loaded  with  favors,  among-2  the  conspirators;  anb  sighing,  he 
exclaimed3  “Thou  also,  O  Brutus!” 

1  non  tam-quam.  2  (a  prep.)  3  inquam. 

136.  When  the  Lacedaemonians  were  in  need  of  money, 
Agesilaus  especially  aided  his  country  with  money.  What  a 
pain  shall  we  feel1,  when  the  happiness  of  our  country  vanishes! 
I  would  thank  you,  had  I  received  a  benefit  from  you.  Julius 
Caesar  was  murdered  by  those  on  whom  he  had  conferred  the 
greatest  benefits.  Aeneas  had2  such  a  filial  love3,  that  he  would 
rather  die  than  forsake  his  father.  The  poet  Archias,  who  was 
born  at  Antioch,  a  city  wealthy  and  abounding4  in  learned  person¬ 
ages,  came  to  Rome  during  the  consulate  of  Marius  and  Catulus. 
In  Spain  Sertorius  was  killed  by  Porpenna,  and  the  latter  was 
defeated  and  executed  eleven  days  after  by  Pompey.  The  enemy 
deprived  the  citizens  of  their  arms,  so  that  they  could  not  again5 
venture  to  defend  their  city.  The  sciences  fill  us  with  the  most 
salutary  learning.  Not  one  moment  is  without  its  duties.  Niobe 
was  in  a  short  space  of  time  deprived  of  all  her  children  and 
was  thus  punished,  because  she  had  delighted  in  their  number 
and  their  beauty. 

1  afficere.  2  imbuere.  3  pietas  (filial  love).  4  affluens.  5  de  nuo. 

§  199. 

* 

137.  Acuto  homine  nobis  opus  est,  et  natura  usuque  callido. 
Multis  non  duce  tantum  opus  est,  sed  adjutore  et  coactore.  Non 
opus  est  magnis  placido  lectore  poetis.  Corpori  multo  cibo,  multa 
potione  opus  est.  Athenienses  Philippidem  cursorem  Lacedaemo- 
nem  miserunt,  ut  nuntiaret,  quam  celeri  opus  esset  auxilio.  Qui¬ 
buscunque  rebus  opus  esse  intelligam,  tibi  praesto  ero.  Is  est 
amicus,  qui  in  re  dubia  re  juvat,  ubi  re  est  opus.  Omnibus  cor¬ 
poribus  sedes  opus  est;  etenim  corpus  intelligi  sine  loco  non  po¬ 
test.  Quantum  cuique  opus  est,  ad  id  accommodatur  divitiarum 
modus.  Atticus,  quae  amicis  suis  opus  fuerant,  omnia  ex  sua  re 
familiari  dedit.  Themistocles  celeriter,  quae  opus  erant,  reperie- 


the  ablative. 


69 


bat.  Quantum  argent!  opus  est  tibi?  Oracula  responderunt,  regem 
discordiis  opus  esse.  Video  mihi  opus  esse  viaticum.  Dices  num¬ 
mos  mihi  opus  esse  ad  apparatum  triumphi.  Verres  aiebat,  multa 
sibi  opus  esse,  multa  canibus  suis  quos  circa  se  haberet.  Nihil 
opus  est  simulatione,  fallaciis.  Ubi  rerum  testimonia  adsunt  quid 
opus  est  verbis?  An  cuiquam  est  usus  homini  se  ut  cruciet? 

138.  The  sailors  can  guide  the  ship  in  a  calm  sea  (abl.) ; 
but  when  a  storm  arises,  there  is  need  of  a  pilot.  The  wretched 
are  in  need  of  assistance,  not  of  pity.  For  the  study  of  the 
sciences  we  need  books.  He  who  wishes  to  wage  war,  needs 
money  and  soldiers.  If  for  a  happy  life  men  would  need  gold 
and  silver  and  such  other  things,  many  would  be  considered 
most  unhappy;  but  unto  a  happy  life  we  do  not  so  much  require 
treasures,  as  health  of  body  and  peace  of  mind.  Every  man 
stands  in  need  of  food  and  clothing.  A  healthy  man  has  no 
need  of  physicians  or  medicines.  What  need  have  you  of  my 
counsel,  if  you  do  not  follow  it.  Men  often  desire  many  things 
of  which  they  have  no  need. 

§  200. 

139.  Apud  Germanos  quemcunque  mortalium  arcere  tecto 
nefas  habetur.  Natura,  non  poena  homines  ab  injuria  arcere  de¬ 
bet.  Athenienses  virtute  Codri,  regis,  bello  liberantur.  Deus  mo¬ 
tum  coeli  ab  omni  erratione  liberavit.  Midae  regio,  cui  Gordium 
nomen  est,  pari  intervallo  Pontico  et  Cilicio  mari  distat.  Homi¬ 
num  vita  multum  distat  a  victu  et  cultu  bestiarum.  Caesar  legio¬ 
nes  equitatumque  revocari  atque  itinere  desistere  jubet.  Scipionis 
consilio  atque  virtute  Hannibal  ex  Italia  decedere  coactus  est. 
Cato  censor  factus  L.  Flaminium  virum  consularem  senatu  amo¬ 
vit.  Mamertini  sub  Verris  praetura  soluti  erant  ab  omni  sumptu, 
molestia,  munere.  Est  philosophi  vera  a  falsis,  verisimilia  ab 
incredibilibus  dijudicare  et  disting-uere.  Publius  Africanus  accu¬ 
satus  est,  quod  passus  esset  a  populari  consessu  senatoria  subsel¬ 
lia  separari.  Atticus  eos  ad  coenam  vocabat  quorum  mores  a  suis 
non  abhorrerent.  Aedui  cum  se  suaque  ab  Helvetiis  defendere 
non  possent,  ad  Caesarem  mittunt  auxilium  rogatum.  Cneii  Pom¬ 
peii  voluntatem  abalienabat  a  me  oratio  mea.  Cum  abessem  ab 
urbe  iter  unius  diei  amicum  meum  conveni.  Senecae  vita  cum 
doctrinis  multum  discrepabat.  Rogatu  Spurii  Lucretii  soceri, 
Tarquinius  Collatinus  non  solum  consulatu  se  abdicavit,  sed  etiam 
urbe  cessit. 


70 


THE  ABLATIVE. 


140.  The  chieftains  of  the  Gauls  entreated  Caesar  to  free 
them  from  the  tyranny  of  Ariovistus.  The  Romans  freed  from 
their  enemies  many  nations  who  had  sought  assistance  from 
them,  in  order  to  bring  them  under  their  own  power.  Many 
are  kept  from  misdeeds1  by  fear  of  punishment.  Sensible  fathers 
will  keep  all  dangers  of  body  and  soul  from  their  children. 
Within  sixteen  days  Cincinnatus  delivered  the  Roman  common¬ 
wealth  from  a  very  great  danger.  Alexander  the  Great  abstained 
three  days  from  food  and  drink  out  of  grief2  for  the  death  of 
his  friend  Hephaestio.  Since  the  enemy  could  not  take  poses- 
sion  of  our  city,  he  raised3  the  siege.  It  was  a  disgrace  to  the 
Athenians,  to  have  expelled  their  best  citizens  from  their  coun¬ 
try.  When  Cicero  held  the  consulship,  he  delivered  the  state 
from  Catiline’s  conspiracy;  hence,  when  he  resigned  the  consul¬ 
ship,  he  swore  that  the  Roman  republic  was  saved  by  him 
alone  ( unus ). 

1  maleficium.  2  doler e.  3  desistere. 

141.  The  manners  of  the  Greeks  were  far  different  from 
the  customs1  of  the  Romans.  Many  have  resigned  the  consulate 
within  twenty  days.  It  is  our  duty  to  avert  injustice  from  others. 
After  the  dictator  had  averted  the  impending2  danger  from  his 
country,  he  resigned  his  office.  The  dwelling  of  Agesilaus  was 
so  arranged3,  that  it  differed  in  nothing  whatever  from  the 
house  of  a  poor  man.  Such  a  calmness4  suddenly  set  in,  that 
the  ships  could  not  move  from  the  spot.  After  Caesar  had  ex¬ 
pelled  Pompey  from  Italy  in  the  year  49  B.  C.,  he  betook  him¬ 
self  to  Rome  and  proclaimed  himself  dictator.  Boys  should  read 
good  books  every  day  and  shun5  bad  books.  He  who  dislikes 
poetry,  is  also  wont  to  be  averse6  to  music.  When  the  plebeians 
had  withdrawn 7  from  the  patricians  to  the  Sacred  Mount,  Agrippa, 
an  eloquent  man,  was  sent  to  them. 

1  institutum ,  i.  2  instans.  3  instruere.  4  malacia .  5  abstinere.  6  abhor¬ 

rere.  7  secedo. 


%  201. 

142.  Salus  hominum  non  veritate  solum,  sed  etiam  fama 
nititur.  Lycurgus  rempublicam  Lacedaemoniorum  legibus  illis 
constituit,  quibus  et  cives  obedientia  et  magistratus  justitia  sunt 
assuefacti.  Si  quis  aut  privatus  aut  populus  Gallorum  decreto 
sacerdotum  non  stetit,  sacrificiis  interdicitur.  Haud  equidem  sum¬ 
mo  me  dignor  honore.  Milites  tantis  loci  itinerisque  difficultati¬ 
bus  conflictabantur,  ut  etiam  qui  omni  laborum  periculorumque 


THE  ABE  ATI  VE. 


71 


genere  assueverant,  animo  deficerent  et  omni  rerum  desperatione 
afficerentur.  Homo  a  pueris  in  vetitum  nititur.  Postquam  Sulla 
e  bello  Mithridatico  in  Italiam  reversus  dominari  coepit,  Serto¬ 
rius,  qui  a  Marii  partibus  steterat,  in  Hispaniam  se  contulit. 

143.  The  general  admonished  the  soldiers  not  to  be  dis¬ 
couraged.  Caesar  adhered  to  the  conditions  which  he  had  made 
with  the  Gauls.  Pharao,  king  of  Egypt,  deemed  Joseph  worthy 
of  the  highest  honors.  By  exercise  we  preserve  our  health  and 
accustom  ourselves  to  hardships.  When  Marius  marched  against 
the  Cimbrians  and  Teutones,  he  first  accustomed  his  soldiers  to 
the  sight  of  the  barbarians.  After  the  death  of  Caesar,  Horace 
adhered  to  the  part}r  of  Brutus  and  Cassius.  Many  men  strive 
after  fleeting1  wealth  and  honor;  few  after  true  wisdom. 

1  caducus. 

§  202. 

144.  Munus  animi  est,  ratione  bene  uti:  et  sapientis  animus 
ita  semper  affectus  est,  ut  ratione  optime  utatur.  Divitiis,  nobili¬ 
tate,  viribus  multi  male  utuntur.  Nos  sagacitate  canum  ad  uti¬ 
litatem  nostram  utimur.  Plurimis  maritimis  rebus  fruimur  atque 
utimur.  Multi  intemperanter  abutuntur  otio  et  literis.  Ii  mihi 
videntur  beate  vixisse,  quibus  sapientiae  laude  perfrui  licuit. 
Nemo  parum  diu  vixit,  qui  virtutis  perfectae  perfecto  functus  est 
munere.  Augustus  Alexandria,  quo  Antonius  cum  Cleopatra  con¬ 
fugerat,  brevi  potitus  est.  Sapiens  et  praeterita  grate  meminit, 
et  praesentibus  ita  potitur,  ut  animadvertat,  quanta  sint  ea,  quam¬ 
que  jucunda.  Quibus  bestiis  erat  is  cibus,  ut  alius  generis  be¬ 
stiis  vescerentur,  aut  vires  natura  dedit,  aut  celeritatem.  Ab 
Atheniensibus  quidam  Delphos  missi  sunt,  qui  consulerent  Apol¬ 
linem,  quo  potissimum  duce  uterentur.  Agesilaus  simulatque 
imperii  potitus  est,  persuasit  Lacedaemoniis  ut  exercitum  emit¬ 
terent  in  Asiam. 

145.  Octavian  made  use  of  many  stratagems1  to  obtain  the 
authority  which  Caesar  had  enjoyed.  Ill  ancient  times,  the  cruelty 
of  the  Scythians  was  so  great,  that  they  ate  human  flesh.  That 
race2  of  people  who  were  called  Helots,  cultivated  the  fields  of 
the  Lacedaemonians,  and  performed3  the  services  of  slaves. 
Those  who  from  poverty  suddenly  come  to  wealth,  frequently  do 
not  know  how  to  use  their  riches.  Many  ancient  nations  made 
use  of  elephants  in  war.  At  Rome  those  who  hold  the  consulate, 
are  called  consuls.  When  the  Vandals  had  taken  possession  of 

1  ars,  2  genus.  8  fungi, 


72 


THE  ABLATIVE. 


Rome  in  the  year  455  after  the  birth  of  Christ,  they  spared  nei¬ 
ther  women  nor  children.  The  Thebans  obtained  the  supremacy 
in  Greece  through  Epaminondas.  You  can,  with  full  justice, 
enjoy  thing's  acquired.  Alexander  the  Great  had  Aristotle,  the 
greatest  philosopher  of  his  time,  for  his  teacher.  After  we 
have  performed  our  serious  duties,  we  may1  jest  and  play.  Cicero 
was  most  intimately  acquainted  with  Atticus,  a  Roman  knight. 
Caesar  relied  upon  the  wealth  of  Crassus  and  the  influence  of 
Pompey  to  seize  upon  the  supreme  power. 

1  licet. 

§§  203  &  204. 

146.  Quern  non  pudet,  hunc  ego  non  reprehensione  solum 
sed  etiam  poena  dignum  puto.  Digni  sunt  amicitia,  quibus  in 
ipsis  inest  causa,  cur  diligantur.  Quam  multi  indigni  luce  sunt! 
et  tamen  dies  oritur.  Beneficium  acceptum  colamus  oportet,  ne 
ingrati  atque  omni  ope  divina  humanaque  indigni  videamur. 
Alienum  est  magno  viro,  quod  alteri  praeceperit,  id  ipsum  facere 
non  posse.  Majores  nostri  minimo  contenti  erant.  Quamvis  se 
ipso  contentus  sit  sapiens,  amicis  illi  opus  est.  Adherbal  fretus 
multitudine  militum  parabat  armis  contendere.  A  sapiente  nihil 
tam  alienum  est  quam  rei  falsae  assentiri.  Lacedaemonii  a  pu¬ 
eris  omni  laborum  genere  assueti  etiam  a  durissima  militia  non 
abhorruerunt.  Etiam  divitissimi  ac  sapientissimi  curis  liberi  non 
sunt.  Cneius  Pompeius  omnia  maria  a  praedonibus  libera  reddi¬ 
dit.  Quamquam  te  alienum  a  nobis  esse  non  ignoramus,  tamen 
te  adimus;  nam  consilio  tuo  et  prudentia  opus  nobis  est. 

Agrippa  humili  loco  natus  tamen  virtute  praecipua  ad  sum¬ 
mos  pervenit  honores.  Jure  civili  qui  ex  libera  matre  natus  est, 
liber  est.  Medea  filios  ex  se  natos  veneno  necavit.  Daedalus,  a 
quo  Daedalidarum  Athenis  gens  orta  esse  putabatur  invidia  Ta¬ 
lum  sororis  filium  interemit. 

147.  Fraud  and  violence  are  unbecoming  to  men;  but  fraud 
is  deserving  of  greater  contempt.  Do  not  glory  in  the  renown 
of  your  ancestors,  but  show  yourself  worthy  of  them!  It  is  a 
matter  of  great  importance  that  we  give  credence1  to  no  one 
who  is  not  deserving  of  it.  He  who  is  satisfied  with  his  own 
fortune,  does  not  envy  the  lot  of  others.  Among  the  Gauls  the 
priests  were  free  from  taxes.  The  rash  man,  relying  upon  his 
good  fortune,  exposes  himself  to  the  greatest  dangers.  Youths, 

1  fidem  habere, 


THE  ABIyATlVE. 


73 


accustomed  to  vices,  seldom  become  virtuous  men.  Even  in  ear¬ 
liest  times  Rome  was  not  entirely  free  from  ambitious  and 
haught}7  men.  He  who  is  averse  to  arts  and  sciences  cannot 
be  considered  a  cultured  man. 

Litavicus  and  his  brothers  were  descendants  from  a  most  noble 
family.  Saturn  is  said  to  have  devoured  the  children  born  of 
Rhea.  Mercurius  was  a  son  of  Jupiter,  by  whom  also  Penelope 
was  begotten.  Ancient  historians  relate  that  the  Carthaginians 
are  descended  from  the  Phoenicians,  and  the  Romans  from  the 
Trojans. 


§  205. 

148.  Nihil  est  amabilius  virtute.  Agro  bene  culto  nihil  po¬ 
test  esse  nec  usu  uberius  nec  specie  ornatius.  Pares  esse  virtutes, 
nec  bono  viro  meliorem,  nec  temperante  temperantiorem,  nec  forti 
fortiorem,  nec  sapiente  sapientiorem  posse  fieri,  facillime  potest 
perspici.  Apud  Suevos  non  longius  anno  remanere  uno  in  loco, 
incolendi  causa,  licet.  Nemo  minus  tribus  medimnis1  in  jugerum2 
dedit.  Neminem  Lycurgo  aut  majorem  aut  utiliorem  virum  La¬ 
cedaemon  genuit.  Formam  totius  negotii  opinione  meliorem  vi¬ 
deo.  Multi  injurias  suas  gravius  aequo  habuere.  Neptunus  dicto 
citius  tumida  aequora  placat.  Simulacra  Phidiae,  quibus  in  illo 
genere  nihil  potest  neque  videri  neque  excogitari  perfectius,  jam 
veteribus  videbantur  monumenta  esse  aere  perenniora.  Ex  Ho¬ 
mero  centum  exscripsi  versus,  quibus  meliores  reperire  non  potui. 
Quo  quis  versutior  et  callidior  est,  hoc  invisior  et  suspectior,  de¬ 
tracta  opinione  probitatis.  Multo  pauciores  oratores,  quam  poetae 
boni  reperiuntur.  Atheniensium  res  gestae  satis  amplae  inagni- 
ficaeque  fuere;  verum  aliquanto  minores  tamen,  quam  fama  fe¬ 
runtur.  Diogenes  disputare  solebat,  quanto  regem  Persarum  vita 
fortunaque  superaret.  Pompeius  biennio  major  fuit  quam  Caesar. 
Cato  Major  aequales  suos  severitate  et  aequitate  multum  superavit. 

1  medimnum ,  i ,  a  Greek  corn  measure,  holding  six  pecks.  2  jugerum,  i, 
an  acre. 

149.  Nothing  is  to  be  valued  more  than  virtue;  for  it  alone 
makes  us  happy.  Do  }7ou  believe  that  any  thing  is  better  for 
man  than  friendship?  It  is  certain  that  Socrates  was  wiser  than 
all  the  Athenians.  Pliny  wrote  in  his  Natural  History1,  that 
there  is  nothing  more  useful  to  us  than  the  sun  and  salt.  A 
wise  man  considers  nothing  more  excellent2  than  virtue,  the 
foolish  man  nothing  more  excellent  than  pleasures.  Pausanias 

1  historia  naturalis.  2  potior , 


74 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


would  scarcely  have  become  so  overbearing*,  if  the  Ephori  had 
not  in  the  beginning  spared  him  more  than  was  right.  Sooner 
than  was  expected  Marcellus,  the  nephew  of  Augustus,  died  at 
the  age  of  nineteen.  Scipio  Africanus  finished  the  second  Punic 
war,  than  which  the  Romans  waged  none  greater  and  more  dan¬ 
gerous.  Caesar  said  that  he  would  not  allow  Gaul  to  be  the 
possession  of  Ariovistus  rather  than  of  the  Roman  people. 

150.  Crassus  was  about  three  years  younger  than  Antony. 
The  greater  our  renown,  the  more  are  we  exposed1  to  the  jeal¬ 
ousy  of  others.  Anaxag*oras  did  not  know  that  the  sun  was 
many  times2  larger  than  the  whole  'earth.  The  month  of  Feb¬ 
ruary  is  three  days  shorter  than  January,  but  in  every  fourth 
year  it  is  two  days  shorter.  A  good  conscience  is  to  be  valued 
much  more  highly,  than  all  the  gossip3  of  the  people.  Epami¬ 
nondas  held  the  chief  command4  four  months  longer  than  the 
people  had  ordered.  It  betrays  folly,  to  seek  the  more  provi¬ 
sions,  the  shorter  the  remainder  of  the  journey  is.  In  December 
the  days  are  considerably  shorter  than  in  July.  I  have  bought, 
my  house  at  a  low  price;  it  cost  only  600  denarii,  and  is  double 
the  size  of  yours,  which  you  purchased  for  the  same  sum  of 
money.  The  more  fortune  smiles  on  us,  so  much  the  more  should 
we  fear  that  it  will  not  be  of  long  duration5.  The  siege  of 
Piraeus  was  no  less  difficult  for  king  Philip  than  that6  of  Eleu- 
sis.  Some  animals  by  far  surpass  man  in  longevity.  We  wonder 
that  this  man  so  much  excels  others.  Zeuxis  by  far  surpassed 
others  in  painting  the  human  form. 

1  obnoxius.  2  pars.  3  sermo.  4  imperium.  5  diuturnus,  a,  um.  6  omitted. 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 

151.  Appius  Claudius  was  not  listened  to  in  the  assembly 
of  the  people;  he,  therefore,  fearing  for  his  life,  withdrew  with 
veiled  head  to  a  house  adjoining  the  Forum.  The  Helvetians 
almost  daily  contended  with  the  Germans  in  battle,  either  keep¬ 
ing  them  from  their  frontier,  or  waging  war  in  their  country. 
Do  not  boast  of  advantages  which  you  lack.  We  must  no  less 
esteem  those  who  defended  the  state  by  their  influence  and  coun¬ 
sel,  than  those  who  guard  it  with  their  weapons.  When  Xerxes 
made  war  on  Greece,  there  arose  a  great  dispute  among  the 
leaders  of  the  Athenians,  whether  they  should  defend  themselves 
behind1  the  walls,  or  go  to  meet  the  enemy  and  decide2  by  battle. 
Constantius  had  a  haughty3  and  menacing4  appearance5,  very 


miscellaneous  exercises. 


75 


large  eyes,  a  bent6  neck,  so  that  those  who  saw  him  could 
scarcely  refrain  from  laughing.  Scipio  Aemilianus  renounced 
his  whole  inheritance,  which  was  worth  sixty  talents  and  more, 
in  favor  of  his  brother  Fabius.  With  justice  do  we  praise  those 
who  consider  their  own  advantage  less  than  the  welfare  of  the 
state.  Of  all  the  scholars  of  Socrates,  Plato  was  the  first  in 
talents  and  learning.  The  planet  Jupiter  is  many  thousand  miles7 
farther  distant  from  the  sun  than  the  planet  Mercury. 

1  by.  2  decernere.  3  trux,  cis.  4  minax.  5  vultus.  6  sublatus.  7  miliarium ,  i. 

152.  He  is  worthy  of  the  name  of  a  wise  man  who  envies 
nobody  for  his  vain  glor}^,  but  seeks  to  free  his  own  soul  from 
all  evil  inclinations.  Cyrus  the  Younger,  with  a  large  army, 
set  out  for  the  war1  against  his  brother  Artaxerxes,  to  seize  the 
supreme  power;  this2  undertaking3,  however,  cost  him  dearly; 
for,  in  the  battle  at  Cunaxa,  he  lost4  his  life.  Damaratus,  the 
Corinthian,  had  betaken  himself  from  Corinth  to  Tarquinii;  his 
son  Lucumo,  who  was  afterwards  called  Lucius  Tarquinius,  brave 
and  influential  through  his  riches,  impelled  by  a  desire  for  greater 
honors,  which  he  had  not  obtained  at  Tarquinii,  took  up  his 
residence  at  Rome,  where  his  wealth  made  him  conspicuous5 
before  the  people.  As  high  mountains  are  not  moved  from  their 
places  b}T  stormy  winds,  so  also  are  courageous  men  not  dis¬ 
couraged  when  distressed  by  misfortune.  Since  the  life,  which 
we  now  enjoy,  is  so  short,  we  must  make  the  memory  of  us  as 
lasting6  as  possible.  Hephaestio  is  said  to  have  equaled  Alexan¬ 
der  in  age,  to  have  excelled  him  in  appearance7;  hence  it  hap¬ 
pened  that  Sisygambis,  the  mother  of  Darius,  took  him  for  the 
king;  this2  mistake,  however,  Alexander  did  not  take  amiss8. 

1  in  bellum  proficisci.  2  qui,  quae,  quod.  3  conatus,  us.  4  privare.  5  con¬ 
spicuus.  6  longus.  7  habitus.  8  moleste  ferre. 

153.  Aristides,  whom  the  Greeks  surnamed  the  Just,  mani¬ 
fested  already  when  a  boy  a  firm  character;  and,  after  he  devoted1 
himself  to  the  service  of  the  state,  he  did  not  rely  upon  the  pro¬ 
tection  of  powerful  friends,  but  upon  useful  and  just  plans  and 
deeds.  Those  who  excel  others  in  virtue  are  esteemed  by  us. 
Tarquinius,  surnamed  the  Proud,  condemned  many  to  death  to 
enrich  himself  with  their  possessions;  he  even  executed  the  son 
of  his  sister  Tarquinia,  because  he  suspected  him  of  intrigues. 
After  Miltiades  had  taken  possession  of  the  whole  region,  he 
fortified  suitable  places  with  castles  and  placed  colonists  in  the 
territories.  Aemilius  Paullus,  into  whose  power2  Perseus,  the 

*  accedere  ad  rem  publicam,  2  potestas. 


76 


miscellaneous  exercises. 


king  of  Macedonia,  had  fallen,  and  who  had  seized  seventy  cities 
of  Epirus,  sailed  back  to  Rome  with  grand  pomp1  on  the  ship 
of  Perseus,  which  was  of  uncommon2  size.  Anger  becomes  no 
man,  and  we  will  be  so  much  the  better,  the  more  we  imitate 
Socrates,  who  bore  the  offences  of  men  with  calmness.  The  body 
needs  the  strength  of  the  soul,  and  the  soul  needs  the  strength 
of  the  body;  no  one  can  perform  great  deeds  except  he  who  is 
endowed  with  health  of  both  soul  and  body. 

1  pompa ,  ae .  2  inusitatus. 

154.  It  is  proper  for  a  strong1  man,  and  one  steadfast2  in 
his  resolutions,  to  show3  presence  of  mind.4  Although  the  Ro¬ 
mans  were  often  conquered  by  Hannibal,  yet  they  did  not  lose 
courage.  The  Roman  youths  exercised  their  bodies  on  the  field 
of  Mars  near  Rome,  in  arms,  in  running,  jumping  and  riding. 
Socrates,  during  his  whole  life,  refrained  from  every  falsehood 
and  injustice;  his  soul  was  free  from  all  base  passions;  trusting 
in  the  consciousness5  that  he  had  acted  justly,  he  was  content 
with  his  fate.  It  is  known  that,  according  to  the  custom  of  the 
Spartans,  patience  was  considered  the  highest  virtue.  To  the 
booty,  which  was  divided  among  the  soldiers,  the  consuls  added 
praises  which  pleased  the  soldiers  no  less  than  the  reward  itself. 
Hamilcar  took6  with  him  to  Spain  his  nine-year-old  son  Hannibal, 
who  became  like  his  father  in  hatred  against  the  Romans.  Man¬ 
lius  took  a  golden  necklace  from  a  Gaul  whom  he  had  slain  in 
the  presence7  of  the  two  armies;  for  this  deed  he  received8  the 
surname  of  “Torquatus.” 

1  fortis.  2  tenax.  3  uti.  4  praesens  animus.  5  conscientia.  6  ducere.  7  con¬ 
spectus.  8  dare. 

155.  Of  all  the  things  from  which  profit1  is  derived  there 
is  nothing  better,  more  pleasing  and  more  worthy  of  man  than 
agriculture.  Hannibal  was  consumed2  by  an  implacable  hatred 
against  the  Romans,  which  he  received,  as  it  were3,  by  inherit¬ 
ance  from  his  father.  When  Oedipus  had  discovered  what  great 
crimes  he  had  committed,  he  deprived  himself  of  his  eye-sight. 
Slaves  with  money4  always  followed  Cimon,  so  that  he  could 
immediately  give  some,  if  any  one  needed  his  aid.  The  youth¬ 
ful  Romans  of  noble  birth  were  wont  to  accompany  distinguished 
men  who  were  sent  as  propraetors  into  a  province,  that  in  their 
company5  they  might  learn  the  art  of  warfare.  The  consul 
Calpurnius  Bestia  was  sent  to  Numidia  against  Jugurtha;  but 
the  crafty  king  purchased  his  liberty  for  gold,  well  aware6,  that 
gold  was  more  effective7  against  the  Romans  than  the  sword. 


THIS  PROPOSITIONS. 


77 


Tellus,  the  Athenian,  who  possessed  the  necessaries  of  life  but 
lacked  wealth,  was  considered  by  Solon,  who  was  nnmbered 
among-  the  seven  wise  men  of  Greece,  happier  than  Croesus, 
king-  of  Lydia,  who  had  an  abundance  of  treasures. 

1  redditus.  2  flagrare.  3  instar .  *  pi.  of  nummus.  5  contubernium.  6  non 

ignoro.  7  fortis. 

156.  It  tends  to  the  great  shame  of  the  Athenians  with 
posterity,  that  ( quod )  they  expelled  from  the  city  Aristides,  a 
man  of  the  greatest  integrity  and  justice,  and  sentenced  him  to 
exile  for  ten  years.  Socrates  could  have  escaped  from  his  prison, 
but  he  did  not  wish  to  make  use  of  this  means1,  as2  being-  unjust. 
Since  Regulus,  the  Roman  g-eneral,  did  not  wish  to  grant  peace 
to  the  Carthaginians,  except  on  the  harshest  terms,  they  applied 
to  the  Lacedaemonians  for  aid;  and  Xanthippus,  who  was  sent 
by  the  Lacedaemonians,  defeated  Regulus  in  a  great  battle  and 
took  him  prisoner.  Caesar,  a  man  gifted  with  the  greatest  genius, 
and  trusting  in  the  faculties  of  his  mind,  accomplished  such 
great  deeds  as  to  be  universally 3  admired  by  the  Romans.  The 
number  of  the  enemy  is  greater  than  we  thought.  Contrary  to 
expectation,  we  suddenty  defeated  the  enemies.  Alexander  the 
Great  far  excelled  the  other  kings  in  glorious  exploits.  The 
Numidians  ate  mostly  milk  and  venison,  and  did  not  long  for 
salt  and  other  incitements4  of  the  palate5;  their  food  served  them 
not  unto  lust  and  revelry,  but  to  protect  them  against  hunger 
and  thirst. 

1  ratio.  2  tamquam.  3  omnis.  *  incitamentum,  i.  5  gula,  ae. 

THE  PKEPOSITIONS. 

Thk  Propositions  with  tho  Accusativo. 

§  207. 

157.  Caesar  munitionem  ad  flumen  perduxerat.  Ad  lucem 
arcte1  et  graviter  dormitare  coepisti.  Jusserunt  simulacrum  Jovis 
ad  orientem  convertere.  Pecuniam  ad  denarium  solvo.  Catilina 
designat  oculis  ad  caedem  unumquemque  nostrum.  Vidi  forum 
comitiumque  adornatum,  ad  speciem  magnifico  ornatu,  ad  sensum 
cogitationemque  acerbo  ac  lugubri2.  Leves  homines  atque  fallaces 
ad  voluntatem  loquuntur  omnia,  nihil  ad  veritatem.  Stagnum3 
fuit  circumseptum  aedificiis  ad  speciem  urbium.  Fabii  in  insidias 
delapsi  omnes  ad  unum  perierunt.  Horatius  Cocles,  ponte  re- 

1  deep.  2  mournful.  3  pond. 


7 8 


THE  PREPOSITIONS. 


scisso,  armatus  in  Tiberim  desiluit  et  incolumis  ad  suos  trans- 
navit.  Hannibal  ad  Nolam  a  Marcello  victus  exercitum  ad  Casi¬ 
linum,  parvam  urbem  Campaniae,  duxit.  Maximus,  tanto  cognomine 
dignus,  ad  summam  senectutem  vixit.  Manlius  protulit  spolia  ho¬ 
stium  caesorum  ad  triginta,  dona  imperatorum  ad  quadraginta. 
Pyrrhus  captivis  Romanis  castra  relinquere  permisit  ea  conditione, 
ut  ad  quartum  diem  redirent.  Ad  casum  Romanorum  conclama¬ 
vit  gaudio  exercitus  Albanus.  Terra  ad  universi  coeli  complexum 
puncti  instar  obtinet.  Carthaginienses  Regulum  Roma  reversum 
ad  mortem  cruciaverunt. 

158.  Antony  led  the  legions  towards  the  city.  Drusus  ad¬ 
vanced  with  two  legions  as  far  as  the  Elbe  and  defeated  the 
the  enemy  in  three  battles.  Besides  the  general  the  rest  of  the 
prisoners,  nearly  500  men,  were  slain  to  the  last  man.  Caesar 
ordered  the  bridge  which  was  at  Geneva  to  be  torn  down.  Your 
garden  cannot  be  better  as  regards  usefulness,  nor  more  beautiful 
as  regards  appearance.  The  shields  were  long;  however1,  in  com¬ 
parison  with  the  width2  of  the  body  they  were  too  narrow.  The 
emotions3  of  the  soul  are  generally  short  and  transient.  Caesar 
admonished  the  legates,  that  all  things  should  be  done  by  them 
according  to  the  command  and  at  the  appointed  time.  The 
enemy  began  to  make  towers  corresponding  to  the  height  of 
the  rampart.  At  the  report  of  the  defeat  at  Cannae  sorrow 
and  fright  filled  the  hearts4  of  the  Romans.  Numa  Pompilius 
divided  the  year  into  twelve  months  in  accordance  with  the 
course  of  the  moon.  When  Pyrrhus,  returning  from  Sicily,  sailed 
with  his  fleet  past  Eocri,  he  robbed  the  treasures  of  the  sanctu¬ 
ary  of  Proserpina,  which  had  been  untouched5  to  that  day.  Alex¬ 
ander  was  convinced  that  he  was  born  for  the  sovereignty6  of  the 
world.  At  the  sight  of  the  plebeian,  who  had  been  most  cruelly 
treated  in  prison,  all  the  people  were  excited  to  the  highest 
pitch7  of  fury.  Yesterday  the  letter  was  given  to  me,  which 
you  wrote  to  me  from  Rome. 

1  ceterum.  2  amplitudo.  3  perturbatio.  4  animus .  5  incolumis.  6  principatus. 
7  summus. 

§  20». 

159.  Aulus  Posthumius,  dictator  dictus,  cum  hostibus  apud 
lacum  Regillum  conflixit.  Apud  Pompeium  coenavi.  Et  in  senatu 
auctoritatem  et  apud  viros  bonos  gratiam  consecuti  sumus.  Atrox 
videbatur  patribus  plebique  caedes  sororis,  quare  raptus  est  in  jus 
Horatius  et  apud  judices  condemnatus.  Apud  Homerum  Nestor 


THE  PREPOSITIONS. 


T9 

saepissime  de  virtutibus  suis  praedicat.  Occiso  Caesare,  respublica 
penes  Brutos  videbatur  esse  et  Cassium.  Eloquentia  eos  ornat 
penes  quos  est.  Atticus  sepultus  est  juxta  viam  Appiam  ad  quin¬ 
tum  lapidem.  Condita  Massilia  est  prope  ostia  Rhodani  amnis. 
Fluvius  Eurotas  propter  Eacedaemonem  fuit.  Tironem  propter 
humanitatem  et  modestiam  malo  salvum,  quam  propter  usum 
meum.  Ad  Druidas  magnus  adolescentium  numerus  disciplinae 
causa  concurrit. 

160.  Among-  the  Helvetians  Org-etorix  was  by  far  the  most 
illustrious  and  renowned.  Caesar  often  delivered  a  harangue 
to  the  soldiers.  We  read  in  Livy  that  the  Romans  were  de¬ 
feated  by  Hannibal  at  Cannae.  Fourteen  years  ago  you  were 
as  questor  with  the  consul  Papirius.  In  the  year  79  after  the 
birth  of  Christ,  the  towns  of  Herculaneum,  Pompeii,  and  Stabiae 
were  destroyed  by  an  eruption  of  mount  Vesuvius,  near  which 
they  were  situated.  Among  the  Lacedaemonians,  the  highest 
authority  was  in  the  hands  of  the  Ephori;  at  Rome,  in  the  hands 
of  the  consuls.  At  Rome  it  was  not  allowed  to  build  houses  near 
the  city  walls.  Julius  Caesar  was  pierced  with  twenty-three 
wounds  in  the  senate-house1  of  Pompey,  near  the  statue  of  that 
renowned  man.  So  fickle  was  fortune  in  war,  that  those  who 
had  conquered,  were  nearer  to  danger.  We  must  strive  after  vir¬ 
tue  on  account  of  its  dignity,  not  on  account  of  the  advantages 
which  follow  it.  Those  were  called  sophists  who  philosophized2 
for  the  sake  of  display3  or  profit. 

1  curia.  2  philosophari.  3  ostentatio. 

§  209. 

161.  Cicero  ob  rempublicam  multos  labores  suscepit.  Non 
mihi  mors,  non  exilium  ob  oculos  versantur.  Dolabella  castra 
habet  ante  oppidum  Laodiceam.  Chabrias  non  libenter  erat  ante 
oculos  civium  suorum.  Is  honos  habitus  ante  me  est  nemini.  At¬ 
ticus  Atheniensium  civitati  unus  ante  alios  fuit  carissimus.  Janus 
bis  post  Numae  regnum  clausus  fuit.  Post  currum  Aemilii  Pauli 
ejus  filii  duo  sequebantur,  anteibat  cum  uxore  Perseus  pone  filios. 
Secundum  Deum  homines  hominibus  maxime  utiles  esse  possunt. 
Secundum  te  nihil  est  mihi  amicius  solitudine.  Legiones  secun¬ 
dum  mare  superum  iter  faciunt.  Secundum  flumen  paucae  sta¬ 
tiones  equitum  videbantur.  M.  Marcellus  duo  vulnera  accepit, 
unum  in  stomacho,  alterum  in  capite  secundum  aurem.  Legi  di¬ 
vinae  et  humanae  omnes  parebunt  qui  secundum  naturam  volunt 


80 


THE  PREPOSITIONS. 


vivere.  Senatus  frequentior  et at  quam  esse  solet  secundum  dies 
festos. 

162.  Whilst  Tiberius  was  reigning-1,  death  and  exile  were 
constantly  before  the  eyes  of  the  noblest  (best)  citizens.  The 
conquered  kings,  together  with  their  wives,  were  led  before  the 
chariot  of  those  who  triumphed.  Why  do  cocks  crow  before  the 
dawn  of  day?  Comets  are  rare  and  on  this  account  wonderful. 
Scipio  was  chosen  consul  before  the  legal  age  on  account  of  his 
bravery.  Caligula  had  resolved  above  all  to  cut  through2  the 
Isthmus  in  Achaia.  The  river  was  behind  our  camp.  Six  kings 
ruled8  the  Roman  kingdom  after  the  death  of  Romulus.  After 
the  defeat  which  the  Romans  had  suffered4  at  Cannae,  Q.  Fabius 
was  proclaimed  dictator.  Caesar  led  six  legions  along  the  river 
to  the  city  of  Gergovia.  At  Salamis  the  fleet  of  the  Persians, 
the  largest  within  the  memory  of  men,  was  destroyed.  Imme¬ 
diately  after  the  census5  of  the  Roman  people,  which  was  taken6 
every7  five  years  by  the  censors,  an  expiatory  sacrifice8  was 
offered.  A  wise  man  strives  to  live  according  to  nature.  Among 
the  Romans,  the  propert}^  of  a  spendthrift  was,  according  to  the 
law  of  the  twelve  tables,  entrusted9  to  the  care  of  his  relatives. 
Next  to  Paris  Lyons  is  the  largest  city  of  France. 

1  imperare.  2  perfodere.  3  tenere.  4  cladem  accipere  (suffer  a  defeat).  5  cen¬ 
sus,  us.  6  habere.  7  quisque  (after  numeral).  8  lustrum  condere.  9  com¬ 
mittere. 


§§  210  &  211. 

163.  Dictator  in  radicibus  montium  extendere  aciem  coepit, 
ut  adversus  montes  consisteret  hostis.  Non  contendam  ego  ad¬ 
versus  te.  Pietas  est  justitia  adversus  Deum.  Rhodanus  primo 
orientem,  deinde  ad  meridiem  versus  fluit.  Hannibal  ad  Zamam 
devictus,  Hadrumetum  versus  cum  paucis  equitibus  fugit.  Pietas 
erga  patriam  aut  parentes  officium  conservare  monet.  Naves  con¬ 
tra  Lissum  in  ancoris  constiterunt.  Belgae  contra  populum  Ro¬ 
manum  armis  contenderunt.  F  legatis  Romanorum  ad  Gallos 
Clusium  missis  unus  contra  jus  gentium  in  aciem  processit  et 
ducem  Senonum  interfecit.  Sulla  contra  omnium  expectationem 
dictaturam  deposuit. 

Circa  flumina  et  lacus  frequens  nebula  est.  Perseus  postero 
die  circa  eandem  horam  in  eundem  locum  copias  admovit.  Terra 
circum  solem  volvitur.  Stellae,  quas  vagas1  dicimus,  circum 
terram  feruntur.  Nos  circiter  Calendas  in  Formiano  erimus.  Fx 
1  planets. 


THE  PREPOSITIONS 


81 


omni  copia  circiter  pars  quarta  erat  militaribus  armis  instructa. 
Illarum  dioecesium  quae  cis  Taurum  sunt,  legationes  me  conve¬ 
nerunt.  Decretum  est,  ut  Antonius  exercitum  citra  flumen  Rubi- 
conem  educeret.  Exercitationis  plerumque  finis  debet  esse  sudor, 
aut  certe  lassitudo,  quae  citra  fatigationem  est.  Mucio  Scaevolae 
prata  trans  Tiberim  data  sunt,  ab  eo  Mucia  appellata.  Augustus 
Germanos  trans  Albim  fluvium  submovit,  qui  longe  ultra  Rhenum 
est.  Julius  Caesar  laboris  ultra  fidem  patiens  erat.  Inediam  ultra 
diem  ferre  gravissimum  est.  Labores  quos  Deus  nobis  imponit, 
non  ultra  vires  nostras  sunt. 

164.  The  Rhine  flows  into  the  North  Sea  with  a  moderate 
curve  westward.  Pharus  was  an  island  situated  opposite  Alexan¬ 
dria,  a  city  of  Egypt.  The  weapons  of  the  Gauls  against  the 
enemy  were  long  swords.  Jugurtha  stirred  up  Bocchus,  the  king 
of  the  Getulians,  against  the  Romans.  Our  benevolence  towards 
our  friends  must  correspond  to  their  benevolence  towards  us. 
One  side  of  Britain  lies  opposite  Gaul.  Do  not  think  that  I  have 
dared  to  act  against  your  orders!  Caesar  retained  his  legions 
against  the  will  of  the  senate.  Romulus  sent  ambassadors  around 
to  the  neighboring  people,  that  they  should  conclude  a  treaty 
with  the  new  people.  The  legions  of  the  Etruscans  were  often 
defeated  by  the  Gauls  on  this  side  of  the  Po  and  on  the  other 
side  of  it.  Five  satellites  revolve  around  the  star  Jupiter.  In  the 
time  of  Tarquinius  Priscus,  Bellovesus  began  to  admonish  the 
Gauls,  that  they  should  follow  him  across  the  Alps  to  Italy.  Of 
the  Teutons  about  200,000  were  slain  by  the  Romans  and  90,000 
captured.  Antiochus  was  driven  beyond  the  ridges  of  the  Taurus. 
Some  animals  do  not  live  beyond  a  day.  Titus  Amicus  was  a 
restless  man  and  rash  beyond  measure. 

§§  212  8c  213. 

165.  Arethon,  navigabilis  amnis,  praeter  ipsa  Ambraciae 
moenia  fluebat.  In  ridiculis  et  falsis  praeter  ceteros  Attici  excel¬ 
lunt.  Britannos  non  temere  quisquam  adit,  praeter  mercatores, 
neque  iis  ipsis  quidquam,  praeter  oram  maritimam,  notum  est. 
Praeter  ingentem  illatam  populationibus  agrorum  hosti  cladem, 
pugnatum  etiam  egregie  est.  Etiamsi  quid  praeter  consuetudi¬ 
nem  exstiterit,  praeter  naturam  tamen  non  potest  existere. 

Erant  Helvetiis  itinera  duo,  quibus  domo  exire  possent,  unum 
per  Sequanos,  alterum  per  provinciam  Romanam.  Putei  per  to¬ 
tam  urbem  Atheniensium  erant,  sed  unus  fons.  Nihil  per  totam 
6 


THIS  PREPOSITIONS. 


82 

vitam  Ciceroni  itinere  quo  in  patriam  rediit,  accidit  jucundius. 
Fuerunt1  per  idem  tempus  Charisius  et  Demochares2.  Longum 
iter  est  per  praecepta,  breve  et  efficax  per  exempla.  Q.  Catulus 
et  C.  Piso  Ciceronem  impellere  non  potuerunt,  ut  per  Allobroges 
aut  per  alium  indicem  C.  Caesar  falso  nominaretur.  Mucius  Scae¬ 
vola  Porsennam  per  insidias  in  castris  ipsius  aggreditur.  Nonne 
emori  per  virtutem  praestat,  quam  vitam  miseram  atque  inhone¬ 
stam  per  dedecus  amittere?  Digladientur  illi;  per  me  licet.  Quum 
per  valetudinem  et  per  anni  tempus  navigare  poteris,  ad  nos  veni. 
Tu,  Clodi,  factus  es  ejus  filius  contra  fas,  cujus  per  aetatem  pa¬ 
ter  esse  potuisti. 

1  live.  2  renowned  orators  at  Athens. 

166.  Many  men  who  seemed  to  be  fortunate  more  than  others 
fell  into  the  greatest  calamity  contrary  to  expectation.  Ariovis¬ 
tus  led  his  troops  past  Caesar’s  camp  and  pitched  his  own  camp 
2000  paces  beyond  him.  The  Sicilians  more  than  the  other 
Greeks  were  fond  of  the  tragedies  of  Euripides.  The  old  Germans, 
even  in  the  coldest  regions,  wore  no  clothing  except  skins.  On 
the  march  the  Roman  soldier,  besides  his  weapons,  carried  also 
his  rations1. 

Sensation  is  equally2  diffused3  all  over  the  body.  The  road 
from  Thessaly  to  Greece  passes4  through  the  narrow  defile  of 
Thermopylae.  In  ancient  times,  the  sick  were  wont  to  sleep  in 
the  temple  of  Aesculapius,  (in  order)  that  in  their  sleep  they 
might  discover  the  antidote  for  their  sickness.  Mithridates,  king 
of  Pontus,  ordered  the  Roman  citizens  in  all  the  cities  of  Asia 
to  be  slain  on  the  same  day  and  at  the  same  hour.  During  the 
rest  of  his  life  Marcellus  did  not  cease  to  confer  benefits  upon 
the  Sicilians.-  Caesar  obtained  pardon  from  Sulla  through  his 
relatives.  The  cavalry  were  sent  out  under  the  pretence  of  for¬ 
aging.  Veringetorix  ordered  the  horsemen  that  every  one  should 
betake  himself  to  his  hamlet,  and  that  all  those  whose  age  al¬ 
lowed  them  to  bear  arms,  should  be  summoned  to  the  war.  The 
Romans  were  accustomed  to  swear  by  the  immortal  gods,  by  Ju¬ 
piter,  by"  Hercules.  It  was  not  allowed  by  the  Roman  law,  that 
a  Roman  citizen  should  be  flogged. 

1  cibaria .  2  aequabilis.  3 fundere .  4  esse. 

§§  214  &  215. 

167.  Portus  Menelai  jacet  inter  Cyrenas  et  Aegyptum.  Utrim¬ 
que  acies  inter  bina  castra  in  medium  campi  procedunt.  Inter 
primores  genus  Fabium  insigne  erat.  Naevius  inter  tot  annos 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


83 


ne  appellavit  quidem  Quintium.  Silent  leges  inter  arma.  Ea 
caritas,  quae  est  inter  natos  et  parentes,  dirimi,  nisi  detestabili 
scelere,  non  potest.  Scipio  et  Hannibal  virtute  bellica  pares  in¬ 
ter  se  fuerunt.  Plurimum  interest  inter  doctum  et  rudem. 

Marsyas  amnis,  quamdiu  intra  muros  fluit,  nomen  suum  re¬ 
tinet.  Belgae  Teutonos  Cimbrosque  intra  fines  suos  ingredi  pro¬ 
hibuerant.  Sp.  Lucretius  consul  intra  paucos  dies  moritur.  Epu¬ 
lamur  non  modo  non  contra  legem,  sed  etiam  intra  legem.  Caesar 
supra  se  in  summo  jugo  duas  legiones  et  omnia  auxilia  collocavit. 
Supra  me  Atticus  accubuerat,  infra  Verrius.  Hannibal,  cum  ad 
Pyrenaeos  montes  advenisset  supra  septem  millia  hominum  domos 
remisit.  Ratio  recta  constansque  supra  hominem  putanda  est 
Deoque  tribuenda. 

168.  Among  the  Romans  the  master  of  the  feast  reclined1 
at  table  between  his  wife  and  the  most  illustrious  guest.  That 
part  of  Spain  lying  between  the  Pyrenees  and  the  Ebro  was  in 
ancient  times  called  “Hither  Spain.”  During  the  banquets  the 
Romans  sometimes  witnessed  gladiatorial  contests.  Hannibal 
crossed  the  Alps  in  the  midst  of  the  most  ferocious  people.  The 
soldiers  encouraged  one  another,  not  to  bring  shame2  upon  them¬ 
selves.  Among  the  Treviri  two  men  contended  with  one  another 
for  (de)  superiority. 

Plans  were  made3  for  the  death  of  Cicero  even  beneath  his 
own  roof.  The  poet  Ennius  lived  about  (■ abl .)  SO  years  later  than 
Plautus.  The  Romans  took  all  the  towns  of  the  Aequi  within 
50  days.  Caesar  commanded  the  Helvetians  to  return  home  and 
stay  within  their  territory.  The  enemies  were  driven  into  their 
city.  With  our  senses  we  perceive  those  things  which  are  out¬ 
side  of  us.  He  who  always  strives  to  be  without  fault  is  justly 
considered  a  great  man.  A  truly  wise  man  considers  everything 
earthly  beneath  himself.  Damocles  was  greatly  frightened,  when 
he  saw  a  sword  above  his  head.  In  times  of  great  danger  the 
Romans  elected  a  dictator,  who  was  above  all  other  magistrates. 

1  accubare.  2  dedecus  admittere .  3  consilium  capere  {inire). 

MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 

169.  Caesar  ordered  that  the  children  of  the  chiefs  of  the 
Gauls  should  be  brought  to  him  as  hostages;  this  was  punctually 
done  on  the  day  appointed.  Although  Julius  Caesar  had  shown 
himself  very  benevolent  towards  Brutus  and  made  known  his  af¬ 
fection  for  him  in  various  ways,  yet  the  latter  drew  the  dagger 


84 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


against  him.  Among  the  Romans  and  Greeks  offerings  were 
made1  to  the  gods  and  goddesses  on  feast-days.  Near  Naples 
there  is  a  cave,  by  the  fumes2  of  which  besides  men  also  all  other 
living  beings  are  suffocated3.  At  Rome,  in  time  of  a  pestilence4, 
the  senators  who,  as  far  as  their  age  and  health  was  concerned, 
could  do  so,  personally  (per  se  ipse),  performed  the  duty5  of  the 
guards.  The  Roman  consul  overtook  on  the  Algidus  the  Aequi, 
who  were  retreating6  homewards  in  a  disgraceful  flight,  and  slew 
them  all  without  exception.  I  have  learnt,  says  Marius  in  Sal¬ 
lust,  how  to  endure  alike  summer  and  winter  and  to  rest  on  the 
ground  and  at  the  same  time  to  bear  want  and  hardships.  Han¬ 
nibal  ordered  the  guide  to  be  beaten  with  rods7  and  to  the  terror 
of  the  others  to  be  crucified8.  The  ancients  were  wont  to  sail 
along  the  sea-coast. 

1  sacra  facere .  2  exhalatio.  3  exanimare.  *  annus  pestilens.  5  munus  obire. 
6  se  recipere.  7  virgis  caedere.  8  in  crucem  tollere. 

170.  In  the  Roman  battle  line,  the  lancers1  were  placed2 
first;  behind  them  the  principes,  and  behind  these  the  triarii; 
next  to  the  wings  were  the  auxiliaries  of  the  allies  and  behind 
the  entire  line  of  battle  were  the  reserve,  which  name  the  triarii 
generally  also  bore  (esse).  At  the  battle  of  Cannae  upwards  of 
80,000  Romans  and  Roman  allies  are  said  to  have  been  slain; 
in  comparison  with  such  defeats  the  battles  of  modern  times  must 
be  considered  insignificant.  Eloquence  adorns  not  only  the  one 
in  whose  power  it  is,  but  also  the  whole  state.  Caesar  extended 
the  boundaries3  of  the  Roman  empire  beyond  the  Rhine.  In  an¬ 
cient  times4,  it  was  extreme^  dangerous  to  sail  in  the  Sicilian 
strait  apast  the  cliff  Scylla  and  the  whirlpool  Charybdis.  The 
Aurelian  way  passed5  through  Etruria  along  the  Lower  Sea6. 
When  the  rear7  of  the  Romans  had  moved  outside  of  the  forti¬ 
fications,  the  Gauls  encouraged  one  another  not  to  let  their  ex¬ 
pected  prey  slip  out  of  their  hands8,  and  did  not  hesitate9  to 
cross  the  river  and  to  give  battle  in  a  favorable  place. 

1  hastati.  2  collocare.  3  fines  proferre.  4  antiquitus.  5  ferri.  6  mare  in¬ 
ferum.  7  agmen  novissimum.  8  ex  manibus  demittere.  9  dubitare  (with  inf. 
cf.  Gr.  §  287,  n.  1.). 

171.  The  Romans  traveled  on  the  Appian  way  through  La¬ 
tium,  Campania,  Apulia  and  Calabria  to  the  port  of  Brundusium, 
and  thence  sailed  across  the  Adriatic  Sea  to  Greece.  After  Caesar 
had  terminated1  the  Gallic  war,  he  crossed  the  Rubicon  and  be¬ 
gan  the  civil  war  against  Pompey.  The  Roman  theaters  held2 
upwards  of  60,000,  some  of  them  80,000  spectators.  Paris,  a  son 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES.  * 


85 


of  the  Trojan  king-  Priam,  carried  off  Helen,  the  consort  of  the 
Lacedaemonian  king-  Menelaus,  before  the  eyes  of  whole  Greece. 
On  account  of  this  crime,  the  Greeks  made  war  ag-ainst  Troy. 
Others,  however,  relate  that  they  carried  on’tliis  war  ag-ainst  the 
Trojans,  on  account  of  a  former  insult  offered3  to  Hercules,  and 
for  the  sake  of  the  advantages  of  free  navig-ation  on  the  Aegean 
Sea,  which  were  constantly  before  their  eyes.  The  Roman  pa¬ 
tricians  were  all  without  exception  of  the  opinion 4,  that  the  gov¬ 
ernment  should  be  given  to  Numa  Pompilius.  Do  you  understand, 
how  vain  all  things  are  beneath  the  moon? 

1  conficere.  2  capere.  3  inferre.  4  censere. 

172.  Among  the  Egyptians  the  bodies  of  the  dead  were  em¬ 
balmed;  among  the  Persians  they  were  thrown  to  the  birds  and 
wild  beasts.  The  Salii,  whom  Numa  had  chosen  as  priests  of 
Mars,  went  through  the  city,  singing  songs  and  dancing.  Bostar, 
in  comparison  with  the  other  Punic  men  of  genius1,  was  not 
crafty2.  By  the  dignity  of  the  empire,  by  the  devotion  of  friend¬ 
ship,  rescue  me  from  impious  hands!  The  wise  cherish 3  and  love 
one  another.  Caesar  learned  from  the  prisoners,  that  the  Gauls 
had  brought4  the  women  and  those  who  on  account  of  their  old 
age  seemed  ( subj .)  useless  for  war,  to  a  place  to  which  on  ac¬ 
count  of  the  marshes  the  army  had  no  access.  Antiochus  the 
Great,  king  of  Syria,  did  not  follow  the  wise  counsel  of  Hanni¬ 
bal  to  attack  the  Romans  within  Italy,  but  remained5  in  Greece. 
On  this  account6  he  was  defeated  by  the  Romans  within  two 
years  and  ordered  by  the  Roman  senate  to  rule  within  the  limits 
of  Mt.  Taurus  and  to  pay  15,000  talents  within  the  space  of 
twelve  years.  That  part  of  Asia  which  lies  on  this  side  of  Mt. 
Taurus,  the  Romans  gave  to  Eumenes,  king  of  Pergamus7,  who 
had  given  assistance8  against  Antiochus. 

1  ingenium.  2  callidus.  3  diligere.  4  conjicere.  5  subsistere.  6  quare. 
7  Pergamenus,  a ,  um.  8  opem  ferre. 

173.  Paris  had  come  from  Troy  to  Sparta  in  Greece  and  had 
carried  off  Helen.  Menelaus,  her  husband,  asked  assistance  from 
Agamemnon,  who  surpassed  all  the  other  princes  in  influence, 
and  the  latter  summoned  the  others  to  carry-  on  war  against  the 
Trojans  because  of  this  basely  perpetrated1  outrage,  and  to  re¬ 
venge  themselves  on  them.  Those  who  by  reason  of  their  old 
age  could  not  bear  arms,  were  permitted  to  remain  at  home. 
The  princes  encouraged  one  another  to  follow  Agamemnon’s  ex¬ 
ample,  who  had  given  the  first  impulse  to  the  war,  and  thus  it 

1  committere, 


86 


THB  PROPOSITIONS. 


happened1  that,  contrary  to  expectation,  an  immense  number  of 
Greeks  assembled  at  Aulis.  Thence  they  sailed  along*  the  coast 
to  Asia  Minor,  where,  near  the  sea,  between  two  promontories, 
alongside  of  a  river,  they  pitched  their  camp,  around  which  they 
afterwards  dug  a  ditch2;  on  this  side  of  it  they  built  a  wall,  be¬ 
hind  which  they  considered  themselves  secure. 

1  accidit.  2  fossam  ducere. 

Propositions  with  tho  Abtativo. 

§  216. 

i.  Ad.  174.  Sidera  ab  ortu  ad  occasum  commeant.  Aqui¬ 
tania  a  Garumna  flumine  ad  Pyrenaeos  pertinet.  Cum  Persae, 
proditore  quodam  duce,  Oetam  montem  transgressi  Spartiatas  a 
tergo  ag'grederentur,  Leonidas  succubuit  fortiterque  pugnans  cum 
omnibus  suis  cecidit.  Ex  Ponto  Euxino  per  Bosporum  naviganti 
a  sinistra  est  Bithynia,  a  dextra  Constantinopolis.  Omnes  per¬ 
diti,  omnes  ignominia  affecti  a  Catilina  faciebant.  Omnium  ma¬ 
gnarum  rerum  initia  a  diis  exordiuntur.  Josephus,  cum  somnium 
regis  Aeg}^ptiorum  interpretatus  esset,  in  locum  a  rege  secundum 
evectus  est.  Dominationis  avidus  Caesar  a  prima  aetate  regnum 
concupiscebat.  Suevi  a  pueris  nihil  contra  voluntatem  faciunt. 
A  coena  dormire  Romani  salubre  non  esse  judicabant.  Freto,  in 
quo  Hella  delapsa  erat,  ab  ea  nomen  erat  Hellespontus.  Prima 
adolescentis  commendatio  proficiscitur  a  modestia.  Omnium  re¬ 
rum  a  Deo  principia  ducuntur.  Illis  qui  a  bonis  non  bene  audi¬ 
unt,  noli  sociari.  Qui  divitiis  carent,  inopes  et  ab  amicis  et  ex¬ 
istimatione  sunt.  C.  Marius  erat  non  tantum  a  litteris  mediocriter 
instructus,  sed  etiam  ingenuas  artes  contemnebat.  Rutilius  Rufus 
in  invidiam  equitum  Romanorum  venit,  quod  ab  eorum  injuriis 
Asiam,  cui  tunc  praeerat,  defendisset. 

175.  Caesar  commanded  a  ditch  to  be  dug  from  lake  Leman¬ 
nus  to  Mount  Jura.  The  enemy  took  to  flight,  when  an  attack 
was  made1  on  them  in  the  front  and  rear,  and  the  north  wind 
blew2  all  the  dust  against  them.  The  gods  are  on  our  side;  con¬ 
fiding  in  them,  let  us  fight.  Tiberius  Gracchus  was  instructed 
in  Greek  literature  from  his  very  youth  by  the  care  of  his  mother 
Cornelia.  Hannibal  accustomed  himself  to  military  service  from  his 
youth.  Jugurtha  entreated  the  soldiers  to  defend  him  and  his  king¬ 
dom  against  the  Romans.  During  the  winter  season  many  plants  must 
be  protected  against  the  cold.  The  Romans  did  not  easily  study3 
during  the  night,  but  from  the  early  dawn4  of  morning5,  and 


the  prepositions. 


87 


this  was  termed  by  them  working-  by  lamplight6.  Gaul  bordered 
on  the  Rhine  on  the  side  of  the  Sequani  and  Helvetii.  Among 
the  Indians  the  caste7  of  the  soldiers  is  next  to  the  priests..  Sic- 
ily  was  once  so  rich  in  grain,  that  it  was  called  the  granary  of 
Italy.  This  youth  wants  nothing  either  as  regards  natural  abil¬ 
ity  or  learning*.  The  city  of  Alexandria  was  named  after  Alex¬ 
ander  the  Great,  by  whom  it  was  built.  Many  of  the  Greek 
philosophers  belonged  to  the  school  of  Plato. 

1  impetum  facere  in  aliquem.  2  conflare.  3  studere  and  litterae.  4  primus. 
5  mane.  6  lucubratio  (working  by  lamplight).  7  ordo. 

2.  De.  176.  Manlius,  qui  Capitolium  a  Gallis  defenderat, 
de  saxo  Tarpeio  dejectus  est.  P.  Valerius  secures  de  fascibus 
dempsit  eosque  in  populi  concione  submisit.  Caesar  de  tertia  vi¬ 
gilia  cum  tribus  legionibus  e  castris  profectus  est.  Themistocles 
noctu  de  servis  quem  habuit  fiidelissimum  ad  regem  Persarum 
misit.  De  alieno  largiri  nefas  est.  Qua  de  ctiusa  promisso  non 
stetisti?  De  more  vetusto  Romanorum  non  licebat  quemquam 
consulatum  ultra  annum  gerere.  Cum  Caesar  de  improviso  cele- 
riusque  omni  opinione  ad  fines  Belgarum  venisset,  Remi  legatos 
ad  eum  miserunt.  De  pace,  quia  neque  Poenus  serio  agebat  et 
Regulus  consul  victoriam  quam  pacem  malebat,  non  convenit. 
Titus  Manlius  de  filio,  quia  disciplinam  militarem  solvisset,  sup¬ 
plicium  sumpsit.  De  Magonis  interitu  duplex  memoria  prodita 
est;  namque  alii  naufragio  eum  occidisse,  alii  a  servis  suis  inter¬ 
fectum  esse  scripserunt.  Quae  de  Hercule  vel  Saturno  traduntur, 
fabulosa  arbitror. 

177.  The  Romans  were  enclosed  in  their  city  from  the  third 
day  on,  and  there  was  nothing  else  left  for  them  than1  to2  fight 
the  enemy  from  their  ramparts.  In  regard  to  the  life  of  The¬ 
mistocles,  we  must  give  credence  especially  to  Thucidides,  be¬ 
cause  he  belonged  to  ( esse )  the  same  state.  Books  have  been 
written  by  Xenophon  on  the  sayings3  and  deeds4  of  Socrates,  and 
and  on  the  education5  of  Cyrus  the  Elder.  Caesar  removed  all  the 
horses  before  the  battle,  so  that  the  soldiers  would  so  much  the 
less  think  of  flight.  For  a  long  time  already  I  have  not  heard 
of  you  nor  received  a  letter  from  you.  After  Caesar  had  learned 
through  his  spies,  that  the  Helvetians  had  led  three  divisions  of 
their  troops  across  the  river,  but  had  left  the  fourth  division  on 
the  other  side,  he  broke  up  camp  during  the  course  of  the  third 
night-watch,  and  advanced  with  three  legions  against  that  divi¬ 
sion  which  had  not  yet6  crossed  the  river.  Conformable  to  th§ 

1  nisi,  2  nt.  3  dictum ,  4  factum,  5  discipline,  6  nondum , 


88 


THE  PREPOSITIONS. 


advice  of  the  legates  whom  Caesar  had  left  behind  with  the  army, 
the  Haedui  dispatched  cavalry  and  infantry  to  the  assistance  of 
the  Bituriges.  It  would  have  been  all  over  with  the  Roman  re¬ 
public,  if  Cicero  had  not  discovered  the  conspiracy  of  Catiline. 
It  is  the  duty  of  magistrates  to  punish  criminals.  Why  was 
Miltiades  cast  into  prison?  Wrongs  which  are  intentionally  in¬ 
flicted,  are  more  reprehensible1,  than  those  which  are  inflicted 

under  a  sudden  impulse  of  passion. 

1  reprehendendus. 

j.  Ex .  178.  Ex  vita  discedo,  tamquam  ex  hospitio,  non 

tamquam  ex  domo.  Usitatae  res  facile  e  memoria  elabuntur,  in¬ 
signes  et  novae  manent  diutius.  Mulieres  ex  muro  pacem  a  Ro¬ 
manis  petierunt.  Lentulus  provinciam  e  praetura  Hispaniam 
habuit.  Ex  quo  in  Asia  Cyrus,  in  Graecia  Lacedaemonii  et 
Athenienses  urbes  et  nationes  subjicere  coeperant,  cognitum  est, 
in  bello  ingenium  plurimum  posse.  Ennius  in  sepulchro  Scipio¬ 
num  putatur  esse  constitutus  e  marmore.  Aemilius  unus  est  ex 
meis  familiaribus  et  intimis.  Pompeius,  quod  antea  contigerat 
nemini,  primum  ex  Africa,  iterum  ex  Europa,  tertio  ex  Asia  tri¬ 
umphavit.  Pyrrhus,  rex  Epiri,  e  genere  Achillis  originem  trahe¬ 
bat.  Dux  veritus  est  ex  anni  tempore  et  inopia  aquae,  ne  siti 
conficeretur  exercitus.  Unus  dies,  ex  praeceptis  philosophorum 
actus,  est  paene  toti  immortalitati  anteponendus.  Spero  hanc 
rem  esse  eventuram  nobis  ex  sententia.  Jussus  est  P.  Scipio, 
cum  in  provinciam  venisset,  si  e  republica  videretur  esse,  exer¬ 
citum  in  Africam  trajicere.  Effecit  Hannibal  ex  novis  vectigali¬ 
bus,  ut  esset  pecunia,  quae  Romanis  ex  foedere  penderetur.  Bi¬ 
thynia  ex  testamento  Eumenis  Romanorum  est  facta.  E  regione 
oppidi  collis  egregie  munitus  erat.  Apud  Germanos  consuetudo 
erat,  ut  matres  familiae  sortibus  et  vaticinationibus  declararent, 
utrum  proelium  committi  ex  usu  esset  necne. 

179.  Cicero  answered  Fabia  Dolabella,  who  said  that  she 
was  thirty  years  old:  “It  is  surely  true,  for  I  have  heard  so 
since  twenty  years.”  Romulus  called  the  city  which  he  had 
founded,  after  his  own  name,  Rome.  When  the  general  saw  that 
the  enemy  attacked  his  soldiers  from  a  higher  situated1  place, 
he  led  them  back  to  the  camp.  When  Caesar  demanded  from 
the  Haedui  the  corn,  which  they  had  promised  him,  they  put  him 
off2  from  day  to  day.  As  soon  as  Scipio  had  returned  to  the 
army  everything  went8  according  to  desire.  On  the  Roman 
roads  stones  were  laid  at  certain  distances4,  so  that  those  who 

1  superior.  2  extrahere,  8  cedere ,  4  intervallum . 


the  propositions. 


89 


were  making’  a  journey  could  easily  alight  from  their  horses. 
The  Romans  waged  war  ag-ainst  the  Albani,  because  these  had 
not  returned  those  things  which  were  demanded  back1,  by  virtue 
of  the  treaty.  The  ancient  Gauls  were  wont  to  drink  from  cups 
made  of  the  horns  of  bullocks.  P.  Scipio  Africanus  selected  from 
among  the  Sicilians  300  noble  youths  to  fight  on  horseback 
against  the  Carthaginians.  In  consequence  of  the  renown  of  his 
exploits,  P.  Scipio  was  greatly  admired  by  Masinissa,  the  king 
of  Numidia.  The  island  of  Euboea,  which  was  situated  oppo¬ 
site  to  Attica  and  Boeotia,  was  separated2  from  the  continent  by 
the  strait  of  Euripus.  It  was  not  allowed  for  anyone  to  hold  a 
triumph  except  by  a  decree  of  the  senate.  The  walls  which  the 
grandfather  had  rebuilt  out  of  the  booty  of  the  enemy,  the  grand¬ 
son  was  compelled  to  repair  out  of  his  private  property3.  It  is 
the  duty  of  magistrates  to  do  whatever  is  for  the  benefit  of  the 
state.  Immediately  after  the  naval  engagement  at  Actium,  in 
which  he  was  signally  defeated,  Antony  fled  to  Egypt. 

1  repetere .  2  disjungere.  3  res  familiaris  =  private  prop. 

4.  Prae  and  Pro .  180.  Pastor  oves  secundum  rivum  per 

prata  prae  se  egit.  Licet  speciem  beate  viventis  prae  te  feras, 
tamen  in  maximis  divitiis  miser  es.  Achilles,  vita  ceterisque 
rebus  humanis  prae  amicitia  contemptis,  certae  morti  potius  ipse 
se  obtulit  quam  Patroclum,  quem  a  puero  ex  animo  amabat,  in¬ 
ultum  esse  sineret.  Gallis  plerumque  prae  magnitudine  corporum 
suorum  brevitas  Romanorum  contemptui  erat.  Quae  tribunus  apud 
populum  dicebat,  prae  strepitu  percipi  non  potuerunt.  Castra  Ro¬ 
manorum  pro  moenibus  Fidenarum  posita  erant.  Princeps  lega¬ 
tionis  pro  tribunali  stabat  et  orationem  non  de  scripto  recitabat, 
sed  ex  tempore  dixit.  Alii  pro  lege,  alii  contra  dixerunt.  Con¬ 
venit  dimicare  pro  legibus,  pro  libertate,  pro  patria.  Non  semel 
accidit  ut  Athenienses  civibus  pro  maximis  in  patriam  meritis 
justam  debitamque  gratiam  non  referrent.  Fabium  Maximum 
Cunctatorem  Romani  pro  cauto  timidum,  pro  cunctatore  segnem 
vocitabant.  Marcus  Porcius  Cato  ab  adolescentia  frugalitatem 
temperantiamque  coluit  et  pellibus  haedinis  pro  stragulis  uteba¬ 
tur.  Cum  assiduis  Veientium  incursionibus  vexarentur  Romani, 
Fabia  gens  senatum  adit;  consul  Fabius  pro  gente  loquitur.  Rex 
juvenis  pro  mortuo  ex  acie  ablatus  est.  Sulpicius  Gallus  milites 
admonuit,  ne  lunae  defectionem  pro  portento  acciperent.  Proelium 
atrocius  quam  pro  numero  pugnantium  a  Romanis  editum  est  ad 
Rhodanum  adversus  Numidas.  Augustus  Romam,  quam  pro  ma- 


90 


THE  PREPOSITIONS. 


jestate  imperii  non  satis  ornatam  invenerat,  adeo  excoluit,  ut  jure 
gloriaretur  marmoream  se  relinquere  quam  latericiam  accepisset. 
Tu  pro  tua  prudentia,  quid  optimum  sit  factu,  videbis. 

181.  You  make  a  parade  of  your  deeds,  and  despise  every 
one  in  comparison  with  yourself.  When  Cicero  had  been  sent  into 
exile  by  the  faction  of  Clodius,  he  was  not  able  to  write  a  letter 
because  of  his  sorrow  and  tears.  Compared  with  themselves,  the 
Romans  considered  all  foreigners1  barbarians,  except  the  Greeks. 
We  must  undergo  every  danger  for  our  county,  our  parents  and 
our  friends.  Whenever  the  Romans  feared,  that  they  would  be 
surrounded  by  the  great  number  of  the  enemy,  they  drew  up 
their  line  of  battle  in  front  of  the  camp,  so  that  they  could  con¬ 
veniently  retreat  and  defend  themselves  behind  (by)  the  walls  and 
the  intrenchment.  Happy  is  the  death  of  those  who  die  for  their 
country.  What  you  have  alleged2  is  not  for  you,  but  against 
you.  When  two  ambassadors  came  to  Achillas,  he  commanded 
them  to  be  seized  and  killed  ;  the  one,  after  having  received  a 
wound,  was  carried3  away,  as  if  dead4,  by  his  (friends);  the 
other  was  killed.  After  Caesar  had  made  known5  from  the  tri¬ 
bunal,  that  the  assembly6  was  transferred7  to  Paris,  he  set  out 
for  the  territory  of  the  Senones  and  arrived  there  by  forced 
marches8.  Verres  was  of  such  cruelty,  that  he  demanded  money9 
from  parents  for  the  burial10  of  their  children  whom  he  had 
ordered  to  be  beheaded11.  The  Scythians  used  wagons  in  place 
of  houses.  Let  us  all,  each  according  to  his  power,  attend12  to 
this,  that  the  shameless  traitor  of  our  cause  suffer  the  punish¬ 
ment  of  his  crime.  Beware  that  you  do  not  look  upon  him  as  your 
friend,  who  is  not  ashamed  to  flatter  }7ou  in  your  presence13. 

1  exteri,  erum.  2  afferre .  3  tollere.  4  occidere .  5  pronuntiare.  6  con¬ 

cilium.  ~  transferre.  8  magnum  iter.  9  pretium.  10  sepultura.  11  securi 
ferire.  12  id  agere.  13  praesens. 

y.  Coram ,  tenus ,  cum,  sine.  182.  Epaminondae  eloquentia 
maxime  eluxit  Spartae,  ubi  coram  frequentissimo  legationum  con¬ 
ventu  Lacedaemoniorum  tyranuidem  coarguit.  Cantabit  vacuus 
coram  latrone  viator.  Alexander,  Persia  subacta,  Indo  tenus  ex¬ 
ercitum  perduxit.  Pyrrhus  dextra  coruscum  ensem  extulit  et  Pri¬ 
ami  lateri  capulo  tenus  abdidit.  Veteres  verbo  tenus  acute  de 
republica  disserebant.  Veturia,  Coriolani  mater,  et  Volumnia  uxor, 
duos  filios  secum  trahentes,  castra  Volscorum  petierunt.  Superi¬ 
ore  nocte  multa  mecum  consideravi.  Pater  senex  Horatii  cum 
lacrimis  orabat  populum,  ne  se  orbum  liberis  faceret.  Verres 
cum  pallio  purpureo  in  conviviis  versabatur.  Erat  consul  Hor- 


THE  prepositions. 


91 


tensius  cum  summo  imperio  et  potestate.  Qui  cum  Alcibiade 
faciebant,  Syracusanos  brevi  tempore  terra  marique  victos  fore 
confidebant.  Caesar  bellum  cum  Germanis  gerere  constituit. 
Nusquam  nec  opera  sine  emolumento,  nec  emolumentum  sine 
impensa  opera  est.  Sextus  Tarquinius  patri  Gabios  sine  ulla 
dimicatione  tradidit. 

183.  Herodotus  read  his  history  before  the  assembly1  of  all 
the  Greeks.  Curius  was  born  with  teeth,  and  was,  therefore2, 
called  Dentatus.  The  Romans  waged  war  against  the  Tarentin.es 
for  the  space  of  ten  years.  I  am  convinced  that  the  souls  of 
men  do  not  perish  with  the  bodies.  I  believe  that  without  virtue 
none  of  us  can  be  happy.  Croesus,  the  wealthiest  king  of  Lydia, 
sent  ambassadors  with  most  beautiful  presents  to  Delphi  to  con¬ 
sult  Apollo,  whether  he  should  undertake  a  war  ag*ainst  Cyrus 
beyond  the  river  Halys.  Cicero  had  very  learned  men3  with  him 
daily.  Cicero  returned  to  his  country  to  the  greatest  pleasure  of 
his  fellow-citizens.  The  emperor  Trajan  extended4  the  boundaries 
of  the  Roman  empire  as  far  as  the  country  of  the  Scythians. 
A  youth  who  does  not  love  and  respect  his  parents,  is  a  son  as 
far  as  the  name  goes,  but  not  in  reality. 

1  coetus ,  us.  2  preposition.  3  homo.  *  propagare. , 

Prepositions  Governing  the  Accusative  and  the  Abuative. 

§  2i'1. 

i.  In  c.  acc.  184.  Animi  piorum,  cum  e  corporibus  ex¬ 
cesserunt,  in  coelum,  quasi  in  domicilium  suum  perveniunt.  Cae¬ 
sar  ab  Allobrogibus  pacatis  in  Segusianos  exercitum  duxit.  Ma¬ 
gnam  vim  esse  in  fortuna  in  utramque  partem,  vel  ad  secundas 
res  vel  adversas,  quis  ignorat?  Timarchides  describebat  censores 
binos  in  singulas  civitates.  Solis  defectiones  itemque  lunae  prae¬ 
dicuntur  in  multos  annos.  Major  pars  hominum  fortunae  mali¬ 
gnitatem  queritur,  quod  in  tam  breve  vitae  spatium  nascamur. 
Video  quanta  tempestas  invidiae  nobis,  si  minus  in  praesens,  at 
in  x>osteritatem  impendeat.  Missi  sunt  legati  ad  Hannibalem  in 
poenam  rupti  foederis  deposcendum.  Carthaginienses  in  usum 
classis  novae  tecta  domosque  resciderunt.  T.  Manlius  perindulgens 
in  patrem,  idem  acerbe  severus  in  filium  fuit.  Cato  tanta  vi  animi 
atque  ingenii  invectus  est  in  conjurationem  Catilinariam,  ut  uni¬ 
versus  senatus  in  eius  sententiam  transiret  animadvertendumque 
in  conjuratos  censeret.  Germania,  etsi  aliquanto  specie  differt, 
in  universum  tamen  aut  silvis  horrida  aut  paludibus  foeda  est, 


92 


THE  prepositions. 


Apud  Gallos  viri  in  uxores,  sicuti  in  liberos  vitae  necisque  ha- 
bent  potestatem  et  quum  pater  familiae  illustriore  loco  natus  de¬ 
cessit,  eius  propinqui  conveniunt,  et  de  morte  si  res  in  suspicio¬ 
nem  venit,  de  uxoribus  in  servilem  modum  quaestionem1  habent. 

1  investigation. 

185.  Servius  Tullius  divided  the  Roman  people  into  four 
city  and  twenty-six  country  tribes.  The  Athenians  were  wont 
to  send  into  exile  for  ten  years  those  who  seemed  to  be  dangerous 
to  the  liberty  of  the  city.  The  Lacedaemonians  feared,  that 
( ne )  Alcibiades  would  again  become  reconciled  to  the  Athenians. 
Alexander  repented  of  the  murder  which  he  had  perpetrated 
against  Clitus.  Mettius  Fufetius,  summoned  to  assistance  by 
Tullus,  led  his  army  up  the  hill.  Although  Cato  was  born  at 
Tusculum,  he  was  made  a  citizen  of  Rome.  We  deferred  our  de¬ 
parture  to  the  next  day.  In  proof  of  his  victory  at  Cannae, 
Hannibal  sent  to  Carthage  three  pecks  of  golden  rings,  which 
he  had  taken  from  the  fingers  of  Roman  knights  and  senators. 
The  love  of  Cato  for  his  brother  increased  with  age.  The  dic¬ 
tator  had  power  even  over  the  consuls.  The  Roman  generals 
treated  the  cities  of  the  allies  in  Asia  Minor  in  a  hostile  manner. 
The  number  of  the  enemy  increased  from  day  to  day. 

2 .  In  c.  abl.  186.  Ancus  Martius  rex  in  ore  Tiberis  urbem 
Ostiam  condidit.  Hieroni  bellum  ineunti  aquila  in  clipeo,  noctua 
in  hasta  consedit.  Janiculum  ponte  sublicio,  tum  primum  in  Ti¬ 
beri  facto,  conjungi  urbi  placuit.  Roscius  erat  Romae  frequens 
atque  in  foro  et  in  ore  omnium  quotidie  versabatur.  Caesar  re¬ 
spondit,  se  id  quod  in  Nerviis  fecisset,  facturum.  Crassum  semel 
ait  in  vita  risisse  Lucilius.  Quid  potest  esse  jucundius  quam 
praeclaros  sapientiae  virtutisque  fructus  in  senectute  percipere. 
Menenius  Agrippa  in  tanta  paupertate  decessit,  ut  eum  plebs 
collatis  sextantibus  sepeliret.  Caesar  in  eo  reprehendendus  est 
quod  arma  in  patriam  intulit.  Romani  legatos  in  Bithyniam 
miserunt,  in  his  Flaminium,  qui  Hannibalem  exposcerent.  Unus 
ille  rempublicam  sustinuit,  quam  exercitus  odio  consulis,  quantum 
in  se  fuit,  prodebat. 

187.  Xerxes,  king  of  the  Persians,  built  a  bridge  over  the 
Hellespont.  Kpaminondas  must  be  reckoned  among  the  greatest 
men,  for  through  him  the  city  of  Thebes  became  the  most  pow¬ 
erful  in  Greece.  Many  of  those  whom  you  have  considered  faith¬ 
ful,  you  find  to  be  unfaithful  in  misfortune.  Verres  had  a  gar¬ 
land  on  his  head,  and  another  around  his  neck.  The  Gauls  did 


THE  PREPOSITIONS. 


93 


not  escape  the  notice1  of  the  geese,  which  the  Romans  had 
spared2  even  amidst  the  greatest  want,  because  these  birds  were 
sacred  to  Juno.  Pausanias  took  many  nobles  of  the  Persians 
prisoners,  and  among  them  several  relatives  of  the  king.  This 
I  praise  in  you,  that,  although  you  are  rich,  you  despise  no  one. 
Julius  Caesar  in  spite  of  his  great  debts  g*ave  hunts  and  games. 
In  his  old  age  Cato  the  Elder  spent  much  of  his  time  in  the 
study  of  the  Greek  language.  When  the  Carthaginians  were 
already  on  the  point  of  destroying  the  whole  army  of  Minucius, 
Fabius  came  to  his  assistance. 

1  fallere.  2  abstinere. 

j.  Sub ,  subter  and  super.  188.  Missi  sunt  Medon  et  Pan- 
tauchus  sub  muros  ad  colloquium  Solonis.  Dux  sub  ortum  solis 
exercitum  e  castris  produxit.  Milites  Caesaris  sub  pugnam  castra 
Pompeii  expugnaverunt.  Timotheus  Corcyram  sub  imperium  Athe¬ 
niensium  redegit.  Permultae  res  sub  sensus  cadere  non  possunt. 
Rabiosi  canes  caudam  sub  alvum  reflectunt.  Saepe  est  etiam  sub 
palliolo  sordido  sapientia.  Etiam  sub  marmore  atque  auro  servi¬ 
tus  habitat.  Latus  Pompeii  sub  oculis  uxoris  et  liberorum  mu¬ 
crone  confossum  est,  caput  praecisum,  truncus  in  Nilum  dejectus. 
Marius  primo  Teutones,  sub  ipsis  Alpium  radicibus  assecutus, 
proelio  oppressit.  Eumenis  sub  imperio  phalanx  Macedonum  erat. 
Pompeius,  ne  sub  ipsa  profectione  milites  oppidum  irrumperent, 
portas  obstruit.  Alpheus  amnis  occultas  vias  egit  subter  mare. 
Virtus  omnia  quae  cadere  in  hominem  possunt,  subter  se  habet. 
Super  carpentum  cui  Tarquinius  insidebat,  aquila  cum  magno 
clangore  volitabat.  Signo  dato,  repente  bellua  stridorem  horren¬ 
dum  emisit  et  proboscidem  super  Fabricii  caput  demisit.  So¬ 
crates,  antequam  poculum  mortiferum  sumpsit,  cum  amicis  de 
immortalitate  animi  disputavit. 

189.  Caesar  compelled  the  enemy  to  withdraw  to  the  city 
and  to  halt1  at  the  wall.  Livy  relates  that  the  Roman  legions 
were  sent  under  the  yoke  by  the  Samnites.  Caesar  commanded 
the  legions  to  halt  at  the  foot2  of  the  hill,  till3  the  cavalry  had 
come  up4,  so  that  all  together  might  attack  the  enemy.  At 
Sulla’s  arrival  in  Italy,  Cn.  Pompeius  was  twenty-three  years 
old.  Towards  night  the  wild  beasts  come  from  their  hiding 
places5.  Our  soldiers,  who  are  now  under  arms,  pass  the  night 
in  the  open  air.  The  Veientes  and  the  Romans  fought  with 
one  another  above  ground  and  under  ground6.  In  winter  many 

1  subsistere.  2  (below,  at.)  8  dum .  *  subsequi.  6  latebra ,  ae.  6  terra. 


94 


MISCEEEANEdUS  EXERCISES. 


small  animals  hide1  away  under  dead  leaves,  to  protect  them¬ 
selves  against  the  cold.  Concerning  the  affairs  of  the  state  I 
shall  write  to  you  from  Rhegium. 

1  se  abdere . 

MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 

190.  Caesar  often  led  his  troops  before  the  camp  to  give 
Ariovistus  an  opportunity  for  battle1.  From  the  most  tender 
age  the  Spartans  accustomed  themselves  to  fatigue,  hunger,  thirst, 
heat  and  cold.  Pontius  Telesinus,  the  commander-in-chief  of  the 
Samnites,  asked  his  father  Herennius  for  counsel;  and  the  latter 
counselled  wisely  that  he  should  either  let  all  the  Romans  free 
or  kill  them;  but  Pontius  preferred  to  send  them  under  the  yoke, 
deprived  of  their  arms.  We  will  go  around  the  enemy’s  camp, 
and  attack  them  in  the  rear.  Virgil  relates  that  Palinurus  fell 
into  the  sea  from  the  stern  of  the  ship.  After  the  Romans  had 
been  defeated  by  the  Gauls  at  the  river  Allia,  they  fled,  full  of 
fear,  out  of  their  city  to  the  Capitol.  Tanaquil,  the  wife  of  Tar¬ 
quinius  Priscus,  shortly  after  her  arrival  in  Rome,  manifested  a 
lofty2  spirit,  and  effected  that,  after  the  death  of  Ancus  Marcius, 
her  husband  from  a  senator  was  made  king  of  the  Romans.  From 
our  childhood  we  are  admonished  to  bear  misfortune  with  equa¬ 
nimity.  Orestes  and  Pylades  disputed  with  each  other,  which 
of  them  should  be  killed  for  the  other.  Statues  were  erected  on 
the  Forum  to  those  who  had  died  for  the  state.  The  Veji  sent 
ambassadors  to  Rome,  to  whom  an  armistice  for  100  years  was 
granted. 

1  facere  potestatem  pugnae.  2  excelsus. 

191.  Socrates  had  called  philosophy  down  from  heaven. 
After  Pompey  had  learned  that  Caesar  had  crossed  the  Rubicon, 
he  together  with  the  senate  left1  the  city.  The  poets  praised 
the  island  of  Delos,  on  which  Apollo  and  Diana  were  born.  The 
herald  of  Xerxes  said  to  the  Greeks  at  Thermopylae:  “If  we 
shall  attack  you,  you  will  not  see  the  sun  on  account  of  the 
number  of  our  arrows”.  Jugurtha  conjured2  the  soldiers  that, 
mindful  of  their  former  valor  and  victory,  they  should  defend 
him  and  his  kingdom  against  Roman  avarice.  Leonidas  could 
not  have  resisted  the  army  of  the  Persians  at  Thermopylae  so 
long,  if  he  had  not  chosen  a  narrow  defile  for  the  battle,  so 
that  the  enemy  could  not  make  an  attack  in  the  front  and  in 
the  rear  at  the  same  time.  Who  has  not  heard  of  that  battle, 


MISECEhANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


95 


in  which  Leonidas  fell  for  his  country?  The  Gauls,  who  were 
on  the  point  of  storming-  the  Capitol,  were  driven  down  the  hill 
so  quickly  that  one 3  fell  over  the  other.  Xerxes  feared  that  the 
Greeks  would  tear  down  the  bridg*e  which  he  had  made  over  the 
Hellespont,  and  cut  off  his  return  to  Asia. 

1  excedere .  2  obsecrare.  3  alius  super  alium. 

192.  According-  to  one  of  Solon’s  laws  those  who  had  died 
for  their  country  were  buried  by  the  state1.  Speeches  were  deliv¬ 
ered  by  Cicero  before  the  judges,  both  against  the  accused2, 
such  as  Verres,  as  also  for  the  accused,  such  as  Archias  and 
Milo.  Towards  daybreak  Caesar  made  an  attack  on  the  enemy. 
The  Latin  language  was  in  use  not  only  in  Rome  and  in  Italy, 
but  also  abroad,  in  the  provinces,  and  on  the  coasts  of  Africa 
as  far  as  Lgypt.  As  soon  as  Antony  had  heard  from  the  pris¬ 
oners  that  Macrinus  had  fled  from  the  engagement,  he  immediately 
dispatched  men3  who  should  pursue  him.  Ovid,  who  is  to  be 
reckoned  among  the  greatest  Roman  poets,  lived  many  years 
on  the  other  side  of  the  Danube,  on  the  Black  Sea'1  with  the 
barbarians,  to  whose  country  he  had  been  banished5  forever  by 
the  emperor  Augustus.  Beneath  the  walls  of  the  city  of  Arbela, 
the  army  of  Darius  remained  under  arms,  because  they  expected 
Alexander’s  attack  towards  midnight  or  towards  daybreak.  Dur¬ 
ing  the  consulate  of  Manlius  Torquatus  and  Gajus  Atilius,  a 
triumph  was  gained  over  the  Sardi,  and  since  peace  was  estab¬ 
lished  ever}* where,  the  Romans  were  engaged  in  no  war;  this 
had  occurred  only  once  since  the  building  of  the  city,  during 
the  reign  of  Numa  Pompilius.  The  Athenians  did  not  wish 
that  a  citizen  should  far  surpass  all  the  rest  in  influence  and 
power;  accordingly,  they  sent  those  who  seemed  to  be  too  power¬ 
ful,  into  exile  for  ten  years.  Towards  the  end  of  autumn  a 
brazen  monument  will  be  erected  on  the  upper  side6  of  the  city, 
near  the  bridge  which  crosses7  the  river.  Before  the  village, 
at  the  foot  of  a  steep  mountain,  there  is  a  clear  lake,  about 
which  many  poplars  have  been  planted.  In  Homer  the  gods 
swear  by  the  Styx,  who  was  supposed  to  be  under  the  earth, 
near  the  entrance  to  the  lower  regions. 

1  publice.  'zreuSyi.  3  (omitted.)  4  Pontus,  i.  5  relegare.  6  supra.  7  esse. 


96 


THE  INFINITIVE. 


THE  INFINITIVE. 

§  219. 

193.  Parentes  suos  non  amare,  impietas  est:  non  agnoscere, 
insania.  Diligere  parentes,  prima  naturae  lex  est.  Imperare  sibi 
maximum  est  imperium.  Turpe  est,  aliud  loqui,  aliud  sentire. 
Virum  bonum  esse,  semper  est  utile.  Apud  Persas  summa  laus 
est  fortiter  venari.  Profecto  nihil  est  aliud,  bene  et  beate  vivere, 
nisi  honeste  et  recte  vivere.  Nihil  est  aliud,  bene  et  oratorie1 
dicere,  nisi  optimis  sententiis  verbisque  lectissimis*  dicere.  Quid 
est  aliud,  tollere  e  vita  vitae  societatem,  quam  tollere  amicorum 
colloquia  absentium?  Quid  est  aliud  omnibus  omnia  peccata  et 
maleficia  concedere,  nisi  hoc,  hominum  honestissimorum  testimo¬ 
niis  non  credere?  In  magnis  rebus  etiam  voluisse  satis  est.  Ma¬ 
jus  dedecus  est  parta  amittere,  quam  non  paravisse.  Ex  malis 
eligere  minima  oportet.  Omnium  interest  recte  facere.  Non  libet 
mihi  deplorare  vitam,  quod  multi  et  ii  docti  saepe  fecerunt.  Non 
cuivis  homini  contingit,  adire  Corinthum.  Calanus  rogavit  Ale¬ 
xandrum  ut  sibi  liceret  in  rogo  sedenti  perire.  Nonne  praestat 
mutum  esse  quam  facundum  ad  perniciem  aliorum?  In  poetis 
rudem  esse  inertissimae  segnitiae  est.  Totum  beate  vivere  po¬ 
situm  est  in  una  virtute. 

1  oratorius,  a,  um,  oratorical.  2  lectus,  choice. 

194.  To  endure  heat  and  cold  is  difficult,  but  to  suffer  hun¬ 
ger  and  thirst  is  most  difficult.  Not  to  be  able  to  suffer  want 
for  a  short  time1,  is  a  mark  of  weakness,  not  fortitude.  It  is 
disgraceful  to  inflict  injury  on  others,  yet  it  is  more  base  to  be 
ungenerous  to  those  who  have  done  us  many  favors.  To  be  con¬ 
sidered  just  and  wise  by  impartial2  men,  is  true  fame.  What  is 
more  advantageous  than  a  careful  investigation8  of  things,  and 
an  accurate  explanation4  of  their  causes.  The  Spartans  were  not 
allowed  to  despoil  an  enemy.  A  patrician  was  not  allowed  to 
become  a  tribune  of  the  people.  It  is  of  great  concern  to  me  to 
be  with  my  friends.  Among  the  Sarmatians  it  was  considered 
a  disgrace  not  to  have  slain  an  enemy. 

1  paullisper .  2  incorruptus.  3  investigare.  4  exponere. 

§  229. 

195.  Mors  propter  brevitatem  vitae  nunquam  longe  potest 
abesse.  Solent  diu  cogitare  omnes  qui  magna  negotia  volunt 


THB  INFINITIVE. 


97 


agere.  Graeciae  civitates,  dum  imperare  singulae  cupiunt,  im¬ 
perium  omnes  perdiderunt.  Mater  timidi  flere  non  solet.  Qui  e 
nuce  nucleum1  esse  vult,  frangit  nucem.  Venae  et  arteriae  mi¬ 
care  non  desinunt.  A  Graecia  Galli  urbes  moenibus  cingere  di¬ 
dicerunt.  Non  omnes  sciunt  referre  beneficium.  Probi  homines 
omnia,  non  modo  quae  reprehendi  palam,  sed  etiam  quae  obscure2 
cogitari  possunt,  timent.  Lemni  ausi  non  sunt  Miltiadi  resistere. 
Darius,  rex  Persarum,  Graecis  bellum  inferre  decrevit.  Hannibal 
interire  quam  Romanos  non  experiri  maluit.  Oracula  evanuerunt, 
postquam  homines  minus  creduli  esse  coeperunt.  Remi  parati 
erant  et  obsides  dare  et  imperata  facere  et  oppidis  Caesarem  re¬ 
cipere.  Veteres  orationes  a  plerisque  legi  sunt  desitae.  Cum  Ti¬ 
motheus  magistratus  gerere  desiisset,  bello  Athenienses  undique 
premi  sunt  coepti.  Marcellus,  consul  creatus,  Syracusas  urbem 
oppugnare  maturavit. 

1  kernel.  2  secretly. 

196.  If  you  continue  to  be  a  friend  of  bad  companions,  you 
will  make  yourself  and  your  mother  unhappy.  The  ancient 
Persians  taught  their  children  three  things:  to  ride,  to  shoot 
arrows  with  the  bow,  and  to  speak  the  truth1;  the  most  dis¬ 
graceful  thing  among  them  was  to  tell  a  lie.  I  consider  it  a 
matter  of  conscience2  to  value  little  that  which  receives  the 
applause  of  all  men.  When  Caesar  was  crossing  the  Alps,  he 
said  in  a  certain  Alpine  village3:  “I  would  rather  be  first  in 
this  village  than  second  in  Rome.”  Numa,  coming  from  Cures, 
a  city  of  the  Sabines,  undertook4  to  establish  in  right  and  laws 
the  city  which  was  founded  by  Romulus  by  force  of  arms.  Riches 
are  wont,  not  with  injustice,  to  be  called  the  promoter  and  serv¬ 
ant  of  sensual  pleasures.  Socrates  can  be  called  by  a  peculiar 
right  of  his5  the  parent  of  philosophy.  A  true  friend  is  ever 
ready  to  assist  a  friend.  After  Alexander’s  expeditions  both  the 
language  and  the  arts  of  the  Greeks  began  to  be  spread  over 
all  the  regions  of  the  Last.  Cato  continually  advised  the  Romans 
to  destroy  Carthage.  Generally  more  can  be  accomplished  by 
persuasion  than  by  violence.  Having  been  informed  that  the 
Helvetians  were  attempting  to  invade  Gaul,  Caesar  quickly  set 
out  from  the  city.  '  Good  children  cheerfully  obey  their  parents. 
Because  men  are  not  willing  to  become  fatigued  by  walking  on 
foot,  chariots  were  invented,  by  which  they  might  conveniently 
travel6  from  place  to  place. 

1  verum.  2  cf.  Gr.  §  176.  3  vicus  Alpinus.  4  conari.  5  suum  jus.  6  per¬ 

venire. 


7 


98 


THE  GERUND  AND  THE  GERUNDIVE. 


THE  GERUND  AND  THE  GERUNDIVE. 

§  222. 

197.  Fluit  voluptas  corporis,  saepiusque  relinquit  causas  poe¬ 
nitendi,  quam  recordandi.  Mala  et  impia  consuetudo  est  contra 
Deum  disputandi.  Deus,  fabricator  mundi,  nulla  re  magis  homi¬ 
nem  animalem  separavit  a  ceteris  animalibus,  quam  dicendi  facul¬ 
tate.  Ipsum  genus  jocandi  non  profusum,  nec  immodestum,  sed 
ingenuum1  et  facetum2  esse  debet.  Miles  Romanus  praedandi 
causa  in  domum  Archimedis  irrupit.  Marcus  Cato  salutandi  gra¬ 
tia  ad  Sullam  venit.  Magna  pars  Babyloniorum  constiterat  in 
muris,  avida  cognoscendi  novum  regem.  Epaminondas  studiosus 
fuit  audiendi;  ex  hoc  enim  facillime  disci  arbitrabatur.  Imperator 
Titus  equitandi  peritissimus  erat.  Antiochus,  Syriae  rex,  per 
speciem  reducendi  majoris  Ptolomaei  in  regnum,  Aegyptum  in¬ 
vasit.  Milites  adeo  erant  fessi  itineris  laboribus,  ut  vix  armorum 
tenendorum  potentes  essent.  A  Deo  injunctum  est  nobis  officium 
inimicis  ignoscendi.  Nullum  locum  praetermitto  tui  laudandi. 
Milites  Galbae,  ad  signum  subito  omnibus  portis  eruptione  facta, 
neque  cognoscendi  quid  fieret  neque  sui  colligendi  hostibus  facul¬ 
tatem  relinquunt.  Et  oppugnati  et  oppugnatores  ea  quae  diutinae 
obsidionis  tolerandae  sunt,  ex  agris  convehunt.  Germanicus  in 
Aegyptum  proficiscitur  antiquitatis  cognoscendae. 

1  gentlemanly.  2  witty. 

198.  Wisdom  is  the  art  of  living  happily.  The  good  educa¬ 
tion1  of  children  is  difficult;  only  a  few  know  well  the  art  of 
educating  their  children.  The  habit  of  finding  fault2  with  others, 
makes  the  fault-finder 3  odious.  In  the  most  ancient  times  the 
custom  of  sacrificing  human  beings  prevailed.  Nature  taught 
man  the  art  of  building  houses.  The  inquiry4  into  and  investi¬ 
gation5  of  truth  is  peculiar  to  man,  because  he  has  understand¬ 
ing;  and  in  our  soul  there  is  an  insatiable  desire  of  learning  the 
truth.  Many  lied  from  Rome  to  {causa)  save  themselves.  Men 
must  in  their  early  years  acquire  the  art  of  using6  their  time. 
A  great  desire  of  seeing  you  {pi.)  possesses  us  all.  Tiberius 
granted  permission7  to  all  to  visit  him.  How  eager  Cicero  was 
to  collect  a  library,  is  apparent  from  many  of  his  letters  to  At¬ 
ticus.  Catiline  did  not  give  the  consul  Antony  a  chance  to  fight. 
After  the  expulsion  of  Tarquin  the  people  employed  many  means 
to  maintain8  their  liberty  and  to  strengthen  the  harmony.  Many 


THE  GERUND  AND  THE  GERUNDIVE. 


99 


circumstances  tended9  to  ruin  the  Roman  empire  and  to  give 
the  victory  to  Hannibal. 

1  (a  verb.)  2  vituperare .  3  vituperator.  4  inquisitio.  5  investigatio. 

6  recte  uti.  7  potestatem  facere.  8  tueri.  9  esse. 

%  223. 

199.  Neque  mihi  licet,  neque  est  integrum,  ut  meum  labo¬ 
rem  hominum  periculis  sublevandis  non  impertiam.  Germanicus 
paucos  dies  insumpsit  reficiendae  classi.  Brutus,  cum  studere  re¬ 
vocandis  in  urbem  regibus  liberos  suos  comperisset,  protraxit  in 
forum  et  securi  percussit.  Circa  urbem  Marginiam  sex  oppidis 
condendis  electa  sedes  est.  Sapiens  vires  suas  novit:  scit,  se  esse 
oneri  ferendo.  Caesar  emendandis  fastis  Romanis  operam  dedit. 
Comitia  consulibus  creandis  in  campo  Martio  sub  exeuntem  fere 
Quintilem  mensem  habebantur.  Triumviri  reficiendis  aedibus 
Fortunae  creati  sunt.  Crassus,  cum  disserendo  par  non  esset,  ad 
auctores  confugit.  Multarum  civitatum  principes  ad  me  detule¬ 
runt,  sumptus  decerni  legatis  nimis  magnos,  cum  solvendo  civi¬ 
tates  non  essent.  Cum  parum  se  idoneum  Diocletianus  moderando 
imperio  esse  sentiret,  in  privatam  vitam  concessit. 

200.  A  diligent  scholar  bestows  all  care  upon  learning  the 
sciences.  In  the  year  387  after  the  foundation  of  Rome,  the  Syb¬ 
illine  books  were  given  over  to  the  decemviri  appointed  to  offer1 
sacrifices  in  order  that,  at  the  command  of  the  senate,  they  should 
consult  them  in  critical  times2.  The  more  you  cherish  your  hap¬ 
piness,  the  more  time  and  pains  you  will  employ  in  refining  your 
mind  and  ennobling  your  character.  In  winter  the  trees  are 
sometimes  covered  with  such  an  abundance  of  snow,  that  they 
are  scarcely  able 3  to  bear  its  weight.  The  conspirators  appointed 
the  Ides  of  March  as  the  day  for  murdering  Caesar.  Since  Mil¬ 
tiades  was  not  able  to  pay,  he  was  thrown  into  prison.  To-day 
I  bestowed  all  my  time  upon  reading  and  writing.  After  Caesar 
had  chosen  a  place  for  pitching  camp,  he  ordered  retreat  to  be 
sounded.  All  the  goods  of  this  world  do  not  suffice  to  satiate4 
all  of  man’s  desires.  The  goose  quill 5  is  more  suitable  for  writ¬ 
ing  than  the  reed  pens6  which  the  Greeks  and  Romans  used. 
The  figs  of  Alexandria  cannot  be  eaten. 

1  (for  offering  sac.)  2  res  dubiae.  3 par.  4  implere .  5 penna  anserina. 

6  calamus. 

§  224. 

201.  Utilitatis  magnitudo  debet  homines  ad  suscipiendum 
dicendi  laborem  impellere.  Quanto  illud  flagitiosius  est  eum,  a 


100 


THE  GERUND  AND  THE  GERUNDIVE. 


quo  pecuniam  ob  absolvendum  acceperis,  condemnare.  Ut  muri 
quam  primum  extruerentur,  Athenienses  undique  quod  ad  muni¬ 
endum  idoneum  videbatur,  congesserunt.  Duilius  primus  ferreas 
manus  instituit,  quibus  inter  pugnandum  triginta  naves  appre¬ 
hendit  et  tredecim  mersit.  Tarquinius  filios  ad  Apollinem  hono¬ 
randum  Delphos  misit.  Cicero,  quidquid  habuit  virium,  id  in 
civium  libertatem  defendendam  contulit.  Quid  interest  inter  ca¬ 
rere  et  egere.  Nulla  est  haec  amicitia,  cum  alter  verum  audire 
non  vult,  alter  ad  mentiendum  paratus  est. 

202.  Gn.  Piso  was  a  youth  of  very  great  daring,  whom  want 
and  evil  habits  had  goaded  on1  to  disturb  the  state.  Though 
the  Gauls  are  inclined  and  ever  ready2  to  undertake  wars,  yet 
they  are  not  able  to  bear  misfortunes.  He  who  is  content  with 
his  lot,  does  not  need  great  treasures  for  leading  a  happy  life. 
Before  the  naval  engagement  Xerxes  sent  4,000  armed  men  to 
Delphi  to  pillage  the  temple  of  Apollo,  as  though  he  was  wag¬ 
ing  war,  not  only  with  the  Greeks,  but  also  with  the  immortal 
gods.  For  accomplishing  great  deeds,  we  do  not  stand  in  need 
of  strength  and  speed  of  body,  but  of  prudence.  It  is  not  con¬ 
ducive  to  health,  to  drink  often  while  eating.  There  is  a  great 
difference  between  appearing  good  and  being  good.  We  pour  forth 
prayers  to  Almighty  God  for  the  sake  of  obtaining  benefits. 

1  stimulare.  2  alacer. 

§  225. 


203.  Equidem  puto,  virtutem  hominibus  instituendo  et  per¬ 
suadendo,  non  minis  et  vi  ac  metu  tradi.  Socrates  percunctando 
atque  interrogando  elicere  solebat  eorum  opiniones,  quibuscum 
disserebat.  Et  discas  oportet,  et  quod  didicisti  agendo  confirmes. 
Valerius  Corvinus  militibus  familiaris  dux  fuit  omnia  inter  infi¬ 
mos  militum  munia  haud  gravate  obeundo.  Convenit,  cum  in 
dando  munificum  esse,  tum  in  exigendo  non  acerbum.  Non  potest 
severus  esse  in  judicando,  qui  alios  in  se  severos  esse  non  vult. 
Aristotelem  in  philosophia  non  deterruit  a  scribendo  amplitudo 
Platonis.  Legem  doctissimi  viri  Graeco  putant  nomine  a  suum 
cuiqUe  tribuendo  esse  appellatum,  ego  nostro  a  legendo.  Epicurus 
nihil  de  dividendo  ac  partiendo  docet.  Qui  ingenuis  studiis  at¬ 
que  artibus  delectantur,  nonne  videmus  eos  cum  maximis  curis 
et  laboribus  compensare  eam,  quam  ex  discendo  capiant  volupta¬ 
tem?  Heu  senex,  pro  vapulando  abs  te  mercedem  petam.  Omnis 
loquendi  elegantia  augetur  legendis  oratoribus  et  poetis.  Multi 
in  equis  parandis  adhibent  curam,  in  amicis  eligendis  negligen- 


THE  GERUND  AND  THE  GERUNDIVE. 


101 


tes  sunt.  Laboribus  subeundis,  aestu  frigoreque  ferendo  Hanni¬ 
bal  militibus  suis  omnibus  praestabat. 

204.  By  instructions  we  learn.  Caesar  was  renowned  for  his 
benefits  and  liberality,  Cato  for  integrity  and  severity  of  life; 
the  former  acquired  renown1  by  giving*  presents2,  by  aiding  and 
pardoning,  the  latter  by  giving  no  presents.  We  learn  an  art  by 
careful  imitation  of  models.  Alexander,  wearied  by  the  long  pur¬ 
suit3  of  Darius,  returned  to  the  camp  of  his  soldiers,  having  de¬ 
spaired  of  overtaking  him.  The  Gauls  are  changeable  in  adopting 
plans,  and  always  strive  after  innovations.  Miltiades  died  of  the 
wounds  which  he  had  received  at  the  siege4  of  Parus.  The 
ancient  Romans  enlarged  their  empire  more  by  sparing  the  van¬ 
quished  than  by  victories4.  Nature  was  favorable5  to  Agesilaus 
in  conferring6  mental  powers,  but  hostile7  to  him  in  shaping  his 
body.  The  ambassadors  of  the  Romans,  who  were  sent  to  Pyr¬ 
rhus  concerning  the  exchange  or  ransoming  of  prisoners,  were 
honorably  received. 

1  nobilitare .  2  largiri.  3  persequi.  4  (a  verb.)  5  fautor ,  trix.  6  nancisci . 

7  maleficus ,  a,  um. 

§  226. 

205.  Faustulus  Romulum  et  Remum  Aecae  Laurentiae  dedit 
educandos.  Antonius  corpus  Bruti  liberto  suo  sepeliendum  tradi¬ 
dit.  Scipio  non  gravatus  est  latronibus  se  spectandum  praebere. 
Cum  Pompeii  pater  exercitui  ob  avaritiam  esset  invisus,  facta  in 
eum  conspiratione,  Terentius  quidam,  Cnei  Pompeii  filii  contu¬ 
bernalis,  eum  occidendum  suscepit.  Cleopatra,  quam  Octavianus 
Alexandria  in  potestatem  redacta,  magnopere  cupiebat  vivam 
comprehendi  triumphoque  servari,  aspidem  sibi  afferendam  cura¬ 
vit  eiusque  morsu  periit.  Brutus,  ne  in  hostium  manus  veniret, 
uni  e  comitibus  latus  transfodiendum  praebuit.  Tam  immanis 
crudelitas  Astyagis  fuit,  ut  Harpago  filios  epulandos  apponeret. 
Lucius  Mummius  tabulas  ac  statuas  maximorum  artificum  mani¬ 
bus  confectas  in  Italiam  portandas  locavit.  Cicero  vobis  ad  imi¬ 
tandum  propositus  est.  Eumenes  mortuus  ab  Antigono  propinquis 
suis  sepeliendus  traditus  est. 

206.  In  school  we  give  boys  proverbs  to  learn  by  heart1. 
At  the  request  of  Artaxerxes  Diomedon  undertook  to  bribe  Epa¬ 
minondas  with  money.  Alexander  proposed  to  himself  Achilles 
for  imitation.  Clodius  surrendered  the  most  fertile  provinces  to 
the  consuls  to  be  pillaged.  Thrasybulus  not  only  had  a  law 

1  ediscere . 


102 


THE  SUPINE. 


passed,  but  also  caused1  it  to  be  in  force2.  At  the  time  of  Aegeus 
the  Athenians  sent  every  ninth  year  seven  young  men  and  just 
as  many  maidens  to  Crete,  to  be  thrown  to  the  Minotaur.  Gaul 
was  assigned  to  Caesar  as  his  province,  to  be  subjected3  to  the 
Roman  sway.  Ganymede  served  drink  to  Jove.  A  certain  soldier, 
skilled  in  fowling4,  caused  an  owl  to  be  caught,  whose  cry  at 
night  was  annoying  to  Augustus,  and  brought  it  alive  to  him 
in  the  hope  of  a  great  reward;  but  when  he  was  disappointed 
in  his  expectation5,  he  let  the  bird  fly6. 

1  efficere  {tit).  2  valere.  3  redigere.  4  aucupium.  5  spes  me  fallit.  6  di¬ 
mittere. 

THE  SUPINE. 

§  227. 

207.  Lacedaemonii  Agesilaum  bellatum  miserunt  in  Asiam. 
Themistocles  Argos  habitatum  concessit1.  Agesilaus  Kphesum 
hiematum  exercitum  reduxit.  Praefecti  regis  Persarum  legatos 
miserunt  Athenas  questum,  quod  Chabrias  adversum  regem  bel¬ 
lum  gereret  cum  Aegyptiis.  Philippus  a  Pausania,  cum  specta-  ' 
tum  ludos  iret,  juxta  theatrum  occisus  est.  Olympias,  mater 
quae  fuerat  Alexandri,  ad  Kumenem  nuntios  misit  in  Asiam, 
consultum,  utrum  repetitum  Macedoniam  veniret.  Pleraque  dictu, 
quam  re,  sunt  faciliora.  Virtus  difficilis  inventu  est,  rectorem 
ducemque  desiderat.  Quid  est  tam  jucundum  cognitu  atque  audi¬ 
tu,  quam  sapientibus  sententiis  gravibusque  verbis  ornata  oratio. 
Turpe  quidem  dictu,  sed,  si  modo  vera  fatemur,  vulgus  amicitias 
utilitate  probat.  Multa  incidunt  dura  toleratu.  Sapiens,  vitatu 
quidque  petitu  sit  melius,  causas  reddet  tibi.  Facile  est  vincere 
non  repugnantes.  Videtis,  nefas  esse  dictu  miseram  fuisse  Fabii 
senectutem.  Miles  quidam  gregarius,  qui  castris  exierat  aquatum, 
occultum  callem  invenit  in  castellum,  quod  difficillimum  erat  ascensu. 

1  retire. 

208.  Sextus  Tarquinius  set  out  with  the  most  robust  young 
men  to  find  booty1.  The  Haedui  came  to  Caesar,  to  complain 
that  they  could  not  defend  themselves  and  their  possessions  any 
longer2  against  the  Germans.  When  the  Athenians  were  hard 
pressed3  by  the  Persians,  they  sent  ambassadors  to  Lacedaemon 
to  ask  for  assistance.  After  Coriolanus  had  been  banished  from 
his  country,  he  went  into  exile4  into  the  territory  of  the  Vol- 
scians;  soon  after,  as  their  general,  he  waged  war  against  his 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


103 


country.  Nobody  can  foresee  better  what  it  is  best  to  do,  in  all 
circumstances,  than  he  who  has  diligently  studied 5  universal  his¬ 
tory6.  Augustus  gave  his  daughter  Julia  in  marriage  to  Mar¬ 
cellus,  and,  after  his  death,  to  Marcus  Agrippa.  Without  a  guide, 
the  path  of  virtue  is  difficult  to  find.  Shall  we  go  to  bed?  That 
is  easily  said.  What  you  consider  disgraceful  to  say,  you  ought 
to  consider  disgraceful  to  do.  What  is  more  pleasing  to  hear 
than  the  song  of  a  nightingale  ?  The  human  mind  can  be  com¬ 
pared  with  nothing  else  than  with  God  himself,  if  it  is  allowed7 
to  say  this.  Not  all  books  are  worth  reading*.  Before  you  begin, 
it  is  necessary  to  deliberate;  after  you  have  deliberated,  it  is 
necessary  to  act. 

1  praedari.  2  non  jam.  3  premere.  4  exsulare.  5  perscrutari .  6  res  hu¬ 

manae.  7  fas. 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 

209.  Many  are  desirous  of  undergoing  dangers.  It  is  diffi¬ 
cult  to  say,  how  much  politeness1  and  affability2  in  conversation 
win3  the  heart.  Euclid  of  Megara  was  so  eager  for  learning, 
that,  not  without  great  danger  of  life,  he  daily  betook  himself 
to  Athens  to  hear  Socrates.  After  Tarquin,  who  had  the  sur¬ 
name  of  Proud,  had  been  expelled  from  Rome,  he  betook  himself 
into  exile  to  Caere  in  Etruria.  Agesilaus  led  the  soldiers,  en¬ 
riched  with  booty,  back  to  Ephesus  there  to  pass  the  winter4. 
In  the  Persian  war  the  Athenians,  who  were  inflamed  with  a 
wonderful  eagerness  for  fighting,  chose  ten  generals  to  command 
the  army,  and  among  them  Miltiades.  The  sons  of  Ancus  Mar¬ 
tius  could  not  forget  that  they  were  robbed  of  the  kingdom  of 
their  father  by  the  treachery  of  Tarquinius  Priscus;  and  since 
they  feared  that  Servius  Tullius,  the  son-in-law  of  the  king, 
would  succeed  him,  they  resolved  to  kill  the  king  and  take  pos¬ 
session  of  the  throne5.  Frederick  II.,  the  emperor  of  the  Ger¬ 
mans,  imprisoned6  his  son  Henry,  who,  following  the  advice  of 
flatterers,  had  revolted7  against  his  father,  and  deprived  him  of 
the  right  of  succeeding  him  in  the  empire.  Those  are  not  wont 
to  be  called  valiant  and  magnanimous  who  do  injustice,  but 
those  who  ward  off  injustice  when  they  can;  nor  those,  indeed, 
who  fight  with  the  sword,  but  do  not  know8  how  to  suffer  sick¬ 
ness  with  fortitude  and  patience. 

1  comitas.  2  affabilitas.  3  conciliare.  4  hiemare.  5  regnum .  6  in  carcerem 
conjicere.  7  exsurgere.  8  ignarus  sum. 


104 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


210.  Many  king’s  and  nations  have  considered  the  desire  to 
rule  a  cause  for  war.  When  we  are  fatigued  by  standing'  or  walk¬ 
ing-,  we  rest  ourselves  on  the  ground.  Caesar,  for  the  defence1 
of  his  camp,  dug  a  ditch  ten  feet  deep  and  as  many  wide.  After 
Alexander  had  subdued  a  great  part  of  Asia,  he  became  so  ar¬ 
rogant,  that  he  wished  not  only  to  be  called,  but  even  to  be 
considered  the  son  of  Jupiter.  It  is  difficult  to  say  how  many 
wars  the  Roman  people  carried  on  with  other  nations.  We  must 
acknowledge  that  Cicero  was  very  desirous  of  fame,  but  he  never 
abused  his  authority  for  the  oppression  of  his  country.  Roman 
officials  wore  an  embroidered2  toga;  but  when  they  wished  to 
sentence  a  citizen  to  death,  they  put  it  on  inside  out3  to  ( causa ) 
indicate  their  grief.  Cicero,  in  the  first  book  of  his  Tusculan 
Disputations,  treats  of  the  contempt  of4  death;  in  his  second, 
of  the  endurance4  of  pain.  When  Catiline,  endeavoring  to  ob¬ 
tain  the  consulate,  had  been  rejected5,  he  determined  to  murder 
the  consuls  and  set  the  city  on  fire. 

1  tutari.  2  praetextus.  3  inversus.  4  verbs.  5  ferre  repulsam. 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES 
ON  AGREEMENT  AND  GOVERNMENT. 

211.  Athens  is  styled  by  poets  and  orators  the  patron1  and 
preserver2  of  the  arts  and  sciences.  In  the  Jugurthine  war  Gaius 
Marius  had  Lucius  Sylla  for  questor;  among  the  ancient  Romans, 
the  pretor  took  the  place  of  the  father  in  regard  to  the  questor; 
but  afterwards  there  arose  the  greatest  enmity  between  Marius 
and  Sylla,  which  proved  to  be  of  the  greatest  detriment  to  their 
country.  When  in  his  childhood  Alexander,  the  son  of  Philip, 
had  heard  from  his  teacher  that  there  were  innumerable  worlds, 
he  said:  “O  unhappy  man  that  I  am,  who  have  hitherto  not 
even  conquered  one!”  He  that  relies  too  much  on  fortune  and 
wealth,  will  never  be  happy;  for  he  will  constantly  be  afraid  of 
losing3  these  possessions.  In  Athens,  where  culture  and  learn¬ 
ing4  flourished,  Alcibiades,  a  man  of  talent,  possessed  {esse)  great 
authority  for  some  time5  and  was  honored  with  the  highest 
marks  of  distinction,  but  finally  he  was  loaded6  with  reproaches7 
and  disgrace,  and  driven  into  exile  by  the  same  people  by  whom 
he  had  been  admired. 

1  cultor.  2  conservator.  3  privari.  4  humanitas  et  litterae.  5  aliquamdiu. 
e  afficere ,  7  opprobrium. 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


105 


212.  Pythagoras,  born  at  Samos,  went  first  to  Egypt,  then 
to  Babylon;  having-  returned  thence,  he  betook  himself  to  Crete 
and  Lacedaemon;  thereafter,  whilst  Tarquinius  Superbus  was 
reig-ning  at  Rome,  he  came  to  Crotona,  a  city  of  Lower  Italy, 
and,  after  having  resided  in  Crotona  for  twenty  years,  he  went 
to  Metapontum,  where  he  died.  Cato  the  Elder  departed  from 
this  life  at  the  age  of  eighty-five  years,  after  he  had  in  that 
very  same  year  spoken  with  great  vigor  against  Servius  Galba 
before  the  people.  Arovistus  led  his  troops  apast  Caesar’s  camp, 
and  beyond  it  pitched  his  own  camp,  with  the  design  of  cutting 
off  from  Caesar  all  supplies  which  would  be  conveyed1  thither 
from  the  territory  of  the  Sequanians  and  Haeduans.  Ever  since2 
riches  have  begun  to  be  a  source  of  honor,  and  renown  and  power3 
follow  it,  virtue  begins  to  lose  its  influence4,  and  poverty  to  be 
regarded  as  a  reproach.  It  is  a  proof  of  thoughtlessness  not  to 
disregard5  the  praise  and  censure  of  other  people;  no  man,  indeed, 
will  obtain  the  approbation  of  all,  but  you  must  strive  to  merit 
the  approval  of  the  righteous. 

1  supportare.  2  ex  quo.  3  potentia.  4  hebescere.  5  negligere. 

213.  We  eat  land-animals  and  aquatic  animals1;  we  place 
burdens  upon  certain  animals;  we  use  to  our  advantage  the  acute 
senses  of  the  elephant,  the  keen  scent2  of  the  dog;  we  enjoy 
the  plains,  the  mountains;  to  us  belong  the  rivers  and  seas.  When 
Anaxagoras  was  at  the  point  of  death3  at  Lampsacus,  and  his 
friends  asked  him  whether,  should  anything  befall4  him,  he 
wished  to  be  brought  to  his  native  city,  Clazomenae,  he  said: 
“It  is  not  necessary;  from  everyplace  there  is  an  equally  long5 
road  to  the  lower  regions.”  Caesar  was  very  mild,  for  he  wept 
at  the  death  of  Pompey  and  permitted  all  those  that  had  fled 
with  him  to  return  to  their  country.  The  emperor  Caligula  was 
extremely  cruel,  and  since  he  knew  well  how  much  he  was  hated 
by  all  the  citizens,  he  said:  “They  may  hate,  provided6  they 
fear  me!”  Hannibal  could  not  inflict  any  damage  upon  the  Ro¬ 
man  army  which  Fabius  commanded.  To  cause  the  latter  to  be 
suspected7  by  his  fellow-citizens,  he  spared  his  fields,  but  laid 
waste  all  others  with  fire  and  sword.  Fabius,  therefore,  through 
his  son,  sold  his  fields  at  Rome,  and  with  the  proceeds 8  ransomed 
prisoners  of  war. 

1  bestia  terrena  et  aquatilis.  2  sagacitas.  3  mori  (imp.).  4  accidere  (plup.). 

5  tantundem.  6  dum  (with  subj.)  7  in  suspicionem  alicui  venire.  8  =  money. 

214.  The  studies  of  the  sciences  afford  nourishment  to  youth, 
pleasure  to  old  age;  they  are  an  ornament  to  good  fortune  and 


106 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


solace  to  misfortune;  they  delight  at  home,  they  are  no  hin¬ 
drance1  abroad,  so  that  they  pass  the  night  with  us,  travel2  with 
us  and  live  with  us  in  the  country3.  As  the  laws  prefer  the  wel¬ 
fare  of  all  to  that  of  the  individual  \  so  also  does  a  man  who  is 
good  and  prudent  and  obeys  the  laws  and  knows6  his  duty  as  a 
citizen,  look  more  to  the  advantage  of  all  than  to  that6  of  any 
individual4.  A  pious  and  wise  man  never  complains  of  the  brev¬ 
ity  of  life,  but  makes  good  use7  of  the  time  allotted  to  him, 
since  it  is  short  and  fleeting  and  never  returns;  to  act  rightly 
and  daily  acquire  more  wisdom,  affords  him  the  greatest  pleasure. 
The  disciples  of  Christ  were  twelve,  but  one  of  them  betrayed 
him,  for  he  thought  that  this  would  prove  to  his  advantage;  the 
most  wretched  death,  however,  awaited8  him;  thus  has  the  hope 
of  gain  led9  many  to  wicked  deeds.  If  any  one  could  hoard  up 
money  beyond  measure  and  would  possess  the  greatest  treasures, 
what  would  it  avail  him,  if  he  had  no  love  of  virtue  and  right¬ 
eousness  and  would  not  scruple10  to  despise  the  commandments 
of  God?  Do  not  imitate  such. 

1  impedire.  2  peregrinari.  3  rusticari.  4  unus,  aliquis.  5  non  ignarus. 
6  (omit.)  7  uti.  8  mors  manet  aliquem  or  alicui.  9  inducere.  10  habere  reli¬ 
gioni. 

215.  Pelopidas  of  Thebes,  born  of  an  illustrious  family, 
made  wise  use  of  the  great  wealth  which  he  possessed;  he  was 
excelled  in  military  fame  by  Epaminondas,  but  in  the  renown 
for  abstemiousness  he  is  superior1;  for  it  is  more  difficult  to  be 
abstemious  amid  riches  than  in  poverty.  Parents  who  have  at 
heart  the  welfare  of  their  children,  accustom  them  early  to  dis¬ 
cipline2  and  useful  occupation;  for  they  are  convinced  that  these 
virtues  render  them  happy.  After  the  liberty  of  the  Greeks  had 
been  destroyed  by  the  Macedonians,  Demosthenes,  together  with 
the  others  who  had  deserved  well  of  the  state,  was  expelled 
from  the  city  and  abandoned3  to  the  greatest  misery.  Livy  hands 
down  to  us  about4  the  following5  concerning  the  character  of 
Hannibal:  Never  was  there  anyone  better  qualified  for  obeying 
as  well  as  for  commanding;  in  no  other  general  did  soldiers  place 
greater  confidence;  he  possessed6  unusually  much  boldness  in 
meeting  dangers;  extraordinarily  much  prudence  in  the  midst  of 
dangers;  he  endured  alike  heat  and  cold.  These  great7  virtues 
of  Hannibal  were  equaled  by  enormous  vices;  such  as  inhuman 
cruelty,  Punic  perfidy,  untruthfulness  and  godlessness. 

1  esse  superiorem.  2  disciplina .  3  objicere.  4  fere.  5  hic ,  haec ,  hoc .  6  esse 
[in  aliquo ).  7  tantus. 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


107 

216.  Nothing-  is  more  precious  than  time,  for  it  can  not  be 
boug-ht  for  either  g-old  or  silver;  nothing-  is  more  desirable  than 
wisdom,  for  the  wise  man  can  easily  abstain  from  all  such 
pleasures  which  fools  value  very  hig-hly;  nothing-  is  more  lovely 
or  more  beautiful  than  virtue,  for  it  alone  makes  one  happy. 
When  some  one  asserted  that  it  was  our  duty  to  do  much  for 
posterity,  another  replied:  “What  has  posterity  done  for  us”? 
When  I  arrived  at  Rhodus  and  heard  of  the  death  of  Hortensius, 
I  was  seized1  with  a  sorrow  which  was  greater  than  all  had 
expected.  It  is  impious  not  to  esteem  parents  highly;  for  what 
can  be  more  disgraceful  than  not  to  love2  those  to  whom,  next 
to  God,  we  owe  our  life?  They  are  our  best  friends;  for  they 
daily  strive3  to  make  us  happy;  they  undergo  the  greatest  hard¬ 
ships,  not  for  their  own,  but  for  their  children’s  sake,  and  neg¬ 
lect4  nothing  which  could  benefit  their  children.  Let  us,  there¬ 
fore,  prove  ourselves  grateful  and  worthy  of  their  favors;  it  is 
to  them  the  most  pleasing  and  greatest  reward,  the  best  thanks, 
when  they  see  that  we  are  daily  becoming  wiser  and  better. 

1  capere.  2  amore  prosequi .  3  id  agere  ut.  4  omittere. 

217.  Aristotle,  born  at  Stagira,  a  city  in  Thrace,  went  to 
Athens,  at  that  time  the  most  renowned  city  of  Greece,  and 
heard  Plato  with  such  wonderful  eagerness  and  with  such  great 
success,  that  in  a  short  time  he  distinguished  himself  more  than 
all  the  other  scholars.  For  this  reason  king  Philip,  who  had 
become  acquainted  with  him  at  Athens,  called  him  to  Macedonia 
to  instruct  in  the  sciences  his  son  Alexander,  to  whom  afterwards 
was  given  the  surname  of  Great.  Whenever  the  ancients  were 
hard  pressed  by  misfortunes,  they  sent  ambassadors  to  consult 
the  oracle,  in  what  manner  the  anger  of  the  gods  coulci  be 
appeased  and  what  it  would  be  best  to  do.  Thus,  also,  the 
Romans,  after  their  defeat  at  Cannae,  sent  Fabius  to  Delphi, 
to  consult  the  oracle  what  they  should  do  in  their  circumstances. 
Hamilcar,  the  Carthaginian  general,  took  his  nine-year  old  son 
with  him  to  Spain,  to  accustom  him  to  the  camp  and  war. 

218.  As  soon  as  the  ambassadors  who  were  sent  by  the 
Athenians  to  Sparta  had  arrived,  they  learned  from  the  Kphori, 
that  peace  would  be  granted  to  the  Athenians  upon  the  condition 
that  the  walls,  both  those  that  surrounded  the  city  and  those  which 
connected  the  city  with  the  Piraeus,  should  be  torn  down,  and 
that  the  ships,  with  the  exception  of  twelve,  should  be  delivered 


108 


miscellaneous  exercises. 


over  to  them.  You  are  aware1  that  you  should2  have  nothing' 
more  at  heart  than  the  love  of  your  country.  If  you  take  an 
interest  in  its  welfare  and  if  you  cherish  it,  obey  its  laws  and 
die  for  it,  if  by  your  death  it  can  be  benefited.  Despised  by 
all  be  he  who  values  his  life  higher  than  the  welfare  and  renown 
of  his  county;  who  aspires3  only4  to  offices  and  honors,  but 
evades  the  dangers  which  one  must  undergo  for  it.  A  good 
citizen  consults  the  interests  of  his  country  more  than  his  own. 
As  after  the  death  of  Codrus,  nobody  was  considered  worthy  of 
the  ro}7al  dignity,  in  place  of  kings  Archontes  were  chosen, 
whose  authority  was  in  the  beginning  hereditary5  and  for  life6; 
but  after  they  had  begun  to  misuse  the  power  intrusted  to  them, 
they  were  chosen  only  for  a  period  of  ten  years. 

1  non  fugit.  2  decet.  3  petere.  4  nihil  nisi.  5  hereditarius.  6  perpetuus. 

219.  Although  there  are  many  of  you,  yet  there  are  only  a 
few  among  you  who  have  the  fulfillment1  of  their  duty  at  heart. 
Be  ashamed  of  your  negligence!  You  are  of  that  age  that  you 
can  understand  what  is  becoming,  what  is  not  becoming  you; 
what  is  to  your  advantage,  what  to  your  disadvantage.  When 
once  Aristippus  had  entreated  Dionysius  in  behalf  of  a  friend 
who  was  sentenced  to  death,  and  had  not  been  able  to  prevail2 
upon  him  to  pardon  the  latter,  he  prostrate3  on  the  ground, 
began  to  clasp  the  feet  of  the  king  and  obtained  his  request4. 
When,  on  this  account,  some  persons  accused  the  philosopher 
of  vile  flattery,  he  said:  “I  am  not  a  fault5,  but  Dionysius, 
who  has  his  ears  on  his  feet.”  After  Cimon  had  defeated  the 
Persians  at  Eurymedon  both  by  land  and  sea  and  had  returned 
to  Athens,  he  embellished6  the  city  with  the  rich7  booty  and 
began  to  erect  the  long  walls.  When  Xerxes  was  waging  war 
against  Greece,  he  sent  4,000  armed  men  to  Delphi  to  pillage 
the  temple  of  Apollo.  But  his  force  was  destroyed  by  rainstorms 
and  thunderbolts,  so  that  he  understood  how  much  the  gods 
were  interested  in  the  preservation  of  their  temples. 

1  satisfacere.  2  deducere.  3  prosternere.  4  impetrare.  5  esse  in  culpa. 
6  exornare.  7  opimus. 

220.  After  Tiberius  Sempronius  Gracchus  had  been  chosen 
tribune  of  the  people,  he  believed  that  it  was  his  duty  to  be  the 
protector1  of  the  people,  who  were  more  than  justly  oppressed. 
Not  only  did  he  have  the  welfare  of  the  state  at  heart,  but  he 
also  deplored  the  great  poverty  of  the  people.  When,  therefore, 
he  considered  by  what  means2  he  could  remedy  this  evil,  he 
proposed  a  law  that  the  lands  should  be  more  equally  divided. 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


109 


The  patricians,  however,  who  were  his  greatest  enemies,  were 
not  of  this  opinion.  They  envied  his  reputation,  reproached  him 
with  his  love  for  the  people  and  even  went  so  far  in  their  ha¬ 
tred,  as  to  impeach  him.  Gracchus  summoned4  the  people  and 
convinced  them  that  he  had  nothing-  else  in  view5  but  their 
welfare.  Since  there  was,  however,  dang-er  that  he  would  be 
proclaimed6  king-  by  the  people,  the  assembly  was  suddenly 
attacked,  and  Gracchus,  tog-ether  with  many  of  his  partisans, 
was  slain  in  the  year  133  B.  C. — Immoderate  desire  for  rule 
had  taken  such  possession  of7  the  Persian  king-  Darius,  that 
he  made  war  on  Greece.  A  short  time  before,  he  had  attacked 
the  Scythians,  a  very  valiant  and  prudent  people,  after  he  had 
led  his  troops  across  the  Ister.  But  this  war  brought  him  more 
damage  than  advantage,  more  disgrace  than  honor.  Darius  did 
not  understand  that  to  be  content  with  one’s  possessions8,  is 
the  greatest  and  most  secure  wealth. 

1  patrocinari.  2  modus.  3  arcessere.  4  convocare.  5  esse  and  cur  a.  6  enun¬ 
tiare.  7  capere.  8  suus. 

221.  Who  does  not  know  that  it  is  becoming  a  student1, 
above  all,  not2  to  waste3  his  time?  Many  of  you  have  gone  so 
far  in  carelessness,  that  you  have  forgotten  the  rudiments4  of 
j^our  Latin  grammar.  What  unpardonable5  negligence!  Such  I 
will  treat  severely,  because,  unmindful  of  my  admonitions,  they 
have  given  themselves6  to  idleness. — The  poet  Simonides,  rely¬ 
ing  upon  the  friendship  which  he  had  with  Themistocles,  asked 
something  unjust  from  him.  Themistocles  resisted  the  dishonor¬ 
able7  demand  and  said:  “Why  do  you  wish  me  to  do  something 
unjust  for  your  sake?  You  would  not  be  considered  a  good 
poet,  if  you  would  compose8  your  poems  contrary  to  the  laws 
of  poetry,  and  I  not  a  good  official9,  if  I  should  do  anything  for 
your  sake  contrary  to  the  laws  of  my  country.”  Nobody  will 
account  it  a  reproach  to  Themistocles  that  ( quod )  the  welfare 
of  Athens  was  more  highly  regarded  by  him  than  the  will  of 
the  Lacedaemonians,  and  that  he  made  use  of  a  stratagem  to 
again  surround  his  native  city  with  a  wall. 

1  studiosus  and  litterae.  2  nihil.  3  amittere.  4  primum  elementum.  5  non 
ferendus.  6  sequi.  7  hihonestus.  8  componere.  9  magistratus. 

222.  For  fear  of  the  Germans,  Caesar’s  soldiers  could  not 
be  induced  ’,  either  by  entreaties  or  promises,  to  come  to  an 
engagement  with  them.  Finally,  however,  they  became  ashamed 
of  their  cowardice  and  the  defeat  cost  Ariovistus  much  blood. 

1  adducere. 


110 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


He,  a  German  by  birth,  had  taken  possession  of  a  part  of  Gaul, 
and,  in  order  to  maintain  it,  had  constantly  brought  more  Ger¬ 
mans  over  the  Rhine.  —  Many  ancient  nations  were  such  lovers 
of  liberty  as  to  punish  with  exile  and  even  death  well-deserving1 
men,  whenever  they  seemed  to  aspire  to  power.  Who  does  not 
recall  Miltiades,  Aristides,  Cimon,  and2  others  who  were  impeached 
in  consequence  of  some  accusation  and  most  unjustly  punished? 
Of  these  actions3  the  Athenians  nearly  always  repented. —  A 
certain  physician,  who  was  born  at  Syracuse,  and  was  named 
Menecrates,  had  such  pride  and  went  so  far  in  his  arrogance, 
that,  forgetting  his  human  origin,  he  called  himself  Jupiter. — It 
was  characteristic  of  the  Romans  to  spare  the  vanquished  and 
to  humble4  the  proud;  accordingly,  the  destruction  of  Carthage 
was  of  great  interest  to  them. 

1  bene  meritus.  2  que.  3  factum.  4  profligare. 

223.  Socrates  once1  met  Xenophon  in  a  narrow  street2. 
When  he  beheld  the  beautiful  and  modest3  youth,  he  held4  out 
his  cane  and  did  not  let5  him  pass  by.  When  the  latter  stood 
still,  Socrates  asked  him,  where  pure  wine,  white  bread,  good 
meat  and  other  like  things  could  be  bought.  When  Xenophon 
quickly6  answered  all  these  questions,  Socrates  finally  asked  him, 
where  men  were  made7  good  and  upright.  As  the  youth  answered 
that  he  did  not  know,  Socrates  requested  him  to  follow.  Hence¬ 
forth  Xenophon  followed  Socrates  and  became  good  and  upright. 
— The  Athenians  were  inflamed 8  with  a  great  hatred  towards 
the  neighboring  Megarians.  They,  accordingly,  ordained  by  law 
that  if  a  citizen  of  Megara  be  seized  in  the  city,  he  should  be 
executed.  Hereupon  Euclid  of  Megara,  who,  previous  to  this 
law,  was  often  at  Athens  and  was  wont  to  hear  Socrates,  went 
towards  night  in  female  attire9  to  Athens,  to  Socrates,  to  take 
part  at  night  in  his  discourses,  and  towards  daybreak  again 
returned  home  in  the  same  attire. 

1  quondam.  2  angiportus,  us.  3  verecundus.  4  objicere.  5  veto  (not  to  let). 
6  expedite.  7  facere .  8  jiagrare.  9  induere. 

224.  A1  Greek  frequently2  presented  the  emperor  Augustus 
with  a  complimentary 3  epigram  in  the  hope  of  reward.  When 
he  again  approached,  Augustus,  to  discourage4  him,  sent  him  a 
short  epigram  which  he  had  written5  with  his  own  hand.  The 
Greek  read  it  and  expressed  his  astonishment6,  now7  in  words8, 
now7  by  his  looks9  and  gestures10.  Hereupon  he  approached  the 
chair  on  which  the  emperor  was  carried,  and  took  a  few  denarii 
from  his  purse11  to  give  them  to  Augustus.  “I  would  give  more,” 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


Ill 


said  he,  “if  I  had  more.”  All  laughed;  the  emperor,  however, 
ordered  quite12  a  large  amount  of  money  to  be  given  him. — The 
ambassadors  who  immediately  after  the  battle  of  Cannae,  were 
sent  by  Hannibal  to  Rome,  bear  witness13,  how  conscientiously 14 
an  oath  was  kept  among  the  Romans.  At  that  time,  namely, 
Hannibal  selected  ten  from  the  prisoners  to  convey  the  conditions 
of  peace  to  the  senate.  Before  they  had  departed  (subj.),  all  of 
them  swore  that  they  would  return  to  the  camp,  if  the  conditions 
displeased  the  senate.  When  they  were  several  thousand  paces 
away  from  the  camp,  two  of  them,  under  some  pretext,  returned 
and  thought  that  thereby  they  had  complied  sufficiently15  with 
their  oath,  because  they  had  left  the  camp  again  without  again 
taking  an  oath16.  Accordingly,  after  the  ten  prisoners  had  pre¬ 
sented  the  demands  of  Hannibal,  and  the  conditions  had  seemed 
not  sufficiently  honorable  to  the  senate,  eight  of  them  returned 
to  the  camp  of  the  enemy,  the  two  others  remained  in  Rome 
and  thought  themselves  freed  from  the  oath.  But  the  senate 
ordered  that  they  should  be  bound  and  sent  back  to  Hannibal. 

1  quidam.  2  verb.  3  honorificus.  4  deterrere.  5  exarare.  6  mirari . 
?  modo — modo.  8  vox  (sing1.).  9  vultus.  10  gestus.  n  crumena,  ae.  12  satis. 

13  testis  esse.  14  sanctus.  15  satisfacere.  16  injuratus. 

225.  Marcus  Cato  was  in  his  childhood  in  the  house  of  his 
maternal  uncle1  Drusus,  tribune  of  the  people.  When  the  allies 
had  come  to  Rome  to  obtain2  citizenship,  and  Pompedius  Silo, 
the  chieftain  of  the  Marsians,  asked  young  Cato  to  use  his 
influence3  with  his  uncle  in  behalf  of  the  allies,  he  answered 
with  a  determined  expression4,  that  he  would  not  do  it.  And 
being  asked  a  second  and  a  third  time,  he  persisted  in  his 
resolution.  Then  Pompedius  took  him  to  the  highest  part  of 
the  house  and  threatened  to5  throw  him  down  from  there,  if  he 
would  not  comply  with  his  entreaties.  Cato,  however,  could  not 
even6  by  this  be  deterred  from  his  firm  purpose 7.  Upon  this  Pom¬ 
pedius  set  him  down8  and  exclaimed:  “Let  us  congratulate  ourselves 
that  he  is  yet  so  small;  for  if  he  were  a  senator,  we  could  never 
hope  for  citizenship.”  Thus  did  Cato  already  in  his  youth  man¬ 
ifest  that  firmness  of  character,  which  he  afterwards  showed9 
during  his  entire  life. 

1  avunculus.  2  impetrare.  3  auxilio  esse.  4  constans  vultus.  5  cf.  Gr.  §  272, 
n.  6.  6  ne-quidem.  7  inceptum.  8  deponere.  9  uti. 

226.  How  strict  the  Roman  discipline  was,  may  be  inferred 
from  a  striking1  example:  In  the  war  with  the  Latins,  the 

1  insignis. 


112 


miscellaneous  exercises. 


generals  commanded1  by  an  edict2,  that  no  one  out  of  ranks3 
should  engage  in  combat  with  the  enemy.  Accidentally,  the  son 
of  the  consul  Manlius,  who  was  dispatched  with  a  squadron  to 
reconnoitre4  the  vicinity,  met5  the  cavalry  of  the  Latins.  Since 
the  Romans  avoided6  battle,  Geminus,  the  leader  of  the  enemy, 
cried  out:  “Now  you  can  prove  the  bravery,  of  which  you  have 
so  often  boasted;  now  it  can  be  decided  by  action,  which  of  us 
two  is  superior!”  The  youth,  inflamed  with  anger,  spurred7  his 
horse  on  against  his  insolent8  enemy  and  pierced  him  with  his 
lance.  After  having  stripped  him  of  his  armor9,  he  hastened10 
back  to  the  camp  with  the  exulting11  squadron.  But  as  soon  as 
the  father  heard  of  the  affair,  he  immediately  convoked  an 
assembly.  When  all  had  assembled,  he  said:  “Because  you, 
Titus  Manlius,  unmindful  of  the  consular  command,  have  fought 
with  the  enemy  out  of  ranks,  and  forced  upon  me  the  necessity 12 
of  being  unmindful  either  of  my  county  or  the  love  of  a  father, 
I  think  that  I  must  have  more  regard  for  the  welfare  of  my 
country  than  for  myself;  but  also  you  yourself,  if  there  is  one 
drop13  of  my  blood  in  you,  will  not  refuse  to  restore  by  your 
punishment  the  Roman  discipline,  which  has  been  violated  through 
your  fault.”  Accordingly,  the  son  was  seized  by  the  lictor  and 
beheaded14,  whilst  all  the  soldiers  stood  around  in  gloomy  silence15. 

1  praecipere.  2  edictum.  3  ordo  (sing-.).  4  explorare.  5  occurrere.  *  de¬ 

tractore.  7  concitare.  8  procax,  acis.  9  spolia  detrahere.  10  tendere.  11  ovaris 
gaudio.  12  adducere  ut.  13  aliquid.  14  securi  percutere.  15  defixus  silentio. 

227.  Since  Tarquinius  Superbus  could  not  capture  Gabii, 
which  he  had  attacked  by  force,  he  concluded  to  take  the  city 
by  stratagem  and  treachery.  For,  after  he  had  led  the  army 
back  to  Rome,  his  son  Sextus,  who  was  the  youngest  of  three, 
fled1  to  Gabii  according  to  agreement2  and  complained  of  the 
unendurable  severity3  of  his  father  towards  him.  Corteously 
received  by  them,  he  instigated4  the  foremost  men5  of  the  state 
to  undertake  a  war  against  the  Romans.  After  he  had  been 
victorious6  in  several  engagements  and  won  the  favor  of  the 
soldiers  by  a  liberal  distribution7  of  the  booty,  he  sent  a  mes¬ 
senger  to  his  father  at  Rome,  to  ask  what  he  should  do.  The 
king,  not  trusting  the  messenger,  said  nothing,  but,  whilst 
walking*  up  and  down8  the  garden,  as  if  meditating9,  he  cut  off10 
the  heads  of  the  largest  poppies  with  his  cane.  The  messenger, 
tired11  of  waiting  for  an  answer,  returned  to  Gabii  and  related 
to  Sextus  what  he  himself  had  said  and  what  he  had  seen. 
Sextus,  understanding  well  what  his  father  commanded12  by 


MISECELANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


113 


these  silent  intimations18,  either  removed14  by  violence  the  most 
illustrious  citizens  or  sent  them  into  exile.  Gabii,  weakened15 
in  this  manner,  was  delivered  to  the  Roman  king*  without  a  blow 16. 

1  transfugere.  2  ex  composito .  3  saevitia.  4  incitare.  5  primores.  6  su¬ 

perior  discedo.  7 largiri .  8  inambulare.  9  deliberandus.  10  decutere.  11  fessus. 
12  praecipere.  13  autbages.  14  interimere.  15  affligere.  16  dimicatio. 

228.  Apelles  of  Ephesus  was  accused1  with  Ptolemy  that, 
together  with  Theodata,  he  had  a  knowledge  of 2  the  conspiracy 
at  Tyre.  But  he  had  never  seen  Tyre  and  did  not  know  Theo¬ 
data,  except  that3  he  had  heard  that  he  was  a  governor  of 
Ptolemy’s  and  that  the  government  of  Phoenicia4  had  been 
entrusted  to  him5.  But  nevertheless  a  rival6  of  his,  named  Anti- 
philus,  who  envied  the  favor  in  which  he  was7  with  the  king, 
said  that  Apelles  had  taken  part  in  the  crime  and  that  at  his 
advice  Tyre  had  become  disloyal8  to  the  king.  Ptolemy,  losing 
all  self-control9,  like  a  madman,  filled  the  whole  palace  with 
loud  cries.  “Oh,  what  an  ungrateful  man!”  he  exclaimed,  “great 
thanks,  indeed10,  does  he  return  to  me  for  the  great  favors  I 
have  bestowed  upon  him!”  Yea11,  had  not  one  of  the  accomplices 
in  the  crime,  out  of  compassion  for  Apelles,  declared12  that  the 
man  was  innocent,  he  would  have  been  condemned  for  treason 
and  executed.  Hereupon  Ptolemy  is  said  to  have  become  so 
ashamed  of  his  unjust  suspicion,  that  he  gave  Apelles  a  present 
of  100  talents,  and  delivered  Antiphilus  over  to  him  as  a  slave13. 

1  crimen  and  dare.  2  conscius  sum.  3  nisi  quod.  4  Phoenices,  um.  5  prae¬ 
ficere.  6  obtrectator.  7  florere .  8  deficere.  9  perturbare.  10  vero.  11  atque 

(ac.).  12  indicare.  13  in  servitutem  addicere. 

229.  When  Solon  observed  that  Pisistratus,  who  was  in 
favor1  with  the  people,  strove  to  obtain  the  supreme  power,  he 
tried  at  first  to  dissuade  him  from  this  design,  since  the  pres¬ 
ervation  of  his  laws  was  to  him  of  great  importance.  But  Pisis¬ 
tratus,  who  endeavored  to  seize  the  sovereignty2  by  fraud,  did 
not  yield  to  him.  Hereupon  Solon  appealed  to  the  assembly  of 
the  people  and  attempted  to  persuade  the  Athenians  to  banish 
Pisistratus  from  the  city,  before  he  had  acquired3  too  much  power. 
Nobody,  however,  listened4  to  him,  since  the  people  were  unaware5 
of  the  design  of  Pisistratus  and  aided6  him  in  every  possible 
way.  Finally,  Solon,  who  was  far  advanced  in  age,  appeared7 
in  full  armor  on  the  market  place,  and  declared,  whilst  invoking 
the  gods,  that,  when  dangers  threatened  it,  he  had  come  to  the 
assistance  of  his  country,  both  by  word  and  deed,  according  to 

1  gratus.  2  tyrannis,  idis.  3  occupare.  4  auscultare.  6  ignarus.  6  suffra¬ 
gari.  7 prodire . 

8 


114 


MISCEly I«ANI50US  EXERCISES. 


his  ability1.  When,  in  consequence  of  this  unusual3  occurrence, 
the  people  had  assembled  on  the  market  place,  he  commanded 
the  citizens  to  take  up  arms  and  forthwith3  depose4  the  tyrant. 
As  nobody  paid  attention5  to  his  words,  but  all  considered  him 
demented,  Pisistratus,  already  surrounded  by  a  body-guard6, 
approached  Solon  and  asked  him  on  what  he  relied,  that  he  so 
boldly  tried  to  frustrate7  his  plans.  Upon  answering-  that  he 
did  this,  trusting-  in  his  old  ag-e,  Pisistratus  was  astonished  at 
the  boldness  and  prudence  of  Solon  and  inflicted  no  harm8  on 
him.  Then  Pisistratus  took  possession  of  the  citadel  and  as9  a 
tyrant  g-overned  the  Athenians  for  many  years;  but  Solon  is 
said  to  have  left  the  city  of  his  own  accord. 

1  pars.  2  novus.  3  protinus.  4  imperium  and  deturbare.  5  attendere. 
6  praesidia.  7  obsistere.  8  injuriam  inferre.  9  mos. 

230.  When  Socrates  had  at  one  time  invited  some  wealthy 
people  to  a  banquet,  and  Xanthippe  complained  of  the  scantiness1 
of  the  meal,  he  said:  “Be  of  g-ood  cheer;  for  if  they  are  satis¬ 
fied  with  little,  they  will  be  content2  with  it;  but  if  they  are 
of  an  evil  disposition,  we  will  not  trouble3  ourselves  about  them.,’ 
—  When  one  of  his  scholars4  said  to  Socrates:  “I  am  poor  in 
every  reg-ard,  I  possess  no  fortune,  but  I  make  you  a  present  of 
myself,”  he  answered:5  “What?  Are  you  not  aware  that  you 
offer  me  so  great  a  present6  that  I  can  not  repay7  you  by  any 
g-ift?” — When  Socrates,  condemned  for  impiety,  was  dying-,  Crito 
asked  him,  how  his  disciples  could  show  themselves  grateful  to 
him.  He  replied:8  “If  you  consult  your  own  interests  and  strive 
after  virtue;  for  so  you  will  be  useful  both  to  me  and  my  friends, 
and  also  to  yourselves;  but  if  you  are  neg-lectful  of  your  duty 
and  unmindful  of  my  instruction,  you  will  be  a  disgrace  to  me 
and  to  yourselves.”— The  Athenians  soon  repented  of  the  injustice 
inflicted  on  Socrates,  so  that  they  sentenced  Miletus  to  death 
and  sent  the  remaining  accusers  into  exile.  In  honor  of  Socrates 
they  erected  a  brazen9  statue  in  the  sanctuary10  which  was 
called  Pompeum. 

1  tenuitas.  2  cf.  Gr.  §  189,  n.  3.  3  negligere.  4  auditor.  6  inquam.  6  prae¬ 

mium.  7  remimerari.  8  inquam.  9  aeneus.  10  sacrarium. 

231.  You  know  that  Alexander  was  the  son  of  king  Philip; 
but  perhaps  you  are  not  aware,  how  solicitous  the  latter  was 
to  educate  his  son  well.  A  few  years  after  the  birth  of  his 
son,  he  wrote  to  Aristotle  to1  come  to  him  and  instruct  his  son; 
for  he  believed  that,  if  Alexander  would  be  educated  by  such  a 
teacher,  he  would  become  a  good  and  an  able  man.  When  this 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


115 


letter  was  delivered  to  Aristotle,  lie  thought  that  it  was  worth 
while  to  have  a  royal  scholar,  and  rejoicing  at  the  same  time 
that  Philip  was  such  a  solicitous  father,  he  set  out  for  Mace¬ 
donia,  as  soon  as  he  had  settled  his  affairs.  Alexander  proved 
to  be  such  a  talented 2  and  diligent  boy,  that  in  a  short  time  he 
learned  the  most  difficult  things.  It  is  only  to  be  regretted  that 
he  did  not  always  remember  the  instructions  which  were  given 
him  by  Aristotle.  For  if  he  had  done  so,  he  would  never  have 
stabbed3  his  friend  Clitus;  nor  would  he  have  ever  become  so 
puffed4  up  with  pride,  as  to  demand  that  the  Greeks  should 
adore  him  as  though5  he  were  a  god. 

1  ut;  cf.  Gr.  §  280,  2.  2  ingeniosus .  3  confodere .  4  efflare.  5  quasi. 

232.  When  Darius  was  about  to  renew  the  war1,  the  news 
arrived  that  his  wife  had  died,  and  that  Alexander  had  lamented 
her  death  and  attended2  her  funeral3.  Darius  was  pleased  that 
Alexander  had  shown  himself  such  an  humane  adversary,  and 
expressed  his  thanks  in  a  letter  to  him,  offering  him  at  the  same 
time  the  greater  part  of  his  kingdom,  his  second  daughter  and 
30,000  talents  for  the  prisoners.  To  this  Alexander  replied:  “To 
return  thanks4  is  superfluous5;  I  am  accustomed6  to  contend 
against  the  forces  of  my  enemy,  not  against  his  misfortune: 
moreover7,  do  not  imagine  that  the  world  can  be  governed  by 
two  suns;  just  as  little8  can  two  such  kingdoms  exist  {esse)  on 
earth.  Therefore  prepare  yourself  to-day  for  surrender  or  to-morrow  * 
for  battle.”  And  since  Darius  wished  to  try  the  fortune  of  war10 
once  more,  he,  on  the  following  day,  began  the  battle11  in  which 
he  was  conquered,  so  that  he  lost  his  kingdom,  and,  wandering 
about  in  flight,  was  soon  after  killed  by  a  certain  Bessus. 

1  rebellare.  2  prosequi.  3  exsequiae.  4  gratiarum  actio.  5  supervacaneus. 
6  consuescere.  7  ceterum.  8  nec  magis.  9  dies  crastinus.  10  belli  fortunam  ex¬ 
periri.  11  proelium  committere. 

233.  When  Alcestis,  the  daughter  of  king  Pelias  was  solic¬ 
ited  in  marriage1  by  many,  her  father  promised  to  give  her  to 
him  who  would  be  able  to  yoke2  wild  beasts  to  a  chariot.  Many 
feared  that  they  would  perish,  if  they  would  undertake  such  a 
difficult  task.  Admetus  alone  trusted  that  he  vrould  accomplish 
it,  although  he  well  knew3  that  it  was  not  easy,  and  since  he 
was  desperately4  in  love  with5  the  princess,  he  entreated  Apollo 
to  grant  him  assistance.  Jupiter  namely  had  some  time  before 
commanded  Apollo  to  act  as  a  slave6  to  Admetus,  that  thereby 

1  in  matrimonium  petere.  2  curru  jungere.  3  non  ignoro.  4  perdite. 
3  amare.  *  servire. 


116 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


he  might  do  penance1  for  some  offence,  and  Apollo  had  remained 
with  him  as  if  he  were  a  mortal.  But  since  Admetus  had  treated 
him  friendly2,  he  was  easily  induced  by  the  entreaties  in  his 
stead  to  yoke  a  wild  boar  and  a  lion  to  a  chariot.  On  it  Adme¬ 
tus  rode  to  Pelias  and  bore  Alcestis  away3. 

1  poenas  dare  alicujus  rei.  2  liberaliter  habere  or  tractare.  8  avehere. 

234.  It  is  known  to  all  of  you  that  Dionj^sius  in  Syracuse 
so  raged1  against  his  subjects,  that  his  name  became  proverbial2. 
When  he  succeeded  his  father  in  the  kingdom,  he  showed  him¬ 
self  so  kind  that,  in  order  to  gain  the  affection  of  the  people, 
he  liberated  three  thousand  who  were  detained  in  prison  on  account 
of  their  debts3.  But  soon  he  feared  that  his  uncles  would 
cause4  him  to  be  deprived  of  his  throne5,  and  he  did  not  scruple* 
to  murder  them.  And  since  he  did  not  doubt  that  they  had 
advised  his  brothers  to  dethrone7  him,  he  ordered  also  these  to 
be  executed,  although  no  one  could  convict  them  of  any  crime. 
Then8  he  thought  that  he  had  nothing  more  to  fear,  and  wholly 
gave  himself  up  to  debauchery,  so  that  he  contracted  a  disease9 
of  the  eyes,  by  which  he  was  prevented  from  beholding  the  light 
of  day.  And  since  on  this  account  he  believed  that  he  was 
despised,  he  wished  to  punish  his  subjects,  and  thus  it  happened 
that  he  treated  them  cruelly. 

1  saevire.  2  in  proverbium  abire.  8  nexi  ob  aes  alienum.  4  id  agere  ut.  5  regnum. 
6  non  dubitare  with  inf.  7  regno  detrudere.  6  tum.  9  valetudinem  contrahere. 

235.  Hannibal,  a  native  of1  Carthage,  the  son  of  Hamilcar, 
was,  at  the  age  of  nine  years,  forced  by  his  father  to  swear 
that  he  would  be  a  deadly  enemy  of  the  Romans  all  his  life. 
We  know  that  he  was  ever  mindful  of  this  oath  and  that  he 
never  repented  of  it.  When  his  father  crossed  the  strait  of  Gib¬ 
raltar2  with  his  troops,  he  took  his  son  with  him  to  learn  the 
art  of  warfare.  But  not  long  after  Hamilcar  died.  Hannibal, 
although. scarcely  twenty-eight  years  old,  nevertheless,  had  proved 
himself  so  able  and  intrepid,  that  the  soldiers  considered  him  the 
most  worthy  and  proclaimed  him  their  commander.  Two  years 
later  he  laid  siege  to  Saguntum,  a  city  in  Spain,  allied  to  the 
Romans.  The  inhabitants3  sent  to  Rome  to  obtain  assistance. 
The  Romans  notified4  Hannibal  that  he  should  not  provoke  the 
Roman  people  nor  its  allies.  Although  Hannibal  at  the  arrival 
of  the  ambassadors  was  informed  of  this,  he,  nevertheless,  al¬ 
most  in  the  very  presence5  of  the  ambassadors,  ordered  the  city 
to  be  assaulted.  The  inhabitants,  destitute6  of  all  assistance 
and  reduced  to  famine  on  account  of  the  long  siege,  always 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


117 


showed  themselves  resolute  and  at  that  time  preferred  to  perish 
than  to  beg-  their  hated  enemy  for  mercy7.  They  destroyed  by 
fire8  themselves  and  their  dwellings,  so  that  the  enemy  found 
almost  nothing  but9  smoking10  ruins..  Hereupon11  the  Romans 
declared  war  against  the  insolent  Carthaginians,  and  there  arose 
the  second  Punic  war,  which  for  eighteen  years  was  carried  on 
partly  in  Italy  and  partly  in  Spain  and  Africa,  and  in  which 
the  Carthaginians  were  finally  conquered,  although  they  had12 
an  excellent  general  in  Hannibal.  Thus  did  the  Romans  take 
revenge  on  Hannibal,  and  when  the  Carthaginians  afterwards 
again  prepared  for  war,  their  city  was  leveled  to  the  ground. 

1  ortus.  2  Fretum  Gaditanum.  3  oppidani.  4  denuntiare.  5  conspectus.  8  de¬ 
stituere.  7  venia ,  ac.  8  comburere.  9  fere  nihil  nisi.  10  fumare.  11  tum.  12  uti. 

236.  Lucius  Papirius,  to  whom  on  account  of  his  speed  the 
surname  of  Cursor  had  been  given,  was  once  ordered  as  consul 
to  take  the  field1  against  the  Samnites.  But  when  the  auspices2 
were  unfavorable3,  he  returned  to  Rome  to  repeat  them  and 
appointed  Fabius  Rullianus  commander4  of  the  army  in  the  mean 
time,  instructing5  him,  however,  not  to  engage6  with  the  enemy. 
But  Fabius  soon  forgot  this  injunction,  when  an  opportunity 
presented  itself7  to  give  battle  in  a  favorable  place.  Although 
he  was  victorious,  the  consul,  upon  his  return,  wished  him  to 
be  beheaded  in  accordance  with  the  custom  of  the  forefathers8. 
Fabius  fled  to  the  city,  but  however  much9  he  implored  the 
tribunes  of  the  people,  they  could  offer  him  no  protection  10,  and 
there  was  great  danger  that  instead  of  a  reward  he  would  be 
punished11  with  death.  At  last,  the  stern  general  was  moved 
by  the  tears  of  the  father  and  the  entreaties  of  the  people  to 
pardon12  Fabius.  He  himself  afterwards  celebrated  a  triumph13 
over  the  Samnites. 

1  ad  bellum  proficisci.  2  omen.  3  adversus.  4  praeficere.  5  hortari.  6  ma¬ 
nus  conserere.  7  offerri.  8  patrius,  a,  um.  9  quamvis  (subj.).  10  patrocinari . 
11  afficere.  12  veniam  dare.  13  triumphum  agere. 

237.  Pliny  had1  so  great  a  love  for  the  sciences  and  for  the 
investigation 2  of  nature3,  that  he  devoted  all  his  time  which 
was  not  occupied4  wdth  state  affairs,  to  the  pursuit  of  the  arts 
and  sciences,  and  read  more  than  two  thousand  books  and  made 
extracts5  from  them,  for  he  was  convinced  that  no  book  is  so 
devoid  of6  matter7  as  not  to  yield  some  profit.  Besides  Natural 
History  he  wrote  twenty  books  on  the  wars  of  the  Romans  against 
the  Germans,  the  loss8  of  which  we  greatly  deplore.  He  died  in 

1  inesse.  2  cognovere,  3  res.  4  vacare .  5  excerpere,  6  egenus,  7  res  (pi.)* 

8  j actura  y  ae , 


118 


miscew<aneous  exercises. 


his  fifty-seventh  year,  and  what  is  handed  down  to  us  regarding* 
his  death,  serves  as  a  proof  with  what  great  zeal  he  devoted 
himself  to  the  investigation  of  nature.  When  he  was  at  Misenum, 
a  city  of  Campania,  where  he  commanded  the  fleet,  his  sister  in¬ 
formed  him  that  a  monstrous  cloud  of  unusual  appearance  was 
visible1.  For  out  of  Vesuvius  a  cloud  was  arising  resembl¬ 
ing  a  pine-tree  with  a  very  long  trunk  and  spreading2  branches. 
Well-knowing  what  great  danger  threatened3  many  cities  from 
an  eruption  of  Vesuvius4,  he  ordered  some  ships  to  put  to 
sea5.  Already  the  hot  ashes  and  pumice-stones6  fell  on  his  ship; 
and  the  pilot  advised  him  to  think  of7  his  own  safety.  But  he 
exclaimed8:  “Fortune  assists  the  bold.”  When  he  had  arrived 

at  Stabiae,  unmindful  of  the  danger,  he  appeared  calm  and  cheer¬ 
ful;  and  encouraged9  those  that  were  trembling10  with  fear  of 
the  impending  calamity  and  began  to  despair  of  their  safety. 
Yet  afterwards  all  had  to  flee,  but  on  his  flight  Pliny  fell  and 
was  suffocated11  by  the  dense12  smoke13.  Three  days  afterwards  he 
was  found  lying  on  the  ground  more  like  one  asleep  than  one  dead. 

1  apparere.  2  diffusus.  8  imminere.  4  eruptio  ignium  Vesuvii.  5  solvere 
(with  ancoram  or  without  it).  6  pumex ,  icis.  7  consulere.  8  inquam .  9  confir¬ 
mare.  10  trepidare.  11  suffocare.  12  crassus.  18  caligo. 

238.  A  ship  was  stranded1  by  a  violent  storm  on  a  foreign 
coast.  All  were  drowned  in  the  sea2,  except  a  peasant  and  a 
philosopher,  who  were  now 3  destitute  of  food  and  drink  and  every 
thing  else.  When  they  considered  their  misery  and  saw  that 
they  would  soon  perish  of  hunger,  if  they  would  not  receive  some4 
aid,  they  became  extremely  sad5  and  looked  at6  each  other  in  si¬ 
lence.  Soon,  however,  the  philosopher  said:  “Be  of  good  cheer! 
under  my  guidance7  we  can  hope  for  a  better  lot.  Let  us  im¬ 
mediately  set  out  for  the  next  city,  there  I  will  open  the  rich8 
fountain  of  my  great  learning.  I  will  teach  the  barbarians  what 
is  evil,  good,  disgraceful  or  honorable;  I  will  implant9  into  their 
rude  hearts  the  love  of  virtue,  and  after  I  shall  have  instructed 
them,  I  will  prevail  upon10  them  to  give  us  a  portion  of  the 
treasures  that  they  possess.”  The  peasant  replied: 11  “Who  will 
prevent  us  from  dying  of  wretched12  hunger,  before  you  shall 
have  persuaded  them  to  do  this?  I  will  at  once  procure  food 
for  our  empty  stomachs13.”  Having  said  this,  he  hurried  away 
to  the  nearest  woods.  There  he  broke  off14  some  branches  of 
trees  and  brought  them  in  bundles15  into  the  city  and  offered16 
them  for  sale17,  and  he  actually  sold  them  at  such  a  high  price 
that  with  the  money  realized18  he  was  able  to  buy  food.  That 
is  the  best  art  which  procures19  us  nourishment. 

1  allidere.  2  in  profundum  demergere.  3  tum.  4  aliquid.  5  maestus.  6  in¬ 
tueri.  7  dux.  8  uber.  9  imbuere.  10  adducere.  11  inquam.  12  miser.  13  venter. 
14  defringere.  15  colligare.  16  pronuntiare.  17  venalis ,  e.  18  exigere.  19  praebere. 


USE  OF  NOUNS,  ADJECTIVES  &  PRONOUNS. 


NOUNS. 

§  228. 

239.  Nisi  adolescentes  vires  exercuerimus,  senes  operam  per¬ 
demus.  Crassum  doctum  hominem  cognovi  idque  a  puero.  C. 
Junius  Bubulcus  aedem  Salutis,  quam  consul  voverat,  censor  lo¬ 
caverat,  dictator  dedicavit.  Cato  mortuus  est  annis  octoginta 
tribus  ipsis  ante  me  consulem.  Alexander  in  Bactrianis  Sogdi- 
anisque  duodecim  urbes  condidit.  Pelopidas  legatus  in  Persas 
profectus  est.  Hannibalem  parata  instructaque  remigio  excepit 
navis.  Agri  Romanorum  locupletiorum  servitio  traditi  erant  co¬ 
lendi.  Hannibalis  iter  impediebatur  asperitate  viarum.  Isocratis 
ludus  discipulorum  nobilitate  florebat.  Affectabat  ut  Romanus, 
ita  Poenus  Siciliam.  Eques  usque  ad  castra  hostes  pavidos  egit. 
Hi  lacus  pisce  et  conchyliis  scatent.  Brittania  antiquitus  mate¬ 
ria  cujusque  generis  abundavit  praeter  fagum  atque  abietem.  Vere 
sapientis  animus  et  ab  iracundiis  invidiisque  et  a  timoribus  aegri¬ 
tudinibusque  abhorret.  Saepe  accidere  vidimus,  ut  viri  summis 
ingeniis  praediti  in  odia  invidiasque  civium  incurrerent.  Amici 
dextras  inter  se  junxerunt.  Cum  dominatu  Caesaris  omnia  tene¬ 
rentur,  ad  litterarum  studia  se  retulit  Cicero. 

240.  In  his  youth  Cicero  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of 
philosophy.  During  his  pretorship  Conon  was  at  the  head  of  the 
infantry.  Caesar  with  his  army  set  out  for  the  country  of  the 
Aedui.  By  the  power  of  his  eloquence  Cicero  often  freed  the  in¬ 
nocent  from  punishment.  Do  not  believe  that  man’s  happiness 
consists  in  great  wealth.  Hiero,  king  of  Syracuse,  sent  a  troop 
of  archers  and  slingers  to  the  assistance  of  the  Romans.  Some 
houses  are  built  of  wood,  others  of  brick.  When  the  soldiers  be¬ 
held  the  large  number  of  enemies,  they  lost  courage.  The  suc¬ 
cessful  issue  of  the  wars  which  the  Romans  carried  on,  is  partly 
due  to  the  wisdom  of  the  senate,  partly  to  the  skill  of  the  gen¬ 
erals  and  the  bravery  of  the  troops.  There  are  many  birds  which 


120 


ADJECTIVES. 


change  their  place  of  living1  at  certain  times.  Mental  suffering 
is  often  more  severe  than  bodily  pain.  After  Pythagoras  had 
taken  up  his  residence  at  Crotona,  he  soon  won  the  affection 2  of 
all  by  his  pure3  life  and  powerful3  eloquence.  The  augurs  fore¬ 
told  the  future  from  the  flight  and  notes4  of  the  birds. 

1  sedes.  2  animus.  5  substantive.  4  canius. 

ADJECTIVES. 

§  229. 

241.  Nisi  in  bonis  amicitia  esse  non  potest.  Medici  leviter 
aegrotantes  leniter  curant.  Lucilius  dicere  solebat  ea  quae  scri¬ 
beret,  nec  ab  indoctissimis  nec  ab  doctissimis  legi  se  velle.  For¬ 
tis  est  labores  ferre.  Erubescunt  pudici  etiam  impudica  loqui. 
Quo  die  primum  in  spem  libertatis  ingressus  sum,  eo  ipso  die 
providi  multum.  Omnium  rerum  mors  est  extremum.  Praeterita 
mutare  non  possumus.  Quid  optimo  melius  cogitari  potest?  Si 
semper  turpia  inhonestaque  fugerimus  atque  in  omnibus  rebus 
innocentes  fuerimus,  quid  nobis  inimicitiae  improborum  nocebunt? 
Saepe  accidit  ut  unum  inconsiderate  dictum  vel  factum  multis 
milibus  hominum  innocentium  calamitatem  atque  miseriam  infer¬ 
ret.  Cura  rerum  domesticarum  multis  odiosa  est.  De  ceteris  et 
diximus  multa  et  saepe  dicemus;  hunc  librum  de  senectute  ad  te 
misimus.  Alphonsus  quartus,  Lusitaniae  rex,  cui  cognomen  da¬ 
tum  est  audaci,  in  ipso  aetatis  flore  regnum  avitum  adeptus  est. 
Sulla  forte  in  agro  Nolano  immolabat  ante  praetorium,  cum  ex 
ara  subito  anguis  emersit.  Georgias  Leontinus  anno  ante  Christum 
natum  427  a  civibus  suis  Athenas  missus  est.  Perduellione  patriam 
ventitare  pro  scelere  divino  et  humano  habendum  est.  Labores  no¬ 
cturni  magis  ardui  sunt  quam  diurni.  Augusti  aedes  querna1  corona 
ornabat.  Bellum  Numantinum,  per  tot  annos  cum  summa  Romano¬ 
rum  ignominia  ductum,  tandem  a  Scipione  Aemiliano  confectum  est. 

1  of  oak. 

242.  Avoid  intercourse  with  the  bad!  We  ought  not  to  scoff 
at  an  unfortunate  person.  The  inexperienced  allow1  themselves 
to  be  deceived.  All  the  good  are  always  happy.  It  is  clear  whom 
we  consider  to  be  good,  for  those  endowed  and  adorned  with  all 
virtues  we  call  both  wise  and  good.  It  is  peculiar  to  the  brave 
and  steadfast  not  to  lose  self-control  in  adverse  circumstances, 
but  to  retain2  presence  of  mind,  and  not3  to  deviate4  from  rea¬ 
son.  “Much,”  said  Cicero5,  “I  owe  to  the  senate  and  to  the 
Roman  people,  innumerable  things  to  my  parents,  every  thing  to 


ADJECTIVES. 


121 


the  immortal  gods.”  Our  forefathers,  who  with  small  resources* 
founded  so  great  an  empire,  possessed7  more  virtues  and  wisdom 
than  we,  who  are  scarcely  able  to  keep  what  has  been  acquired 8. 
The  profligate,  the  coward,  the  fool  can  not  fare  well9;  so  also 
the  good,  the  brave,  the  wise  cannot  be  unhappy.  The  Persians 
taught  their  children  to  speak  the  truth.  Socrates  tried  to  en¬ 
kindle  and  nourish  in  the  hearers  a  love  for  the  noble10.  The 
actions  of  those  who  are  placed  at  the  head  of  the  state  are 
known  to  all  mortals.  Epaminondas  of  Thebes  was  educated  by 
Lysis,  a  Pythagorean.  The  pirates  for  a  long  time  pillaged  the 
towns  of  Italy  along  the  seashore.  Cicero  held  four  orations  against 
Catiline.  Marcus  Livius  Drusus  squandered  by  his  lavish11  largesses 12 
the  inheritance  left  him  by  his  father,  a  man  of  consular  rank. 

1  Gr.  §  251,  n.  2.  2  uti.  3  neque.  4  discedere.  5  inquit  Cicero.  6  opes. 

7  inesse.  8  participle.  9  bene  esse.  10  honestus.  11  profusus.  12  largitio. 

§  230. 

243.  Mortem  venientem  nemo  hilaris  excipit,  nisi  qui  se  ad 
illam  diu  composuerat1.  Socrates  venenum  laetus  et  libens  hau¬ 
sit.  In  India  ii  qui  sapientes  habentur,  nudi3  aetatem  agunt. 
Primi  mortalium  naturam  incorrupti  sequebantur.  Nemo  fere 
saltat  sobrius,  nisi  forte  insanit.  Tyriorum  gens  litteras  prima 
aut  docuit  aut  didicit.  Hispania  postrema  omnium,  ductu  Augu¬ 
sti  Caesaris,  perdomita  est.  Non  corpori  soli  subveniendum  est, 
sed  menti  atque  animo  multo  magis.  Syphax  captus  et  ad  Sci¬ 
pionem  vivus  pertractus  est.  Caesar,  dictator  absens  a  M.  Le¬ 
pido  praetore  factus,  Romam  revertit  ac  dictaturam  iniit.  Ado¬ 
lescentes  qui  frequentes  cum  viris  claris  et  sapientibus  sunt, 
eorum  similes  saepe  evadunt.  Senonibus  pacatis,  Caesar  totus  et 
mente  et  animo  in  bellum  Trevirorum  et  Ambiorigis  insistit. 
Arabes,  Pyrenaeo  monte  superato,  in  mediam  fere  Europam  pro¬ 
gressi  sunt.  In  prima  planitie  pedites  constituti  erant,  in  ultima 
planitie  equites.  Tyndaridae  rates  quassas  ab  infimo  mari  eri¬ 
puerunt.  Pompejus  extrema  pueritia  miles  in  exercitu  fuit  summi 
imperatoris,  ineunte  adolescentia  maximi  ipse  exercitus  imperator. 

1  prepare.  2  poor. 

244.  The  Greeks  led  Achilles  to  Troy  against  his  will. 
Caesar  unexpectedly  attacked  the  Helvetians  and  cut  down  a 
great  number  of  them;  the  rest  betook  themselves  to  flight1  and 
hid  in  the  forests.  A  true  friend  speaks  well  of  his  friend  not 
only  in  his  presence,  but  also  in  his  absence.  Tantalus  was  tor- 

i  se  fugae  mandare . 


122 


ADJECTIVES. 

mented  by  thirst,  though  he  touched  the  surface  of  the  water 
with  his  chin.  The  orator,  at  the  end  of  his  discourse,  exhorted 
the  citizens  to  preserve  concord  and  peace.  In  the  beginning  of 
spring  the  soldiers  in  accordance  with  orders  assembled  in  the 
center  of  the  city.  At  the  first  night  watch  Hanno  marched 
with  a  part  of  his  army  a  day’s  journey  up  the  stream1  to  attack 
the  enemy  in  the  rear.  Ceres  was  the  first  to  give  laws  in  At¬ 
tica  and  Sicily.  According  to  the  custom  of  the  Gauls,  all 
adults2  assembled  in  arms  at  the  beginning  of  war;  whoever  of 
them  came  last  was  killed  in  sight  of  the  multitude.  Demos¬ 
thenes  often  was  present  at  the  discussions  of  Plato. 

1  adverso  flumine.  2  puberes,  um. 

245.  If  I  am  pushed1  in  the  middle  of  a  street,  I  can  not 
accuse  him  who  is  at  the  end  of  it.  Anaxagoras  of  Clazomenae 
withdrew  from  the  affairs  of  state  to  give  himself  up  wholly  to 
science;  he  gave  his  property  to  his  fellow-citizens  and  went  to 
Athens.  Of  all  the  hills  Romulus  fortified  the  Palatine  first,  on 
which  he  was  brought  up.  The  merits2  of  great  men  are  often 
praised  less  during  their  lifetime  than  after  their  death.  The 
centurion  Petrejus  threw3  himself  into  the  midst  of  the  Aedui 
and  said  to  those  who  dared  to  come  to  his  assistance:  “Do  not 
venture  to  save  the  life  of  one  who  already  suffers  from  loss4  of 
blood  and  strength.”  Hannibal  went5  along  the  banks  of  the 
Rhone  into  the  interior  of  Gaul,  because  he  believed  that  thus 
he  would  not  meet6  the  Romans.  With  great  pleasure  I  learned 
from  the  latter  part  of  your  letter  how  content  you  are7  now  with 
your  lot.  In  some  way8  povertj"  better  disposes  man  for  many 
virtues;  for  it  increases  zeal,  banishes9  idolence10  and  laziness, 
teaches  modesty,  leads11  man,  as  it  were  against  his  will,  to 
sobriety  and  temperance. 

1  impellere.  2  meritum,  virtus.  8  immittere.  4  deficere.  5  petere.  6  obviam 
esse.  7  subjunctive.  8  quodam  modo.  9  fugare.  10  torpor.  11  adigere. 

§§  231  &  232. 

246.  Ad  Cannas  ceciderunt  militum  Romanorum  quadra¬ 
ginta  milia,  equitum  plus  tria  milia.  Apud  Suevos  non  longius 
anno  remanere  uno  in  loco  incolendi  causa  licebat.  Zeuxis  et 
Polygnotus  non  sunt  usi  plus  quam  quattuor  coloribus.  Minus 
viginti  diebus  pestilentia  plus  trecentos  nostros  cives  consumpsit. 
Pompejo  rogante  sanctum  lege  est,  ne  quis  minor  triginta  annos 
natus  magistratum  caperet.  Galba  plus  septuaginta  annos  natus 
Neroni  in  regno  successit.  Romani  bella  quaedam  fortius  quam 
felicius  gesserunt.  Caesar  milites  vituperavit,  quod  in  oppu- 


ADJECTIVES. 


123 


gnanda  Gergovia  audacius  quam  prudentius  egissent.  Nolite  pu¬ 
tare  judices,  me  odio  inflammatum  libentius  quam  verius  Clodium 
accusare.  Omnes  cupiditates  continere  praeclarum  magis  quam 
difficile  est. 

247.  No  less  than  50  cities  revolted  against1  king  Philip. 
Alexander  with  more  than  6,000  foot-soldiers  and  with  somewhat 
less  than  800  horsemen  went  to  meet2  the  enemy,  who  numbered 
over  8,000  foot-soldiers  and  somewhat  less  than  1,000  horsemen. 
Sulla  fought  with  the  generals  of  Mithridates  in  Macedonia  and 
Boeotia  and  killed  more  than  200,000  of  the  enemy.  Sophocles 
died5  over  92  years  old.  200  of  lis  sustained4  the  combat  more 
than  eight  hours  against  more  than  400  of  the  enemy.  Xenophon, 
less  than  43  years  old,  took  the  field  with  Cyrus  against  Arta¬ 
xerxes.  The  river  Dubis  almost  surrounds  the  whole  town  of 
Vesontio;  the  remaining  space,  which  does  not  amount5  to  more 
than  600  feet,  is  enclosed6  by  a  mountain.  The  armies  of  the  Per¬ 
sians  were  more  rich  than  courageous.  The  Athenians  carried  on 
war  in  Sicily  with  more  ardor7  than  fortune8.  Hannibal  possessed 

more  than  Phoenician  perfidy.  Ulixes  was  more  cunning9  than  brave. 

1  dejicere.  2  occurrere.  3  decedere.  4  sustinere.  5  esse.  6  continere.  7  cupidus. 
8  felix.  9  versutus. 

§§  233  &  234. 

248.  Per  Autololum  gentem  iter  est  ad  montem  Africae  vel 
fabulosissimum,  Atlantem.  In  Judaea  fuere  Hiersolyma,  longe 
clarissima  urbium  Orientis,  non  Judaeae  modo.  Jugurtha  adolevit, 
decora  facie,  pollens  viribus,  sed  multo  maxime  ingenio  validus. 
Vel  iniquissimam  pacem  justissimo  bello  antefero.  Taurominitani 
maxime  ab  injuriis  magistratuum  Romanorum  remotissimi  erant. 
Scaevolam  unum  nostrae  civitatis  et  ingenio  et  justitia  praestan- 
tissimum  audeo  dicere.  Quid  sentiam  quam  brevissime  dicam. 
Plurimae  aves  nidos  construunt  et  quam  possunt  mollissima  pluma 
substernunt.  Hannibal  quantam  maximam  vastitatem  potest  cae¬ 
dibus  incendiisque  consuli  procul  ostendit.  Improbitas  Catilinae 
tam  magna  fuit  quam  quae  maxima.  Veteres  Germani  auspicia 
sortesque  ut  qui  maxime  observabant. 

Ut  quisque  est  vir  optimus,  ita  difficillime  esse  alios  improbos 
suspicatur.  Ut  quisque  est  maxime  boni1  particeps,  ita  et  laudabilis 
maxime.  Sapientissimus  quisque  aequissimo  animo  moritur.  Notis¬ 
simum  quodque  malum  maxime  tolerabile  est.  Maximae  cuique  for¬ 
tunae  minime  credendum  est.  Quanto  major  aestus2  erit,  eo  saepius 

convenit  vinum  refrigerari.  Quanto  vetustior  pix,  eo  melior  in  usu  est. 

1  virtue.  2  summer  heat. 


124 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


249.  Alcibiades,  by  far  the  handsomest 1  of  all  his  con¬ 
temporaries,  qualified2  for  everything-  and  full  of  skill,  had  as 
his  father-in-law,  Hipponicus,  the  richest  of  all  the  Greeks. 
In  a  well  organized3  state  every  thing  is  regulated4  by  law,  so 
that  as  little  as  possible  remains  in  the  power  of  the  judges. 
Even  the  most  learned  can  err.  The  voice,  above  all,  recom¬ 
mends5  a  speaker.  It  is  preferable  to  seek  praise  through  the 
powers  of  the  mind  than  of  the  body,  and,  since  the  life  which 
we  enjoy  is  short,  to  prolong6  as  much  as  possible  the  remem¬ 
brance  of  ourselves.  I  advise  you  to  perform7  your  duties  as 
exactly  as  you  can.  I  can  inform  you  with  great  pleasure  that 
your  son  is  as  diligent  as  any  one.  The  more  ignorant8  one  is, 
the  more  arrogant9  he  is.  The  more  one  distinguishes  himself 
by  greatness  of  soul,  the  more  he  wishes  to  be  the  first  among 
all.  Between  Demosthenes  and  Aeschines  there  was  as  great 
a  difference10  of  character  as  possible.  Hannibal  loved  his  country 
as  much  as  any  one. 

1  formosus.  2  idoneus.  8  instituere.  4  constituere.  5  commendare.  6  longum 
efficere.  1  defungi.  8  imperitus.  9  arrogans.  10  distantia . 

MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 

250.  Codrus,  king  of  the  Athenians,  clothed  in  the  attire 
of  a  slave1,  threw  himself  into  the  midst  of  the  enemy,  and  was 
killed  by  a  soldier  whom  he  had  wounded  with  his  sword.  Truth 
and  falsehood  are  not  always  distinguished2  by  men.  In  less 
than  two  hours  more  than  4,000  of  the  enemy7  were  slain.  The 
ambassadors,  whom  the  Romans  had  sent  to  Clusium,  did  not 
treat3  about  the  injustice  which  had  been  done4  by  the  Gauls 
to  the  inhabitants  of  Clusium;  but,  as6  they  were  more  brave 
than  cautious6,  they  fought  with  the  inhabitants  of  Clusium 
against  the  Gauls.  At  the  advice  of  Orgetorix,  the  Helvetians 
bought7  a  very  great  number  of  wagons8  and  beasts  of  burden9, 
and  planted  as  much  grain10  as  possible. 

1  vestis  famularis.  2  distinguere.  3  agere.  4  inferre.  5  ut.  6  cautus.  7  coemere. 
8  carrus,  i.  9  jumentum,  i.  10  sementum  facere. 

251.  In  Italy  the  peasants  take  hold  of1  the  stalks2  at  the 
top  and  cut  them  off3  in  the  middle  with  the  left  hand.  Caesar 
found  out  that  the  river  Sabis  was  not  more  than  10,000  paces 
from  his  camp.  Dissimilarity  of  morals  and  inclinations4  dissolves6 
friendships;  and  for  no  other  reason  can  the  good  not  be  friendly 
to  the  wicked,  and  the  wicked  to  the  good,  than  because  the 
greatest  possible  difference  exists  between  them  in  their  morals 


PRONOUNS, 


125 


and  inclinations.  We  were  more  anxious  than  you,  that  the 
soldier  accused  of  treason  should  not  be  condemned  to  death  in 
his  absence;  for  we  were  convinced  that  he  was  innocent.  It  is 
the  mark  of  a  wicked  man  to  attack  his  enemy  unawares.  What¬ 
ever  is  accidental6  can  not  be  certain.  Treat7  A.  Fusius  so  as 
you  have  promised  me  personally8;  this  shall  be  as  agreeable  to 
me  as  anything-  can  be,  and  by  your  great  kindness9  you  will 
place  him  forever  under  obligations10  to  }7ou. 

1  prehendere.  *  stramentum .  3  subsecare.  4  studium.  5  dissociare.  8  fortu¬ 

itus,  a ,  um.  7  tractare.  8  coram.  9  officium.  10  devincire. 

PRONOUNS. 

§  235. 

252.  Deum  oculis  cernere  non  possumus.  Cyrus  ex  curru 
desiluit  loricamque  induit.  Caesar  cohortatus  est  Aeduos  ut  con¬ 
troversiam  ac  dissensiones  obliviscerentur.  Istud  scelus  meis  ocu¬ 
lis  vidi.  Libertatem  nos  nostra  nobis  virtute  reddimus.  Tam 
mihi  mea  vita  quam  tibi  tua  cara  est.  Respublica  mea  unius 
opera  salva  est.  Eam  fraudem  vestra  ipsi  virtute  vitastis.  Viveris, 
ne  tua  domus  talis  viri  et  civis  a  ceteris  deseratur?  Patria  com¬ 
munis  est  nostra  omnium  parens.  Moleste  fero,  me  consulem  stu¬ 
dium  tuum  adolescentis  perspexisse,  te  meum,  cum  id  aetatis 
sum,  perspicere  non  posse. 

253.  The  most  renowned  kings  of  Persia  were,  in  my  opinion, 
Cyrus  and  Darius.  If  at  night  we  raise  our  eyes  to  heaven,  we 
behold  a  most  beautiful  sight1.  You  read  and  love  only  your 
own  writings,  those  of  others2  you  despise.  You  have  strangled3 
my  father,  though4  he  had  not  been  outlawed5;  you  have  driven 
me  forcibly6  out  of  my  own  house;  you  have  taken  possession  of 
my  patrimony.  Wash  your  hands  and  eat.  I  discovered  your 
zeal,  while  you  were  a  boy.  Only7  my  fault  can  not  be  corrected8. 
You  will  regret  to  have  followed  your  own  judgment9  in  every 
thing.  Do  you  believe  that  he  to  whose  honor  my  name  has 
redounded 10  in  my  absence,  has  not  been  helped  by  my  presence? 
Such  great  presents  from  you,  the  most  powerful  of  kings,  the 
Roman  republic  has  never  rejected11.  To  acquire  knowledge  is 
of  the  greatest  importance  to  yourselves.  I  will  not  imprudently 
become  my  own  accuser.  If  you  do  not  apply  your  time  and 
talents  well,  you  will  remain  ignorant  through  your  own  fault. 

1  spectaculum.  2  alienus.  3  jugulare.  *  cum,  subj.  5  proscribere.  *  per  vim. 
1 solus .  8  corrigere.  9  arbitrium.  10  subjunctive.  11  repudiare. 


126 


PRONOUNS* 


§  236. 

254.  Omne  animal  se  ipsum  diligit.  Qui  potest  intelligi 
aut  cogitari,  esse  aliquod  animal  quod  se  oderit?  Justitia  propter 
sese  colenda  est.  Non  dubito  dicere,  omnem  naturam  esse  con¬ 
servatricem  sui.  Verum  illud  verbum  est,  vulgo  quod  dici  solet, 
omnes  sibi  malle  melius  esse  quam  alteri.  Datames  audit,  Pisi¬ 
das  quasdam  copias  adversum  se  parare.  Cincinnatus  nuntium 
accepit  se  dictatorem  esse  factum.  Plotii  servi  multum  ac  diu 
torti  negabant  se  scire,  ubi  dominus  esset.  Numa  simulavit  sibi 
cum  Egeria  dea  colloquia  esse  nocturna.  Super  lectum  Pomponii 
stans,  se  eum  transfixurum  Manlius  minatus  est,  nisi  ab  incepta 
patris  accusatione  destitisset. 

255.  Dionysius  verebatur,  ne,  si  Dionem  haberet,  aliquam 
occasionem  sui  daret  opprimendi.  Lunam  sol  nunquam  implet, 
nisi  adversam  sibi.  Multi  nil  rectum,  nisi  quod  placuit  sibi, 
ducunt.  Philippus  bellum  Atheniensibus  infert,  quibus  Thebani 
se  conjunxere,  metuentes,  ne,  victis  Atheniensibus,  bellum  ad  se 
transiret.  Dionysius  a  filiabus  ferum  removit,  instituitque,  ut 
candentibus  juglandium1  putaminibus2  barbam  sibi  et  capillum3 
adurerent.  Herculi  Eurystheus  rex  imperavit,  ut  arma  reginae 
Amazonum  sibi  afferret.  Ipsi  Deo  nihil  minus  gratum  est,  quam 
non  omnibus  patere  ad  se  placandum  et  colendum  viam.  Cato 
quum  esset  interrogatus,  quis  sibi  omnium  esset  carissimus,  semel 
atque  iterum  fratrem  respondit.  Themistocles  domino  navis  multa 
pollicitus  est,  si  se  servasset.  Rex  legatos  misit,  qui  captivos 
ad  se  deducerent.  Caesar  expectabat,  dum  speculatores  ad  se 
reverterentur.  Socrates  divitias  contemnebat,  quod  se  felicem 
reddere  non  possent.  Rogatus  sum  a  matre  tua  ut  venirem  ad 
se.  Laudandum  est  pro  amico  morti  se  objicere.  Exercitus  non 
plus  quingentos  passus  inter  se  aberant.  Cum  Xerxes  ingentem 
exercitum  Hellespontum  traduxisset,  Graeci,  inimicitiis  quas  inter 
se  exercuerant,  compositis,  arma  contra  barbarum  tulerunt  quem 

servitutem  sibi  conjungere  velle  videbant. 

1  walnut.  2  shell.  3  hair. 

256.  Some  scholars  care1  nothing  that2  others  are  preferred 
to  them;  some,  however,  take  it  amiss3  that  they  are  surpassed 
by  others.  Gracchus  left  behind  a  great  desire  for  himself  among 
the  Roman  people.  The  Syracusans  begged  that  they  be  for¬ 
given4,  because  they  had  not  yet5  returned  thanks  for  favors  con¬ 
ferred  upon  them.  The  wise  man  zealously  corrects  the  faults 
inborn 6  in  him.  Eumenes  disclosed  his  plan  to  his  soldiers,  in 
order  to  find  out  how  they  were  disposed7  towards  him.  Since 


PRONOUNS. 


127 


you  ask  me  about  this  orator,  I  will  tell  you  that  many  qualities 
of  an  orator  are  wanting  to  him,  although  he  believes  that  he 
possesses  them  all.  Darius  feared  that  the  Lacedeemonians  would 
wage  war  against  him.  Jugurtha  besought  his  soldiers  to  defend 
him  against  the  Romans. 

1  facere.  2  acc.  w.  inf.  3  moleste  ferre.  4  ignoscere.  5  nondum.  6  innatus. 
7  animus ,  i. 

257.  Curius  refused  the  presents  offered  him.  The  Allobroges 
obtained  by  their  prayers  that  Caesar  had  pity  on  them.  The 
misers  are  always  in  fear  that  their  money  be  taken 1  from  them 
by  thieves.  Caesar  asked  the  ambassadors,  why  they  came  to 
him.  It  is  to  Caesar’s  credit2  that3  his  soldiers  never  deserted 
him.  It  is  shameful  to  provide  only  for  one’s  self,  not  also  for 
others.  The  Athenians  belittled4  and  envied  each  other  more 
than  other  men.  Cleopatra  and  Antony  strove  to  excel  each  other 
in  luxury.  The  manners  of  the  most  ancient  Greeks  were  rude 
and  fierce,  their  nature5  was  prone  to  all  acts  of  violence6,  their 
mind  without7  culture,  and  they  did  not  easily  forget  insults 
offered  to  them.  The  grammarian  Andronicus,  who  lived  at  the 
time  of  Augustus,  was  so  poor  that  he  was  forced  to  sell  at  a 
ver}^  low  price  a  book  most  carefully  composed8  by  him.  Domi- 
tian  was  the  first  to  call  himself  lord  and  god  and  to  command, 
that  no  other  than  golden  or  silver  statues  be  erected9  to  him. 

1  auferre.  2  laus.  3  quod.  4  obtrectare.  5  ingenium.  6  injuria ,  act  of  vio¬ 
lence.  7  expers.  8  conficere.  9  ponere. 

§  237. 

258.  Carolus  quintus  sua  sponte  se  regno  abdicavit.  Homines 
invidi  nihil  sunt  nisi  suum  ipsorum  tormentum.  Utile  est  rei- 
publicae  nobiles  homines  esse  dignos  majoribus  suis.  Stulti  non 
vident  quantopere  arrogantia  sua  aliis  sit  derisui.  Tarquinius 
supplex  civitates  Etruriae  obiit  atque  Veientes  maxime  et  Tar¬ 
quinienses  oravit,  ne  se  filiosque  suos  in  conspectu  suo  perire 
sinerent.  M.  Papirius  Gallo  barbam  suam  permulcenti  scipionem 
eburneum  in  caput  incussit.  Alexandrum  Thessalum  sua  uxor, 
cui  nomen  erat  Thebae,  noctu  interfecit.  Suum  quemque  scelus 
agitat.  Regum  Romanorum  priores  sex  pro  suo  quisque  ingenio 
de  republica  optime  meruerunt.  Caesar  cohortatus  suos  proelium 
commisit.  Curio  exercitum  reduxit,  suis  omnibus  praeter  Fabium 
incolumibus.  Roscius  tibi  omnia  sua  praeter  animam  tradidit. 
Non  licet  sui  commodi  causa  nocere  alteri.  Semper  amavi  Brutum 
propter  summum  ejus  ingenium.  Parentes  afflicti  gratias  egerunt 
omnibus  qui  funus  filii  eorum  prosecuti  erant.  Marius  et  omnes 


128 


PRONOUNS. 


amici  ejus  a  Sulla  proscripti  sunt.  In  bello  quod  anno  nono  post 
Christum  natum  Romani  cum  Germanis  gerebant,  Varus  cum  legio¬ 
nibus  suis  ab  Arminio  circumventus  et  superatus  est. 

259.  The  seven  wise  men  of  Greece  ruled  over  their  cities. 
The  senators  feared  not  only  the  enemy,  but  even  their  own 
fellow-citizens.  Cicero  chose  rather1  to  leave  the  city  than  that* 
murder  be  committed  on  his  account3.  His  fortune  accompanied 
Caesar  into  Spain.  Sextus  Tarquinius  sent  to  his  father  one  of 
his  men  to  ask  what  he  wished  him  to  do.  Caesar  ordered  that 
in  his  absence  games  should  be  held4  in  his  name.  Regulus 
returned  to  Carthage,  in  order  not  to  break  his  word,  although 
his  friends  asked  him  to5  remain.  Titus  Tatius,  the  king  of  the 
Sabines,  gave  Tarpeia  the  choice6  of  a  present, .if  she  would  lead 
his  army  to  the  Capitol.  Scipio  restored  their  possessions  to  the 
Syracusans.  Caesar  sent  back  Fabius  with  his  legion.  Caesar 
severely  reproached  his  men,  because  they  dispaired  of  their 
valor.  Indutiomarus  was  greatly  vexed7,  that8  his  influence  among 
his  men  was  diminishing. 

1  malle.  2  acc.  w.  inf.  3  causa.  4 facere .  5  tit.  6  optio.  7  graviter  ferre, 

8acc-w.  inf. 

§  238. 

260.  Caesar  Ciceronem  pro  eius  merito  laudat.  Maximum 
ornamentum  amicitiae  tollit  qui  ex  ea  tollit  verecundiam.  Ti. 
Gracchus  non  passus  est  Scipionem  in  vinculis  esse,  eumque 
dimitti  jussit.  Themistocles  auctoritate  et  gratia  Athenis  tan¬ 
tum  valuit,  ut  cives  ei  salutem  suam  committerent.  Tullus  Hos¬ 
tilius  ordini  senatorio  a  se  aucto  novam  curiam  exstruxit,  cui 
ab  eo  nomen  datum  est  Hostiliae.  Clodius  optimum  quemque 
sic  vexavit,  ut  furor  eius  non  diutius  posset  ferri.  Quum  Phi¬ 
lippo  consuli  insidiae  pararentur  eiusque  vita  in  maximo  esset 
periculo,  Drusus,  re  cognita,  eum  licet  inimicum  monuit,  ut  sibi 
caveret.  Rutilius  in  invidiam  equitum  Romanorum  venit,  quod 
ab  eorum  injuriis  Asiam,  cui  tunc  praeerat,  defendisset.  Caesar 
Pompeium  ad  Pharsalum  devicit  atque  usque  in  Aegyptum  per¬ 
secutus  est.  Gartynii  templum  magna  cura  custodiunt  non  tam 
a  ceteris  quam  ab  Hannibale,  ne  quid  ille  tolleret  secumque  tolleret. 

261.  Cicero  lived  on  most  intimate  terms1  with  Atticus  and 
was  mindful  of  him  during  his  whole  life.  Ambiorix  set  out 
for  the  territory  of  the  Aduatici,  which  was  nearest  to  his  king¬ 
dom.  Ennius  taught  that  there  are  gods,  but  that  they  do  not 
care  what  men  do.  The  Gauls  so  moved  the  heart  of  Caesar 


PRONOUNS. 


129 


by  their  prayers,  that  he  forgave  them.  Regulus,  the  Roman 
consul,  was  defeated  by  the  Carthaginians  and  his  army  was 
scattered.  Among  the  Roman  poets  Virgil  is  the  most  celebrated; 
his  poems  are  frequently  read.  The  fox  caught  a  hen  in  her 
nest  and  devoured  her  in  his  burrow2.  Caesar  said  to  his  sol¬ 
diers  that  he  considered  their  lives  more  precious3  than  his  own. 
After  a  war  of  eight  years,  Caesar  subjugated  Gaul  and  added 
it  to  the  Roman  empire.  Ambassadors  came  to  Curius  and  brought 
him  presents  to  bribe*  him,  but  he  refused  them.  Hannibal  was 
commander  of  the  Carthaginians  in  the  second  Punic  war;  he 
resisted  the  Romans  most  stubbornly.  Cicero  did  not  order  Cati¬ 
line  to  be  put  to  death,  because  he  feared  that  not5  all  the  citi¬ 
zens  thought  him  guilty  of  treason.  Ariovistus  said  that  he 
would  not  restore  the  hostages  to  the  Aedui,  but  would  not  wage 
war  either  against  them  or  their  allies;  that,  however,  they  must 
abide6  by  that  to  which  they  had  agreed,  and  pay  their  annual 
tribute. 

1  conjunctissime.  2  spelunca.  3  carus.  4  corrumpere.  5  that  not  —  ut.  6  stare. 

§  239. 

262.  In  hoc  libro  exponemus  de  vita  excellentium  imperato¬ 
rum.  Nihil  malo  quam  hanc  vitam  relinquere.  Homines  sapien¬ 
tes  et  ista  auctoritate  praeditos  qua  vos  estis,  his  rebus  mederi 
convenit.  Desinite  tandem  furere;  quis  istum  furorem  diutius 
tolerare  potest?  Philosophia  non  illa  de  natura,  quae  fuerat  anti¬ 
quior,  sed  haec  in  qua  de  bonis  rebus  et  malis  deque  hominum 
vita  et  moribus  disputatur,  inventa  dicitur  temporibus  Socratis. 
Isto  tuo  beneficio  minuisti  reipublicae  majestatem.  Signifer  statue 
signum;  hic  manebimus  optime.  Cum  boves  accensis  cornibus 
per  montes  huc  illuc  discurrerent,  Romani  miraculo  attoniti  con¬ 
stiterunt.  Non  minima  est  causa  properandi  isto  mihi.  Magna 
diis  immortalibus  habenda  est  gratia,  quod  hanc  tam  taetram 
pestem  toties  jam  effugimus.  Caesar  rei  militaris  peritia  atque 
prudentia  civili  ceteros  omnes  Romanos  longe  superavit;  sed  hic 
tantus  vir  litteris  quoque  operam  magnopere  dedit.  Gladii  equi¬ 
tum  Romanorum  longiores  erant  quam  peditum,  ut  ex  equis  con¬ 
tingere  hostes  possent.  Mores  Romanorum  moribus  Graecorum 
multis  in  rebus  dissimiles  erant.  Videtisne  captivorum  orationem 
cum  perfugis  convenire?  Platonis  libri  non  multum  dissident 
ab  Aristotelis. 

263.  Prove  those  things  which  you  assert.  This  philosopher 
of  whom  I  speak  will  look  at  the  heavens,  the  earth  and  the 

9 


130 


PRONOUNS. 


sea  with  the  same  eyes,  as  that  (philosopher)  of  yours.  In  my 
youth  I  devoted  much  time  and  pains  to  acquire  knowledge;  but 
my  present  studies  cannot  be  compared  with  those  of  the  past. 
We  all  shall  once  render  an  account1  of  this  life.  In  the  Pelo¬ 
ponnesian  war  the  power2  of  the  Athenians  declined3,  but  that 
of  the  Lacedaemonians  increased.  The  camp  of  the  enemy  was 
about  1000  paces  longer  than  that  of  the  Romans.  When  Arruns 
recognized  Brutus,  he  cried  out  inflamed  with  anger:  “That  is 
the  man  who  drove  us  from  our  country”.  Holloa4,  boys,  what 
are  you  doing  there?  Here  in  our  midst,  in  this  most  dignified6 
assembly,  are  the  conspirators  who  plot  the  destruction  of  the 
city.  Two  Roman  knights  were  ready  to  kill  me  and  thus  to 
rid  you  of  that  care  of  yours.  How  often  has  the  ability  of 
one  man  saved  this  glorious  republic.  The  greatest  deeds  we 
do  not  accomplish  with  the  powers  of  the  body,  but  with  those 
of  the  mind.  I  shall  command  these  slaves  of  mine  to  carry 
those  bundles6  of  yours  home  for  you.  We  shall  see  you  here 
sooner  than  you  will  see  us  there. 

1  rationem  reddere.  2  opes.  3  senescere.  4  heus.  5  gravis.  6  sarcina. 


§  240. 

264.  Idem  et  docenti  et  discenti  debet  esse  propositum,  ut 
ille  prodesse  velit,  hic  proficere.  Caesar  beneficiis  atque  munifi¬ 
centia  magnus  habebatur,  integritate  vitae  Cato;  ille  mansuetu¬ 
dine  et  misericordia  clarus  factus,  huic  severitas  dignitatem  addi¬ 
derat.  Numa  bellum  quidem  nullum  gessit,  sed  non  minus  civi¬ 
tati  profuit  quam  Romulus;  ille  bello,  hic  pace  civitatem  auxit. 
Plinius  affirmat  esse  hanc  philosophiae  et  quidem  pulcherrimam 
partem,  agere  negotium  publicum.  Hic  est  magnus  animus  qui 
se  Deo  tradidit.  Quem  nostrum  ille  moriens  apud  Mantineam 
Epaminondas  non  cum  quadam  miseratione  delectat?  Placet  He¬ 
ctor  ille  mihi  Naevianus,  qui  non  tantum  laudari  se  laetatur,  sed 
addit  etiam,  a  laudato  viro.  Ubi  sunt  isti  qui  iracundiam  utilem 
dicunt?  Major  est  virtutis  jucunditas,  quam  ista  voluptas  quae 
percipitur  ex  libidine  et  cupiditate.  Quanti  ista  civitas  aestimanda 
est,  ex  qua  boni  sapientesque  pelluntur!  Adversarii  nesciebant 
quid  his  et  his  responderent.  Credo  C^sogonum,  quum  vidisset, 
qui  homines  in  hisce  subselliis  sederent,  quaesisse,  num  ille  aut 
ille  Roscium  defensurus  esset. 

265.  The  aged  man  is  in  a  better  condition  than  the  youth, 
because  what  the  latter  desires,  the  former  already  possesses. 


PRONOUNS. 


131 


That  well  known  Antipater  of  Sidon1  used  to  recite2  hexameters* 
extemporaneously.  Idleness  weakens4  the  body,  work  strengthens 
it;  the  former  causes  premature5  old  age,  the  latter  a  long  youth. 
This  is  a  happy  memory,  which  forgets  nothing  except  an  injury 
received.  Why  do  you  defend  that  person,  who  deprived  your 
family  of  renown  and  honor?  Verres  was  accused  of  extortion 
by  the  Sicilians;  he  maintained  that  he  was  not  guilty;  but 
Cicero,  who  was  their  attorney6,  convicted7  him.  Very  true  is 
that  well  known  saying  of  Alexander,  that 8  envious  men  are 
nothing  else  than  their  own  torment.  This  I  say,  that  the  effem¬ 
inacy9  of  the  present  age  is  considerably  greater  than  that  of 
past  ages.  The  Grecian  tyrants  at  times  deserved  well  of  the 
state,  because  they  either  freed  the  common  people  from  the 
arrogance  of  the  aristocrats,  or  these  from  the  caprice10  of  the 
rabble;  the  former  of  which  was  done  at  Athens  by  Pisistratus, 
the  latter  at  Syracuse  by  Gelo. 

1  Sidonius ,  a ,  um.  2  fundere.  3  versus  hexametri.  4  hebetare.  5  praema¬ 
turus,  a,  um.  6  advocatus.  7  convincere.  8  acc.  w.  inf.  9  mollitia.  10  libido. 

§§  241  &  242. 

266.  In  omni  Gallia  eorum  hominum  qui  aliquo  sunt  honore, 
genera  sunt  duo.  Is  denique  honos  mihi  videtur,  qui  non  propter 
spem  futuri  beneficii,  sed  propter  magna  merita  claris  viris 
defertur  et  datur.  Ea  potissimum  agamus,  quae  levationem  habe¬ 
ant  aegritudinum,  formidinum,  cupiditatum,  qui  omni  e  philoso¬ 
phia  est  fructus  uberrimus.  Non  is  sum,  ut  mea  me  maxime 
delectent.  Multitudo  Philopoemenis  sententiam  expectabat;  prae¬ 
tor  is  tum  erat  et  omnes  eo  tempore  auctoritate  anteibat.  Qui 
multum  habet,  plus  concupiscit;  hic  ut  cupiditatem  suam  satiet, 
ille  ut  suis  quam  plurimum  relinquat.  Qui  Socratem  maxime 
admirantur,  hoc  in  ejus  summis  laudibus  ferunt,  quod  verbis  solu¬ 
tis  1  numeros2  adjunxit.  Maximum  est  periculum,  qui  maxime 
timent.  Mardonius,  incensis  quae  aedificare  coeperant  Athenien¬ 
ses,  copias  in  Boeotiam  transfert.  Vincula,  et  ea  sempiterna, 
certe  ad  singularem  poenam  nefarii  sceleris  inventa  sunt.  Epi¬ 
curus  una  in  domo,  et  ea  quidem  angusta,  quam  magnos  tenuit 
amicorum  greges.  Unam  rem  explicabo,  eamque  maximam.  Erant 
in  Torquato  plurimae  litterae,  nec  eae  vulgares.  Crassum  cognovi 
optimis  studiis  deditum,  idque  a  puero.  Te,  mi  fili,  annum  jam 
audientem  Cratippum,  idque  Athenis,  abundare  oportet  praeceptis 
1  verba  soluta ,  prose.  2  rhythm. 


132 


PRONOUNS. 


institutisque  philosophiae.  Motus  voluntarius  est  in  nostra  potes¬ 
tate  nobisque  paret,  nec  id  sine  causa. 

Non  omnia  quae  dolemus,  eadem  jure  queri  possumus.  Necesse 
est,  qui  fortis  sit,  eundem  esse  magni  animi.  Viros  fortes  magna¬ 
nimos,  eosdem  bonos  et  simplices,  veritatis  amicos,  minimeque 
fallaces  esse  volumus.  Num,  quod  probat  multitudo,  hoc  idem 
doctis  probandum  est?  Sperat  adolescens  diu  se  victurum,  quod 
sperare  idem  senex  non  potest.  Terra  salutiferas  herbas,  e&dem- 
que  nocentes  nutrit. 

267.  He  who  is  satisfied  with  his  lot  is  happy.  You  have 
sent  us  only  a  few  books,  and  bad  ones  at  that.  Those  who  in 
prosperous 1  times  fear 2  misfortunes,  think  wisely.  Pompey  fought 
against  Mithridates,  and  that  with  a  smaller  force.  There  are 
philosophers,  and  certainly  great  and  renowned  ones,  who  teach 
that  the  whole  world  is  governed  by  the  providence  of  God.  Neo¬ 
cles,  the  father  of  Themistocles,  was  of  noble  birth;  he  married 
a  woman  from  Halicarnassus3;  from  her  Themistocles  was  born. 
Octavian  thought  and  spoke  well  even  of  those  who  had  been 
his  opponents.  The  Roman  people  was  such,  that  even  (when) 
conquered  it  did  not  rest.  Pollio  was  a  man  of  such  cruelty 
that  he  fed  his  fish  with  slaves.  Even  the  heathens  believed 
that  those  who  had  led  wicked  lives,  would  be  punished  forever. 

Nothing  is  useful  which  is  not  at  th'e  same  time  morally 
good4.  The  Romans  regarded  Hannibal  as  a  brave  and  at  the 
same  time  as  a  very  prudent  commander.  Alcibiades,  banished 
from  Athens,  betook  himself  to  Lacedaemon,  and  there  carried 
on  war,  not  against  his  country,  but  against  his  enemies,  whom 
he  regarded  at  the  same  time  as  enemies  of  his  country.  Ancus 
Martius  built  a  prison  in  the  middle  of  the  city;  he  also  sur¬ 
rounded  the  city  with  new  walls.  Cimon  incurred5  the  same  ill- 
will6  as  his  father  Miltiades.  Cicero  by  his  vigilance  saved  Rome; 
this  very  same  man  was  a  few  years  later  sent  into  exile. 

1  secundus ,  a,  utn.  2  reformidare.  3  Halicarnasseus,  a,  um.  4  honestus. 
6  incidere.  6  invidia. 

§  243. 

268.  Senatui  populus  ipse  moderandi  et  regendi  sui  potes¬ 
tatem  tradidit.  Domi  puer  ea  sola  discere  potest  quae  ipsi  praeci¬ 
pientur;  in  schola  etiam  quae  aliis.  Quid  est  stultius,  quam 
aliquem  eo  sibi  placere  quod  ipse  non  fecit?  Animum  mentem¬ 
que  hominis,  rationem,  consilium,  prudentiam  qui  non  divina 
cura  perfecta  esse  perspicit,  is  his  ipsis  rebus  mihi  videtur  carere. 


PRONOUNS. 


133 


Demosthenes  ejus  ipsius  artis  cui  studebat,  primam  litteram  non 
poterat  dicere.  Crassus  triennio  ipso  minor  erat  quam  Antonius. 
Manlii  pater  eo  ipso  die  quo  funus  filii  ducebatur,  aures,  ut 
solebat,  volentibus  consulere  se  de  jure  praebuit.  Marius  Teu¬ 
tones  sub  ipsis  Alpibus  assecutus,  proelio  oppressit.  Nunc  ipsum 
apud  te  esse  volo.  Horatius  ipsa  audacia  hostes  obstupefecit. 
Caesar  ea  quae  sunt  usui  ad  armandas  naves  ex  Hispania  appor¬ 
tare  jubet;  ipse  in  Illyriam  proficiscitur. 

269.  The  Rutuli,  a  nation  powerful  through  its  wealth, 
possessed  Ardea,  and  precisely  this  was  the  cause  of  war;  for 
king-  Tarquin  was  exceedingly  covetous  of  their  great  wealth. 
Caesar  himself  informed  the  Roman  senate  that  he  had  exactly 
eleven  leg-ions.  Aebutius  did  not  hesitate  to  acknowledg-e  that 
very  crime  of  which  he  was  accused.  Lucullus  built  villas  at 
an  immense  cost1  and  at  them  used  even  the  sea  for  his  enjoy¬ 
ment.  The  Romans  were  full  of  courage  even  then,  when  Han¬ 
nibal  was  before  the  gates.  Caesar  gave  each  lieutenant  one 
legion,  he  however,  began  the  battle  on  the  right  wing.  In  the 
golden  age  the  oaks  yielded  honey  of  their  own  accord. 

1  sumptus. 

§§  244  &  245. 

270.  Vespasiano  Titus  filius  successit,  qui  et  ipse  Vespasi¬ 
anus  est  dictus.  Locri  urbs  sub  defectionem  Italiae  desciverat 
et  ipsa  ad  Poenos.  Scipio  nomen  quod  avus  ejus  acceperat, 
meruit;  scilicet,  ut  propter  virtutem  etiam  ipse  Africanus  junior 
vocaretur.  Duces  Gallorum,  ubi  Romanos  degressos  in  aequum 
viderunt,  ipsi  quoque  avidi  certaminis  in  proelium  ruerunt.  Spe¬ 
ctaculum  uni  Crasso  fuit  jucundum,  ceteris  non  item. 

Quid  quisque  nostrum  de  se  ipse  loquatur,  non  est  requiren¬ 
dum:  boni  viri  judicent.  Virtus  est  per  se  ipsa  laudabilis.  Artes 
se  ipsae  per  se  tuentur  singulae.  Fac,  ut  diligentissime  te  ipsum 
custodias.  Se  ipsos  omnes  natura  diligunt.  Numantini  fame 
coacti  se  ipsi  trucidaverunt.  Qui  ipse  sibi  sapiens  prodesse  non 
quit,  nequidquam  sapit.  Fa  molestissime  ferre  debent  homines 
quae  ipsorum  culpa  contracta  sunt. 

271.  When  Darius  saw  that  his  men  would  be  vanquished, 
he  likewise  wished  to  die.  Bocchus  came  in  vain  to  the  assist¬ 
ance  of  Jugurtha;  for  the  Romans  defeated  also  him.  The  two 
daughters  of  Servius  Tullius,  who  were  of  very  different  dispo¬ 
sitions,  married  the  two  brothers  Aruns  and  Lucius  Tarquinius, 


134 


PRONOUNS. 


who  were  likewise  very  dissimilar  in  character.  Do  not  envy 
those  who  possess  more  than  you;  for  they  also  lack  many  goods 
which  you  enjoy  and  which  perhaps,  because  you  have  become 
accustomed  to  them,  you  value  less  than  you  ought. 

Nero  used  to  proclaim  himself  victor  in  the  public  games. 
We  defended  the  castle  by1  ourselves.  It  was  decreed  that  trib¬ 
unes  of  the  people  should  be  created,  who  might  open  the  way 
for  themselves  to  other  honors.  Pupils  must  try,  as  much  as 
lies  in  their  power,  to  make  progress2  in  their  studies.  In  the 
wars  against  the  Persians  the  Athenians,  by  themselves,  furnished 
more  ships  than  all  the  other  Greeks.  Who  doubts  that  the  mind 
can  cure  itself,  since3  it  has  discovered  remedies  for  the  body? 

1  per.  2  proficere.  3  cum  (subj.). 


§  246. 

272.  Via  juris  ejusmodi  est  quibusdam  in  rebus  ut  nihil  sit 
loci  gratiae.  Graecia  parvum  quendam  locum  Europae  tenet. 
Alcidamas  quidam  scripsit  laudationem  mortis.  Lucius  Lucullus 
quaestor  in  Asiam  profectus,  ibi  per  multos  annos  admirabili 
quadam  laude  provinciae  praefuit.  Nationes  multae  atque  magnae 
novo  quodam  terrore  ac  metu  concitabantur.  Interfecto  Caesare, 
Antonius,  vestem  ejus  sanguinolentam1  ostentans,  populum  quasi 
furore  quodam  adversus  conjuratos  inflammavit.  Solebat  Graecu¬ 
lus  quidam  descendenti  e  palatio  Caesari  honorificum  aliquod 
epigramma  porrigere.  Verum  amicum  qui  intuetur,  tamquam 
exemplar  aliquod  intuetur  sui.  Omnis  expectatio  ejus  qui  audit 
narrationem,  et  improvisi  exitus  habent  aliquam  in  audiendo 
voluptatem.  Dic  mihi  aliquod  magnum  malum  quod  majus  esse 
possit  quam  mala  conscientia.  Hereditas  est  pecunia  quae  morte 
alicujus  ad  quempiam  pervenit  jure.  Danda  opera  est,  ne  qua 
amicorum  dissidia  fiant.  Caveamus,  ut  ne  quod  in  nobis  insigne 
vitium  fuisse  dicatur.  Quo  quis  versutior  et  callidior  est,  hoc 
invisior  et  suspectior,  detracta  opinione  probitatis.  Turpis  excu¬ 
satio  est,  et  minime  accipienda,  cum  in  ceteris  peccatis,  tum  si 
quis  contra  rempublicam  se  amici  causa  fecisse  fateatur.  Alienum 
est  a  sapiente  non  modo  injuriam  cui  facere,  verum  etiam  nocere. 
Sulla  praedixit  Caesarem  aliquando  partibus  optimatium  exitio 
esse  futurum.  Si  Antonius  aliquid  firmitatis  erit  nactus,  eximia 
tua  in  rempublicam  merita  ad  nihilum  recident.  Nuda  fere 
Alpium  cacumina  sunt  et  si  quid  est  pabuli  obruunt  nives. 

1  bloody. 


PRONOUNS. 


135 


273.  Fieri  nullo  modo  potest,  ut  quisquam  plus  alterum  dili¬ 
gat  quam  se.  Nihil  turpius  physico,  quam,  fieri  sine  causa  quid¬ 
quam,  dicere.  Solis  candor  illustrior  est,  quam  ullius  ignis. 
Num  censes,  ullum  animal  quod  sanguinem  habeat,  sine  corde 
esse  posse?  Vix  quemquam  puto  inveniri  qui  pecuniam  contemnat. 
Sextius  Tarquinius  patri  Gabios  sine  ulla  dimicatione  tradidit. 
Si  ullius  rei,  artium  certe  et  litterarum  difficile  est  initium.  Non 
in  aliqua  parte,  sed  in  perpetuitate  temporis  vita  beata  dici  solet. 
Rhodus  tam  sereno  mitique  coelo  erat,  ut  nunquam  tantae  nubes 
obducerentur1  ut  non  aliqua  diei  hora  sol  appareret.  Adhuc 
neminem  vidi  poetam  qui  sibi  non  optimus  videretur.  Nemo 
mortalium  tam  potens  est  qui  nullius  egeat  auxilio. 

1  gather.  ■ 

274.  Virtue  is  called1,  by  many,  a  kind  of  boasting2  and  dis¬ 
play3.  The  countenance  is,  so  to  say,  the  silent  language4  of' 
the  soul.  The  famous  Themistocles  possessed  an  altogether 
incredible  greatness  of  mind.  P.  Scipio  Africanus  the  elder  indi¬ 
cated5  his  future  greatness  by  a  truly  heroic  act;  for  in  his 
seventeenth  year  he  rescued  his  father,  who  was  surrounded6  by 
enemies  and  dangerously  wounded.  Whenever  there  was  any 
peace  in  Rome,  the  minds  of  the  fathers  and  those  of  the  people 
were  immediately  stirred7  by  strife8.  Whenever  any  infamous 
action  had  been  perpetrated  in  Gaul,  the  Druids  passed  judg¬ 
ment9.  I  believe  that  you  only  are  less  given  to  flattery10  than 
I;  but,  if  ever  both  of  us11  are  such  towards  any  person,  we  are 
surely  not  such  towards  each  other.  As  orators  we  were  con¬ 
sidered  something.  If  one  has  never  been  sick,  he  scarcely  knows 
how  much  good  health  must  be  valued.  Whatever  is  entrusted12 
to  you,  do  not  disclose13.  The  question  is14,  whether  new  friends 
are  ever  to  be  preferred  to  old  ones. 

1  dicere.  2  venditatio.  3  ostentatio.  4  sermo.  5  significare.  6  circumvenire. 

7  exagitare.  8  certamen.  9  decernere.  10  blandus.  11  uterque.  12  committere. 
13  enuntiare.  14  queritur. 

275.  Without  virtue  we  can  neither  acquire  friendship  nor 
any  thing  desirable1.  Scarcely  any  person’s  life  is  happy  in 
every  respect2.  Alcibiades  turned3  the  eyes  of  all  upon  himself, 
and4  no  one  in  the  state  was  considered  his  equal.  I  do  not 
believe  that  any  thing  which  pertains5  to  the  subject6  was  omitted 
in  his  speech.  I  do  not  wish  any  one  to  depart  in  sorrow  from 
me.  I  ask  you  whether  you  regard  any  death  more  glorious  than 

1  expetendus.  2  ex  omni  parte /  omnibus  rebus*  3  convertere ,  4  nec1  and  not, 
3  pertinere  (subj.),  6  res* 


136 


PRONOUNS. 


that  for  one’s  country.  The  soldiers  could  without  danger  retreat 
to  the  camp.  Not  without  some  danger  have  we  undertaken1 
these  difficult  affairs.  Cicero,  spurred2  on  by  a  truly  admirable 
zeal  for  philosophy,  devoted  himself  wholly  to  Philo.  The  Roman 
senate  treated  of  peace  with  no  one  who  was  at  the  head  of 
foreign  troops  within  the  borders  of  Italy.  Hardly  any  one 
possesses  such  a  dull  mind,  that  with  persevering*  industry  he 
cannot  learn  something. 

1  subire .  2  concitare .  3  assiduus. 


§  247. 

276.  Suos  quisque  debet  tueri.  Sui  cuique  parenti  liberi 
carissimi  sunt.  Omnes  dicunt,  se  non  modo  suam  quisque  patriam, 
sed  totam  Siciliam  relicturos.  Constituerunt  optimum  esse  domum 
suam  quemque  reverti.  Quod  quidem  ni  ita  se  haberet,  ut  animi 
immortales  essent,  haud  optimi  cujusque  animus  maxime  ad 
immortalitatem  gloriae  niteretur.  Sapientissimus  quisque  aequis¬ 
simo  animo  moritur,  stultissimus  iniquissimo.  Maximae  cuique 
fortunae  minime  credendum  est.  Mendax  tertio  quoque  verbo 
peccat.  Caesar  annum  ad  cursum  solis  accommodavit,  ut  trecen¬ 
torum  sexaginta  quinque  dierum  esset  et  intercalareo 1  mense  sub¬ 
lato  unus  dies  quarto  quoque  anno  intercalaretur3. 

1  intercalary.  2  insert. 

277.  Virtus  praeceptoris  est  intelligere,  quo  quemque  natura 
ferat.  Tempus  est  hujusmodi,  ut  suam  quisque  conditionem  miser¬ 
rimam  putet,  et  ibi  quisque  sit,  ubi  esse  minime  velit.  Quem 
quisque  Catilinariorum  in  pugnando  ceperat  locum,  eum  amissa 
anima  tegebat.  Natura  unumquemque  trahit  ad  discendum.  Qui¬ 
vis  homo  potest  quemvis  turpem  de  quolibet  rumorem  proferre. 
Caesar  ex  omnibus  honoribus  sibi  a  senatu  populoque  decretis, 
non  aliud  recepit  libentius  quam  jus  laureae  perpetuo  gestandae. 
Nemo  est  quin  oderit  libidinosam  et  protervam  adolescentiam. 
Quotidie,  vel  potius  in  dies  singulos,  breviores  litteras  ad  te 
mitto.  Licinio  denunciatum  est,  ut  exercitui  primam  quamque 
diem  diceret  ad  conveniendum.  Quanti  quisque  se  ipse  facit, 
tanti  fit  ab  amicis.  Agesilaus  non  destitit,  quibuscumque  rebus 
posset,  patriam  adjuvare.  Caesar,  cum  Germanis  et  Britannis 
bellum  intulisset,  utrosque  vicit.  Plebiscito  cautum  erat,  ut 
liceret  consules  ambos  plebeios  fieri  neve  quis  duos  magistratus 
uno  anno  gereret. 


PRONOUNS. 


137 


278.  Scarcely  every  tenth  person  knows  himself.  The  larger 
an  animal  is,  the  more  nourishing1  is  the  meat  of2  the  same. 
The  longest  letters  are  the  most  pleasing.  All  wise  and  noble8 
men  are  exposed4  to  the  envy  of  the  wicked.  Antiochus  paid 
30  talents  to  the  Roman  republic  every  30  days.  Out  of  an 
immense  number  of  captives,  361,  the  most  prominent,  were 
selected  in  order  to  be  sent  to  Rome.  The  Olympic  games5  were 
celebrated  in  Greece  every  fifth  year;  the  Pythian’  at  first  every 
ninth  year,  afterwards  every  fourth.  The  commander  advised, 
that  they  should  pitch  a  camp  a  ssoon  as  possible.  Rach  one  must 
be  satisfied  with  the  time  which  is  allotted  to  him  for  life.  The 
city  in  which  one  lives,  is  dearest  to  him. 

1  firmus.  2  ex.  8  bonus.  4  obnoxius.  5  Olympia,  Pythia,  orum. 

279.  The  Romans,  having  left  the  Caudine  pass,  entered 
Rome  late  at  night1  and  hid  themselves  every  one  in  his  house. 
Ulysses  wished  in  every  conversation  to  show  himself  affable2 
and  pleasant  to  all.  It  is  the  duty  of  those  who  are  at  the  head 
of  the  state,  to  determine  what  each  one  owes  to  the  other.  Let 
us  always  so  conduct  ourselves,  that  our  manners  and  actions 
are  approved  by  all  good  men.  Whomever  I  heard  complain 
about  you,  I  pacified8  in  every  way.  I  would  rather  suffer  any 
wrong  than  tell  a  lie.  Some  persons  endure  anything  and  serve 
any  one  in  order  to  obtain  what  they  desire.  When  the  two 
armies  had  been  drawn  up  in  battle  array,  both  commanders 
gave  the  signal  for  battle.  What  each  is  convinced  of,  that  he 
can  most  easily  defend.  At  Cannae  Hannibal  defeated  both  con¬ 
suls.  Octavian  made  peace  with  Antony  and  Lepidus  under  the 
condition,  that  he  himself,  Lepidus  and  Antony  should  for  a 
period  of  five  years  be  triumvirs  for  establishing 4  the  common¬ 
wealth  and  that  every  one  should  proscribe  his  own  enemies. 

1  sero.  2  affabilis.  3  placare.  4  constituere. 

§  248. 

280.  Hercules,  cum  duas  vias  videret,  alteram  voluptatis, 
alteram  virtutis,  pendebat  animi  utram  ingredi  melius  esset. 
Caesar  de  re  frumentaria  Boios  atque  Aeduos  adhortari  non  desti¬ 
tit,  quorum  alteri  non  multum  adjuvabant,  alteri  celeriter  quod 
habuerunt,  consumpserunt.  Nulla  vitae  pars,  neque  si  tecum 
agas  quid  neque  si  cum  altero  contrahas,  vacare  officio  potest. 
Romani  Camillum  alterum  urbis  conditorem  et  Mithridatem  alte¬ 
rum  Hannibalem  nominabant.  Alios  homines  amare  debemus, 


138 


PRONOUNS. 


etiamsi  nobis  injurias  afferunt.  Alia  pars  urbis  Romae  muris, 
alia  objecto  Tiberi  tuta  erat.  Milites  alii  fossas  compleverunt, 
alii  defensores  vallo  munitioneque  depulerunt.  Percussores  Cae¬ 
saris  omnes,  alius  alio  casu  perierunt.  Aliud  remedium  alii 
prodest,  aliud  alibi  invenitur.  De  iisdem  rebus  alias  aliter  judi¬ 
cas.  Inchoata  res  aliis  atque  aliis  de  causis  dilata  erat. 

281.  He  who  brings  about  the  ruin1  of  another,  ought  to 
know  that  a  similar  disaster2  awaits  him.  Many  do  nothing  for 
the  sake  of  a  fellow-creature,  but  measure  every  thing  by  their 
own  advantage.  Yerres,  the  propretor  of  Sicily,  seemed  to  have 
come  to  Henna  in  Sicii}’'  as  a  second  Orcus  and  to  have  carried 
off3  Ceres  herself.  Socrates  and  Plato  were  great  philosophers; 
the  one  is  called  the  father  of  philosophy,  the  other  the  god  of 
philosophers.  Catiline  had  sent4  G.  Manlius  off  to  Faesulae,  a 
certain  Septimus  to  Picenum5,  G.  Julius  to  Apulia,  besides  one 
to  this  place,  another  to  that.  The  horsemen  scattered6  to  their 
countries,  some  by  this  road,  others  by  that.  The  hawk  wages 
an,  as  it  were,  natural  war  with  the  raven;  the  one,  therefore, 
breaks  the  eggs  of  the  other.  Some  authors  do  not  wish  their 
writings  to  be  read  either  by  the  very  illiterate  or  by  the  very 
learned;  because  the  former7  do  not  understand  them,  the  latter7 
too  well.  The  same  things  are  called  by  different  names  in  dif¬ 
ferent  places.  When  Sulla  returned  from  Asia,  some  of  the  party 
of  Marius  went  over  to  him,  others  were  killed  by  his  order, 
others  escaped  to  the  provinces.  There  are  many  diseases  and 
they  are  cured  in  different  ways. 

1  exitium.  2  pestis.  3  abripere.  4  dimittere.  5  Picenum.  6  dilabi.  7  alter. 

§  249. 

282.  Dii  nulla  re  egentes  et  inter  se  diligunt  et  hominibus 
consulunt.  Erit  aequa  lex,  ut  nostras  inimicitias  ipsi  inter  nos 
geramus,  amicis  nostrorum  inimicorum  temperemus.  Non  omitto 
spem  fore  aliquando,  ut  respublica  nos  inter  nos  reconciliet.  San¬ 
cta  sit  societas  civium  inter  ipsos.  Ing'ens  certamen  tribunis  et 
inter  se  ipsos  et  cum  consule  fuit.  Eteocles  et  Polynices,  certa¬ 
mine  singulari  congressi,  alter  alterum  hastis  transfixerunt.  Mili¬ 
tes,  cum  ex  multis  generibus  hominum  collecti,  necdum  noti  satis 
inter  se  essent,  alii  aliis  diffidebant.  Homines  hominum  causa 
generati  sunt,  ut  ipsi  inter  se  alii  aliis  prosint.  Virtus  virtuti 
tam  similis  est,  quam  vitium  vitio.  Tenebrae  tantae  quondam 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


139 


eruptione  Aetnaeorum  ignium  finitimas  regiones  obscuravisse  di¬ 
cuntur,  ut  per  biduum  nemo  hominem  homo  agnosceret. 

283.  The  Athenians  envied  one  another  more,  than  they  en¬ 
vied  other  men.  You  are  not  true  friends,  if  you  do  not  assist 
one  another.  Since  the  Grecian  cities  were  not  united  with  one 
another,  they  could  not  resist  Philip,  the  king  of  Macedonia. 
We  are  bound1  to  love  and  honor  one  another.  It  is  against 
nature  that  one  man  increase  his  wealth  to  the  detriment  of 
another.  When  Xerxes  had  set  his  immense  army  across  the  Hel¬ 
lespont,  the  Greeks  put  aside2  the  enmity  which  they  had  towards 
one  another,  and  took  up3  arms  against  him.  Scipio  and  Han¬ 
nibal  were  equal  to  each  other  in  military  ability.  We  are  so 
constituted  by  nature,  that  we  disclose  to  one  another  our  joys 
and  sorrows.  Time  flies  swiftly,  one  generation  succeeds  the 
other,  one  day  presses4  on  the  other.  Both  Caesar  and  Pompey  de¬ 
sired  to  obtain  the  supreme  power;  this  desire  united  them  to  each 
other. 

1  debere.  2  componere.  8  ferre.  4  trudere. 

MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 

284.  There  were  among  the  Roman  youth  some  young  men, 
and  these  not  of  humble  birth,  who  were  accustomed  to  live  in 
royal  fashion1.  Pity  the  beasts,  for  they  also  enjoy  life.  It  is 
the  mark  of  a  good  man,  whom  we  may2  also  call  wise,  not  to 
deceive  his  friends.  Ateas  wrote  to  Philip:  “You  command  the 
Macedonians,  who  have  learned  to  wage  war;  but  I  command 
the  Scythians,  who  can  also  contend  with  hunger  and  thirst.”  Am¬ 
bition  makes  many  men  deceitful,  so  that  they  have  one  thing  in 
their  mind,  another  on  their  lips3.  The  foolish  do  not  see,  how 
much  their  pride  is  an  object  of  raillery  for  others.  Caesar, 
having  gained  the  victory,  returned  to  the  city  and,  in  accordance 
with  his  magnanimity,  forgave  all  who  had  taken  up  arms 
against  him.  The  citizens  were  seized  with  great  fear4,  lest 
some  sudden  tumult  arise  in  the  state,  which  would  destroy  the 
liberty  of  the  people.  Famous  is  that  saying  of  Solon,  which 
is  contained  in  a  certain  verse,  that  he  is  growing  old,  learning 
many  things  from  day  to  day.  He  who  has  much,  desires  more; 
the  one  to6  satisfy  his  cupidity,  the  other  to5  leave  as  much  as 
possible  to  his  relatives.  With  perfect  right  you  said,  that  Han- 

1  mos,  3  licet ,  3  lingua.  4  injicere  alicui  timorem.  5  ut. 


140 


miscellaneous  exercises. 


nibal,  the  greatest1  commander  that  Carthage  produced2,  was 
defeated  at  Zama  not  through  his  own  fault.  Alexander  the 
Great  loved  Hephaestio  heartily  and  declared  that  he  also  was 
Alexander. 

1  see  Gr.  §  205.  2  ferre. 

285.  Aemilius  Barbula,  having  advanced  as  far  as  Tarentum, 
laid  waste  everything  with  fire  and  sword,  but  returned  with¬ 
out  ransom  whatever  noble  Tarentines  he  had  captured.  Anto¬ 
ninus  Commodus  was  like  his  father  in  nothing,  except  that  he 
also  fought  successfully  against  the  Germans.  Men  are  led  by 
different  inclinations1;  some  are  desirous  of  acquiring  honors, 
others  are  devoted2  to  gain.  Cicero  says  to  Verres:  “I  deny 
that  anything  has  been  said  by  the  witness,  which  is3  unin¬ 
telligible4  to  any  one  of  you,  or  which  requires5  the  eloquence 
of  any  orator.”  When  C.  Plotius  Plancus,  proscribed  by  the 
triumvirs,  was  hiding  in  the  region  of  Salernum6,  his  slaves, 
put  to  torture7,  denied  that  they  knew  where  their  master  was. 
Pausanias  had  betaken  himself  to  Colonae  and  there  made  plans 
both  for  his  country  and  himself.  After  the  Lacedaemonians 
heard  of  this,  they  sent  legates  to  him.  He  who  is  not  ashamed 
to  abuse  eloquence  for  the  sake  of  filthy  gain,  also  does  not 
hesitate  to  perform  every  disgraceful  action8.  Minos,  the  king  of 
the  Cretans,  was  accustomed  to  retire  every  ninth  year  into  a 
deep  cave,  where  he  stayed  for  a  certain  time  in  order  to  make 
laws.  We  are  born  with  this  object9,  that10  we,  every  one  in 
accordance  with  his  faculties  and  powers,  have  regard11  not  only 
for  our  own  welfare,  but  also  for  that  of  all  men. 

1  studium.  2  deditus.  3  subjunctive.  4  obscurus.  5  quaerere.  6  Salernita¬ 
nus ,  a,  um.  7  torquere.  8  turpis,  superlative.  9  lex.  10  ut.  11  consulere. 

286.  Every  one  knows  that  philosophy  is  considered  by 
every  wise  man  the  parent,  as  it  were,  of  all  arts.  As  soon  as 
Hannibal  arrived  in  Cisalpine  Gaul,  he  immediately  began  to 
display  so  great  an  activity1,  rapidity2,  bravery,  and  prudence, 
as  scarcely  ever  existed  in  any  commander.  When  Metellus  could 
not  take  the  city  of  Contrebia  by  force,  he,  in  order  to  deceive  the 
enemy,  went3  now  to  this,  now  to  that  region.  When  a  certain 
man  learned  that  he  was  proscribed  by  the  triumvirs,  he  fled  to 
his  client;  but  his  son  led  the  soldiers  over  the  very  tracks  of 
his  father  and  delivered  him  to  them  to  be  killed4  in  his  own 
presence5.  In  order  to  add  some  ornament  to  the  city,  Servius 
Tullius  persuaded  the  Latins  to  build  together  with  the  Roman 


THE  VERBV 


141 


people  a  temple  to  Diana  on  Mount  Aventine  at  Rome.  Romulus 
and  Numa  advanced6  the  state  each  in  a  different  way,  the  former 
by  war,  the  latter  by  peace.  The  Sicilians  conferred  greater 
honors  on  Cicero,  their  questor,  than  ever  on  any  pretor.  Camil¬ 
lus,  when  leaving-  the  city,  is  said  to  have  begged  the  g-ods, 
that7,  if  he  had  been  condemned8  unjustly,  they  should  at  the 
very  first  opportunity  excite9  in  the  ungrateful  state  a  longing 
for  him.  My  opponent  says,  that  there  is  no  doubt,  that  he 
himself  benefited  the  state  and  I  injured  it;  but  from  my  dis¬ 
course  you  will  easily  see,  how  vain  his  boast  is  and  what  im¬ 
pudent  lies  he  uses.  I  do  not  say  that  Crassus  lacks  all  qualities 
of  an  orator;  but  I  say  that  he  is  not  a  perfect  orator,  and  that 
at  the  present  time  many  gain  greater  applause10  through  their 
oratorical  ability11. 

1  industria.  2  celeritas.  3  petere.  4  see  Gr.  §  226.  5  conspectus.  6  augeo. 

7  ut.  8  subj.  9  facere  alicui  aliquid.  10  see  Gr.  §  177,  n.  2.  71  facultas  dicendi. 


THE  VERB. 

§  350. 

287.  Animadversionem  et  supplicium  quo  usurus  eram  in  eum 
quem  cepissem,  remitto  tibi  et  condono.  Remiserant  dolores  pe¬ 
dum.  Galli  sic  assidue  canere  ceperunt,  ut  nihil  intermitterent. 
Galba,  convocatis  centurionibus,  militibus  imperavit,  ut  paulisper 
intermitterent  proelium  ac  tantummodo  tela  missa  exciperent  se¬ 
que  ex  labore  reficerent.  Tempus  erat  quo  prima  quies  mortali¬ 
bus  aegris  incipit.  Hannibal,  infesto  exercitu  fines  Saguntinorum 
ingressus,  summa  vi  urbis  oppugnationem  incepit.  Homines  pravi 
non  solum  sibi  nocent,  sed  etiam  alios  de  virtute  deflectunt.  Con¬ 
suetudo  majorum  deflexit  de  via  sensimque  eo  deducta  est,  ut 
honestatem  ab  utilitate  secerneret.  Caesar,  castris  ante  oppidum 
Vellaunodunum  positis,  in  posterum  oppugnationem  differt.  Rx 
Britannis  longe  humanissimi  sunt  qui  Cantium  incolunt,  neque 
multum  a  Gallica  differunt  consuetudine.  Rex  Persarum  Lace¬ 
daemoniis  pecuniam  suppeditavit,  ut  cum  Atheniensibus  bellum 
gerere  possent.  Undique  mihi  suppeditat,  quod  pro  M.  Scauro 
dicam.  Omnia  quae  cum  turpitudine  aliqua  dicuntur,  in  Cati¬ 
linam  videntur  quadrare.  Oratoris  est  orationem  ita  quadrare, 
ut  qui  audiunt,  dicta  facile  intelligere  possint. 

288.  JUvStitiae  partes  sunt,  non  violare  homines;  verecundiae, 
non  offendere.  Cato  severitate  sua  apud  multos  Romanos  offendit. 


142 


THE  VERB. 


Caesar  per  exploratores  certior  factus  est,  montes  qui  impende¬ 
rent  a  maxima  multitudine  Sedunorum  et  Veragrorum  teneri. 
Incendium  per  duas  noctes  et  unum  diem  tenuit.  Volcae,  diffisi 
citeriore  agro  arceri  Poenos  posse,  omnes  ferme  suos  trans  Rho¬ 
danum  trajecerunt.  Regulus,  classe  Poenorum  devicta,  in  Afri¬ 
cam  trajicere  statuit.  Exercitus  equitatusque,  cum  ad  Sequanam 
flumen  pervenissent,  exploratores  hostium  inopinantes  oppresse¬ 
runt  et  celeriter  transmiserunt.  Legati  Carthaginem  missi,  cum 
Romam  revertissent,  certiores  facti  sunt,  Hannibalem  exercitum 
jam  Iberum  transmisisse.  Caesar,  nactus  idoneam  ad  navigan¬ 
dum  tempestatem,  tertia  fere  vigilia  solvit.  Aeneas,  ex  Africa 
in  Italiam  profectus,  ad  Siciliam  appulit.  Tullus,  Mettio  exer¬ 
cituque  ejus  ab  Alba  accito,  contra  hostes  duxit. 

289.  We  should  never  put  off  for  to-morrow1  work  which  we 
can  do  to-day.  The  rain  which  God  sent  to  destroy  mankind, 
lasted  forty  days  and  forty  nights.  There  are  few  who  do  not 
at  some  time  offend  their  neighbor  in  word  or  deed.  When  Phae¬ 
ton,  riding2  in  the  chariot  of  his  father,  slackened3  the  reins, 
the  horses  turned  from  the  path  of  the  sun.  On  account  of  the 
cold  weather,  not  only  the  grain  in  the  fields  was  not  ripe,  but 
there  was  not  even  a  sufficiently  large  supply4  of  fodder  at  hand. 
Caesar  crossed  from  Brundisium  to  Dyrrachium  through  the 
midst  of  the  hostile  fleets.  Up  to  his  very  death,  Cajus  Gallus, 
the  intimate  friend  of  Scipio  the  elder,  did  not  interrupt  the 
study  of  astronomy.5  Cyrus  turned  aside  the  river  Euphrates 
into  another  channel6  and  thus  opened  a  way  into  the  city. 

1  dies  crastinus.  2  vectus.  3  remittere.  4  copia.  5  astrologia.  6  cursus. 

290.  After  Alexander  had  defeated  the  Persians  at  Issus, 
he  advanced  upon  Tyre.  When  the  birds  return  from  warmer 
regions,  we  know  that  spring  begins.  Among  the  Romans  kings 
were  hated  so  much,  that  even  the  name  of  king1  was  offensive. 
Octavian,  pursuing  the  fleeing  Antony,  landed  in  Egypt  and  laid 
siege  to  Alexandria,  where  Antony  had  taken  refuge2  with  Cleo¬ 
patra.  Since  we  cannot  work  without  ceasing3,  God  has  given 
us  the  night  for  resting.  The  Romans  began  war  against  the 
Tarentines,  because  the  latter  had  insulted  their  ambassadors. 
Sicily  furnished  such  an  abundance  of  grain  to  Rome,  that  it 
was  called  the  granary  of  Rome.  The  Roman  consuls  held  their 
office  for  one  year.  Xerxes  built  a  bridge  across  the  Hellespont 
and  thus  conveyed  his  immense  army  across. 

1  regius ,  a,  um.  2  confugere.  3  non  with  participle. 


THK  VERB. 


143 


§  251. 

291.  Priusquam  hostes  ex  castris  moverentur,  Romani  jam 
in  acie  constiterant.  Jamque  dies,  nisi  fallor,  adest,  quem  sem¬ 
per  acerbum,  semper  honoratum  habebo.  Lacedaemonii  a  pueris 
armis  exercebantur  et  omnes  labores  subire  assuescebant.  Meso¬ 
potamia  inter  flumina  Euphraten  et  Tigrini  porrigitur.  Multi 
avaritia  ad  turpissima  scelera  rapiuntur.  Brutus  nec  precibus 
nec  lacrymis  exoratus  est,  ut  filio  parceret.  Trojani  a  Sinone, 
qui  se  e  castris  Graecorum  profugisse  simulabat,  decepti  sunt, 
ideoque  eius  consilio  inducti  equum  ligneum  in  urbem  traxerunt. 

292.  Egypt  lies  extended  along  both  banks  of  the  river 
Nile.  Every  day  many  opportunities  offer  themselves  of  assist¬ 
ing  our  neighbor.  Those  who  judge  the  character  of  others  at 
first  sight,  often  deceive  themselves.  Those  who  strive  to  excel 
in  any  art,  daily  exercise  themselves  in  it.  Those  who  possess 
wealth  or  powder,  often  allow  themselves  to  be  deceived  by  flat¬ 
terers.  Dionysius  did  not  allow  himself  to  be  shaved,  fearing 
lest  the  barber  might  cut  his  throat1.  When  the  Romans  saw 
that  they  were  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  the  Samnites,  they 
found  themselves  forced  to  surrender.  The  conscientious2  judge 
does  not  permit  himself  to  be  moved  by  entreaties  or  to  be  bribed3 
with  gold. 

1  jugulare.  2  probus.  3  corrumpere. 

§  253. 

293.  Romae  videor  esse,  cum  tuas  litteras  lego.  Nimia  liber¬ 
tas  facile  non  modo  populis,  sed  etiam  singulis  in  servitutem 
cedit.  Xenophon,  nescio  quo  loco,  dicit  tyrannos,  si  aliquamdiu 
potentiam  obtineant,  admirationi  esse,  quasi  sapientes  et  fortu¬ 
nati  evaserint.  Icto  foedere,  Horatii  et  Curiatii  arma  capiunt  et 
in  medium  inter  duas  acies  procedunt.  Dum  Albanus  exercitus 
inclamat  Curiatiis,  ut  opem  ferant  fratri,  jam  Horatius  eum 
ceciderat.  Caesar  conventibus  peractis  in  Illyricum  proficiscitur; 
eo  quum  venisset,  civitatibus  milites  imperat  certumque  in  locum 
convenire  jubet. 

294.  We  can  not  attain1  great  things  without  great  pains2. 
Caesar  relates  that  the  nation  of  the  Suevi  is  the  most  warlike 
among  the  Germans.  Children!  next  to  God,  you  owe3  your  life 
and  all  else  to  your  parents;  but  besides  your  parents,  also  your 

1  consequi.  2  labor.  3  debere. 


144 


THE  VERB. 


teachers  expect  love  and  obedience  from  you;  for  they  likewise1 
love  you  and  provide  for  your  welfare.  Pointed  and  short  an¬ 
swers  often  please  more  than  long-  speeches.  Alcibiades,  having- 
left  Sparta  and  having-  been  received  as  commander  by  the 
Athenian  fleet,  devastates  Asia,  fig-hts  battles  in  many  places, 
storms  many  cities  and  reduces  them  to  the  sway  of  the  Athe¬ 
nians,  and  returns  home  amidst  the  greatest  rejoicing  of  the 
citizens.  While  the  Athenians  carried  on  war  in  Sicily  with 
greater  eagerness  than  success2,  Alcibiades,  the  commander-in¬ 
chief,  was  accused  in  his  absence  of 3  having  divulged4  the  mys¬ 
teries  of  Ceres. 

1  idem .  2  adverb.  3  quod  with  subj.  4  enuntiare. 

§  254. 

295.  Vitia  quae  nobiscum  creverunt,  haud  facile  reciduntur. 
Vita  honesta  iter  est  in  coelum  coetumque  eorum  qui  jam  vixe¬ 
runt.  Themistocles  ad  nostram  memoriam  monumenta  manse¬ 
runt  duo:  sepulchrum  prope  oppidum,  in  quo  sepultus  est,  statua 
in  foro  Magnesiae.  Drusus  Sygambros,  Cheruscos,  Suevos  devi¬ 
cit;  pecora  ipsosque  aut  distribuit  aut  sub  hasta  vendidit;  per 
Rheni  ripam  plus  quinquaginta  castella  erexit.  Romam  ut  nun¬ 
tiatum  est  Veios  captos,  velut  ex  insperato  immensum  gaudium 
fuit.  Fabius  praetor,  cum  primum  Cretae  litus  attigit,  nuntios 
circa  civitates  misit,  ut  armis  absisterent.  Post  diem  quintum, 
quum  barbari  iterum  male  pugnaverant,  legati  a  Boccho  veniunt. 
Deli  ubi  quaestus  causa  multae  gallinae  alebantur,  non  pauci 
simul  atque  ovum  inspexerunt,  quae  gallina  id  peperisset,  dice¬ 
bant.  Ubi  labore  atque  justitia  respublica  crevit  et  cuncta  maria 
terraeque  patebant,  saevire  fortuna  ac  miscere  omnia  coepit. 

296.  Agamemnon,  driven  to  Crete  by  a  storm,  founded  three 
cities  there.  In  nine  years  Caesar  subdued1  nearly  the  whole  of 
Gaul,  which  lies  between  the  Alps,  the  Rhine  and  the  ocean; 
soon  after  he  crossed2  the  sea  which  separates3  Britain  from 
Gaul,  and  made  war  upon  the  Britons,  whose  name  the  Romans 
did  not  even  know  before  his  time.  P.  Scipio  Africanus  routed4 
four  very  renowned  generals  of  the  Carthaginians  in  Spain,  took 
Syphax  prisoner,  conquered  Hannibal,  and  made  Carthage  pay 
tribute  to  the  Romans.  Vtf'hen  Epaminondas  drew  the  spear  from 
his  wound,  he  said,  “I  have  been  living  long  enough,  for  I  die 
unconquered.”  Where  is  your  brother?  He  has  gone  away.  After 
the  Suevi  had  been  informed  by  spies  that  a  bridge  was  about 


THE 'VERB. 


143 


to  be  constructed,  they  sent  messengers  in  all  directions  to  ask 
for  auxiliaries.  As  soon  as  the  Suevi,  hastening  towards  the 
banks  of  the  Rhine,  had  learned  of  the  defeat  which  Ariovistus 
had  suffered,  they  halted  and  retreated  to  the  thickest  forests. 
When  any  one  visited  Messana,  a  city  of  Sicily,  he  generally 
viewed  the  works  of  art,  of  which  there  were  many  in  that  city. 
Themistocles  conquered  Xerxes  ten  years  after  Miltiades  had 
overcome  the  Persians  at  Marathon.  As  soon  as  riches  were  a 
source  of  honor  and  glory,  and  power  and  influence  followed 
them,  virtue  began  to  decline5. 

1  domare .  2  trajicere.  3  dividere.  4  fundere.  5  dejicere. 

§  255. 

297.  Principio  rerum,  gentium  nationumque  imperium  penes 
reges  erat.  Athenienses  propter  Pisistrati  tyrannidem  omnium 
suorum  civium  potentiam  extimescebant.  Crucis  supplicio  duces, 
rebus  male  gestis,  apud  Poenos  afficiebantur.  Appius  Claudius 
vir  stultae  temeritatis  consul  adversus  Poenos  profectus,  priorum 
ducum  consilia  palam  reprehendebat  seque,  quo  die  hostem  vi¬ 
disset,  bellum  confecturum  esse  jactitabat.  Habes  totum  reipubli- 
cae  statum,  qui  quidem  tum  erat,  cum  has  litteras  dabam.  Dam¬ 
natus  a  Gn.  Pisone  miles,  extra  castrorum  vallum  ductus,  jam 
cervicem  porrigebat,  cum  subito  apparuit  ille  commilito  qui  occi¬ 
sus  dicebatur.  Tarentini  Pyrrhum,  Epiri  regem,  contra  Romanos 
auxilio  proposcerunt,  qui  ex  genere  Achillis  originem  trahebat. 
Sacerdotes,  Roma  at  Marcium  missi,  re  infecta  redierunt;  stupe¬ 
bat  populus,  viri  pariter  ac  mulieres  exitium  imminens  lamenta¬ 
bantur;  tum  Veturia  mater  ac  Volumnia  uxor,  duos  parvos  filios 
secum  trahens,  castra  Volscorum  petierunt.  Ex  obsidibus  pro¬ 
ductis  Claelia  virgines  puerosque  elegit  quorum  aetatem  injuriae 
obnoxiam  esse  sciebat.  Veniebatis  in  Africam,  sed  prohibiti 
estis  in  provincia  vestra  (Africa)  ponere  pedem.  Constitit  utrum¬ 
que  agmen  et  proelio  sese  expediebant.  Postquam  milites  in 
aedes  irruperunt,  diversi  regem  quaerere;  dormientes  alios,  occur¬ 
santes  interficere,  scrutari  loca  abdita,  clausa  effringere,  strepitu 
et  tumultu  omnia  miscere. 

298.  Caesar  changed  his  plan,  because  he  saw  that  nothing 
could  be  effected  with  such  a  small  force.  Archytas  used  to  say 
that  nature  produced  no  more  dangerous  pest1  than  sensual 
pleasure.  The  Greeks  gave  their  children  a  name  either  on  the 

1  pestis . 


10 


146 


THE  VERB. 


seventh  or  tenth  day;  among  the  Jews  the  children  received  their 
name  on  the  eighth  day.  The  nature  of  the  place  which  the 
Romans  had  chosen  for  their  camp  was  as  follows:  a  hill,  sloping1 
•  uniformly2  from  the  top,  inclined3  towards  the  river  Sabis;  on  the 
opposite  bank  of  this  river  arose4  another  hill  equally  steep5; 
the  upper  part  of  this  hill  was  covered  with  dense  woods,  within 
which  the  enemies  kept  themselves  concealed;  in  an  open  place 
along  the  river,  a  few  pickets6  of  horsemen  were  seen;  the  depth 
of  the  river  was  about  eight  feet.  When  the  cohorts  arrived  at 
the  river,  they  began  to  tear  down  the  bridge.  When  the  news 
of  the  defeat  at  Cannae  was  brought  to  Rome,  the  frightened 
citizens  ran  in  all  directions  through  the  city,  put  questions  to 
one  another,  and  looked  for  the  author  of  the  news.  The  Fide¬ 
nates,  when  put  to  flight,  tried  to  reach  their  city,  but  did  not 
escape  danger;  for  the  Roman  soldiers  rushed7  into  the  city  to¬ 
gether  with  them.  Charlemagne  invited  to  his  court8  all  who 
at  that  time  excelled  in  talent  and  learning,  and  lived  on  very 
intimate  terms9  with  them. 

1  declivis.  2  aequaliter.  5  vergere.  4  nasci.  5  acclivitas.  6  statio.  7  irrum¬ 
pere.  8  regia.  9  familiariter  uti. 


§  256. 

299.  Themistocles  omnium  civium  perceperat  nomina.  Cae¬ 
sar,  etsi  multis  et  necessariis  rebus  in  Italiam  revocabatur,  ta¬ 
men  constituerat  nullam  partem  belli  in  Hispania  relinquere. 
Vercingetorix  copias  suas,  quas  pro  castris  collocaverat,  reduxit 
protinusque  Alesiam  iter  facere  coepit.  Cares,  qui  Lemnum  in¬ 
colebant,  etsi  praeter  opinionem  res  ceciderat,  resistere  ausi  non 
sunt;  dixerant  enim  se  urbem  reddituros.  Vix  prior  tumultus 
conticuerat,  cum  Scipio  alios  jubet  et  vi  majore  aggredi  urbem. 

300.  The  striet  laws  of  Lycurgus  had  preserved  the  state  of 
the  Lacedaemonians  for  500  years;  wealth  ruined  it  in  a  few 
years.  He  at  whose  house  dice  had  been  played,  was  severely 
punished.  Themistocles,  through  whom  the  Athenians  had  be¬ 
come  leaders  of  Greece,  was  exiled  as  a  traitor.  When  Aga¬ 
memnon  returned,  he  was  killed  by  Aegistus.  Statues  of  the 
legates  who  were  slain  at  Fidenae,  were  erected  on  the  forum. 
The  Turkish  sultan1  Soliman2  the  First  led  his  immense  forces 
against  Sigeth3,  a  fortified  town,  where  he  had  been  repulsed 
a  few  years  before  with  great  loss4. 

1  Turearum  imperator.  2  Solimanus.  3  Sigethum.  4  clades . 


THE  VERB. 


147 


§§  257  &  258. 

301.  Is  demum  vir  erit,  cuius  animum  nec  prospera  fortuna 
efferet  nec  adversa  infringet.  Etiam  futura  saecula  ad  nos  per¬ 
tinent,  nec  immerito  agricola  diligens  serit  arbores  quarum  fru¬ 
ctus  ipse  non  videbit.  Cras  rus  proficiscemur,  post  hosce  octo 
dies  revertemur  atque  tum  certe  te  conveniemus.  Quem  alterius 
non  miseret,  is,  cum  ipse  calamitate  vexabitur,  misericordiam 
multorum  frustra  implorabit.  Rogandi  finem  non  prius  faciet, 
quam  precibus  eius  obsecutus  eris.  Romam  cum  venero,  quae 
perspexero,  scribam  ad  te.  Quid?  si  te  rogavero  aliquid,  nonne 
respondebis?  Mihi  dolebit,  non  tibi,  si  quid  ego  stulte  fecero. 
Multa  alia  ad  te  scribam,  cum  primum  ero  aliquid  otii  nactus. 
Id  potissimum  faciendum  puto,  quod  maxime  interesse  reipublicae 
judicavero.  Da  mihi  hoc;  jam  tibi  maximam  partem  defensionis 
praecideris.  Si  exemeris  e  natura  rerum  benevolentiae  conjun¬ 
ctionem,  nec  domus  ulla  nec  urbs  stare  poterit,  ne  agri  quidem 
cultus  manebit. 

302.  Whatever  I  promise  or  shall  promise  you,  that  I  shall 
surely  keep1.  As  soon  as  ( ubi )  I  have  received  the  letter  which 
I  am  expecting,  I  shall  come  to  you.  An  action  will  not  be  good, 
if  the  intention2  has  not  been  good,  because  from  it  the  action 
proceeds3.  If  you,  O  soldiers,  move  from  the  spot,  you  will  be 
punished4.  No  one  will  be  considered  a  great  general,  unless 
he  has  attained  a  perfect5  knowledge  of  military  affairs.  If  we 
use6  friendship  to  our  own  advantage,  it  will  not  be  friendship, 
but  a  kind  of  traffic.  As  soon  as  I  see  that  the  knowledge  of 
philosophy  has  been  sufficiently  imparted7  to  you,  I  shall  show 
you,  how  you  may  attain  a  happy  life.  Will  the  praise  of  men 
ever  be  wanting  to  you,  if  you  have  not  neglected  your  duty? 
Whoever  can  speak  with  himself,  will  not  require  the  conversa¬ 
tion  of  others.  He  who  will  overcome  his  evil  inclinations,  has 
gained  the  greatest  victory. 

1  praestare .  2  voluntas .  3  proficisci.  4  poenas  dare.  5  summus.  6  referre. 

1  bnbuere. 

§  259. 

303.  Cum  examen  apum  exiturum  est,  solent-  praeire  signa; 
cum  jam  evolaturae  sunt,  consonant  vehementer.  Utatur  suis 
bonis  oportet  et  fruatur,  qui  beatus  futurus  est.  Multi  non  vivunt, 
sed  victuri  sunt;  omnia  differunt.  Injuriam  qui  facturus  est,  jam 
facit.  Vedius  Pollio  devorandos  servos  objiciebat  muraenis  quas 


148 


THE  VERB. 


esurus  erat.  Legati  Darii  petierunt  a  Carthaginiensibus  auxilia 
adversus  Graeciam,  cui  illaturus  bellum  Darius  erat.  Romani 
Poenos  qui  Saguntum  oppugnarunt,  deditos,  ultimis  cruciatibus 
affecturi  fuerunt.  Alexander  excursurus  cum  valida  manu  fuerat 
ad  Athenas  delendas.  Laocoon,  “Si  Troja  interitura  est,”  inquit, 
“opto,  O  dii  immortales,  ut  mihi  statim  mori  liceat,  ne  urbem 
captam  videam.”  Sapiens  non  vivet,  si  fuerit  sine  homine  victurus. 

304.  Nemo  est  casu  bonus:  discenda  virtus  est.  Nihil  sine 
ratione  faciendum  est.  Fortes  et  magnanimi  sunt  habendi,  non 
qui  faciunt,  sed  qui  propulsant  injuriam.  Lex  jubet  ea  quae 
facienda  sunt,  prohibetque  contraria.  Audiendi  non  sunt,  qui 
graviter  irascendum  inimicis  putant.  Qui  gratificantur  cuipiam, 
quod  obsit  illi  cui  prodesse  velle  videantur,  non  benefici  neque 
liberales,  sed  perniciosi  assentatores  judicandi  sunt.  Apud  Pytha- 
goram  discipulis  per  annos  quinque  tacendum  erat.  Postquam 
Agnonides  finem  dicendi  fecit,  omnes  qui  in  contione  aderant, 
Phocionem  morti  multandum  esse  censuerunt.  Omnia  sunt  pro¬ 
fecto  laudanda  quae  conjuncta  cum  virtute  sunt;  et  quae  cum 
vitiis,  vituperanda.  Hannibal,  cum  in  eo  esset  ut  ab  Romanis 
caperetur,  veneni  poculum  exhausit;  hic  vitae  exitus  fuit  Hanni¬ 
balis.  Patriam  totam  esse  in  metu  propter  unum  te,  Catilina, 
non  est  ferendum. 

305.  When  the  king  intended  to  attack  the  enemy  both  by 
land  and  sea,  he  built  two  fleets.  I  request  }rou  to  return  to 
your  (own)  country;  when  you  are  about  to  do  so,  let  me  know 
by  letter.  When  Papirius  was  on  the  point  of  attacking  the 
Samnites,  he  vowed  a  cup  of  wine  to  Jupiter.  Agesilaus  was 
on  the  point  of  wresting 1  a  large  part  of  Asia  from  the  Persian 
king,  when  he  was  recalled  to  liis  country  by  the  ephori.  The 
Romans  were  going  to  engage  in  battle  with  the  Albani,  when 
Mettus  Fufetius  proposed,  that  {lit)  individuals  should  fight  in¬ 
stead  of  the  armies.  The  army  which  Hannibal  led  across  the 
Alps  into  Italy,  was  to  defeat  the  Romans  in  their  own  country. 

1  eripere. 

306.  An  orator  must  know1  the  whole  of  ancient  history2 
and  many  examples,  and  must  not  neglect  the  knowledge  of  law. 
Hannibal  had  to  cross  the  Alps  in  order  to  invade  Italy.  The 
road  will  have  to  be  opened  to,  rather  than  closed  against  a 
fleeing  enemy.  At  Rome  a  perpetual  fire  had  to  be  kept  up  in 
the  temple  of  Vesta.  Caesar,  who  was  about  to  attack  the  Ger¬ 
mans  in  their  own  territory,  had  to  build  a  bridge  across  the 


THE  VERB. 


149 


Rhine.  If  you  wish  to  become  a  learned  man,  you  must  apply 
yourself  to  the  acquisition3  of  knowledge  from  your  earliest  boy¬ 
hood.  Actions  done  for  the  welfare  of  mankind  deserve  to  be 
admired  and  imitated.  Often  pain  of  body  and  mind  is  so  vio¬ 
lent,  that  it  can  scarcelv  be  borne.  When  his  soldiers  were  about 
to  be  put  to  flight  by  the  army  of  the  Pompeyans,  Caesar  seized 
the  standard  and  thus  revived4  their  courage. 

1  tenere.  2  antiquitas.  3  acquirere.  4  recreare. 

§  260. 

Tullius  S.  D. 1  Terentiae. 

307.  Si  vales,  bene  est.  Constitueramus,  ut  ad  te  antea, 
scripseram,  obviam  Ciceronem  Caesari  mittere;  sed  mutavimus 
consilium,  quia  de  adventu  illius  nihil  audiebam.  De  ceteris 
rebus,  etsi  nihil  erat  novi,  tamen  quid  velimus  et  quid  hoc  tem¬ 
pore  putemus  opus  esse,  ex  Sicca  poteris  cognoscere.  Tulliam 
adhuc  mecum  teneo.  Valetudinem  tuam  cura  diligenter.  Vale, 
xii  Kal.  Quinctil. 

1  see  Gr.  page  392. 

M.  Antonius  Mueetus  Alexandro  Ripario. 

S.  P.  D. 

30S.  Accepi  ternas  tuas  litteras.  In  postremis  autem  quae¬ 
dam  erant  ita  negligenter  scripta,  ut  facile  constaret  aliud  egisse 
te,  quum  illa  scriberes.  Ostendam  ea  tibi,  quum  istuc  venero, 
et  auriculam  pervellam  tibi,  ut  postea  in  scribendo  attentior  sis 
et  saltem  eos  soloecismos  effugias,  quos  effugerent  etiam  pueruli, 
qui  primis  litteris  imbuuntur.  Noli  tamen  ex  hac  mea  admoni¬ 
tione  molestiam  ullam  capere.  Non  enim  propterea  volo  quid¬ 
quam  de  tua  hilaritate  detrahi,  sed  ad  diligentiam  addi.  Vale. 
Tibure,  A.  d.  ix  Kal.  Octobr.  MDLXX. 

309.  The  young  persons  who  will  deliver1  this  letter  of 
mine  to  you,  are,  if  you  ask2  about  their  descent3,  born  of  a 
very  noble  and  renowned  race4;  but,  if  you  look5  to  the  gifts6 
of  mind,  and  devotion7  to  science  and  art,  they  are  not  unworthy 
of  my  recommendation.  My  son!  with  great  anxiety  do  I  await 
your  letter;  see  that  ( ut )  you  preserve  your  health.  This  I  write 
on  the  first  of  December. 

1  perferre  ad.  2  requirere,  3  genus,  4  locus.  5  spectare ,  respicere ,  6  bo¬ 

num.  7  studium. 


150 


MISCELL  ANEOU S  EXERCISE  S . 


M.  Ant.  Muretus  to1  Alexander  Riparius. 

310.  Your  letter  was  very  welcome  to  me,  as  (is)  every 
thing  that  comes2  from  you,  although  you  made  many  mistakes 
in  it.  >  Yet,  as  fathers  like  to  hear  their  stammering  little  ones 
and  often  delight  even  in  their  mistakes,  so  is  this,  your  first 
attempt  in  letter- writing 3,  very  pleasing  to  me.  I  return  it  to 
you  with  the  corrections  from  my  hand,  for  you  know  that  we 
have  so  agreed.  My  dearest  Alexander,  bravely  pursue  the  path 
to  which  your  own  inclination4  leads  you,  and  to  which  I  have 
ever  encouraged  and  exhorted  you.  I  have  by  my  commendation 
awakened  in  your  parents  great  expectations  regarding  you;  you 
must  with  all  care  and  zeal  see,  that  you  disappoint  neither  them 
nor  me.  Farewell!  Tibur,  July  7th,  1570. 

1  salutem  dicere.  2  proficisci.  3  litteras  scribere.  4  natura . 

MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 

311.  When  Socrates  was  asked,  whether  he  deemed  Arche¬ 
laus,  who  at  that  time  was  considered  the  happiest  man,  really 
happy,  he  said  that  he  knew  not  how  righteous  the  man  was; 
for  Socrates  thought  that  nothing  except  virtue  could  be  called 
a  blessing.  When  a  Roman  general  held1  a  triumph,  all  the 
booty,  pictures*  of  the  conquered  cities,  and  magnificently  adorned 
victims3  were  led  before  the  chariot  upon  which  he  himself  rode; 
behind  him  followed  the  victorious  army,  carrying  laurel  wreaths  \ 
When  Theramenes,  who  was  cast5  into  prison  at  the  command 
of  the  thirty  tyrants,  had  swallowed6  some  of  the  poison,  he 
poured  out  the  remainder  and  said  laughingly7:  “This  I  drink 
to  the  health8  of  Critias”;  for  this  one  had  acted  the  most  shame¬ 
fully9  towards  him:  the  Greeks,  namely,  were  accustomed  at 
their  feasts  to  name  him  to  whom  they  wished  to  hand  the  cup. 
While  punishing,  you  must  not  be  angry;  for  never  will  he  who 
proceeds10  to  punish  when  angry,  keep  that  golden  mean11  which 
is  between  too  much  and  too  little.  The  Ethiopians  esteemed 
piety  and  justice  very  highly;  their  houses  had  no  doors,  and, 
although  many  things  were  lying  on  the  public  streets,  nothing 
was  stolen12. 

1  agere.  2  imago.  3  victima.  4  serta ,  orum.  5  conjicere.  *  obducere.  7  ar¬ 
ridere.  8  propinare  alicui.  9  taeter.  10  accedere.  11  mediocritas.  12  surripere. 

312.  After  Tullus  Hostilius,  the  son  of  the  daughter1  of 
Nmna  Pompilius,  Ancus  Marcius  was  appointed2  king  by  the 


MISCEUvANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


151 


people.  After  he  had  completely  subjugated3  the  Latins  in  war, 
he  received  them  into  the  state.  He  also  connected  the  Aven¬ 
tine  and  the  Caelian  hills  with  the  city,  distributed  the  lands 
which  he  had  conquered 4,  and  made  public  property  of5  all  the 
forests  on  the  sea6,  which  he  had  conquered,  and  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Tiber  built  the  harbor  of  Ostia.  He  died  after  he  had 
reigned  thus  for  twenty-three  years.  When  a  youth  asked  Dio¬ 
genes,  how  he  could  best  revenge  himself  on  his  enemies  and 
calumniators7,  he  answered:  “If  you  prove  yourself  better  day 
by  day.”  Only  a  few,  and  they  the  best,  agreed  with  Hanno; 
but,  as  it  generali}7  happens,  the  larger  part  overruled8  the 
better.  The  uproar9  from  the  camp  is  carried  even  into  the  city: 
the  terrified  Veientes  hasten  to  arms;  some  run  to  assist  the 
Sabines,  others  attack  the  Romans  with  impetuosity10. 

1  nepos  ex  filia .  2  constituere.  8  devincere.  4  capere.  5  publicare.  6  an  ad¬ 
jective.  7  obtrectator.  8  vincere.  9  tumultus.  10  impetus. 

313.  When  Caesar  came  to  Gaul,  the  leaders1  of  one  party 
were  the  ASdui,  of  the  other,  the  Sequani.  Since  the  latter  party 
by  themselves  possessed  too  little  power2,  because  from  ancient 
times3  already  the  greatest  authority  resided4  in  the  .Edui,  they 
united  themselves  with  the  Germans  and  Ariovistus,  whom  they 
gained  over5  by  means  of  great  promises.  The  Lacedaemonians 
and  the  Athenians  were  the  mightiest  nations  in  Greece;  the 
one  achieved  much  through  its  land  forces6,  the  other  through 
its  naval  forces6.  When  Alexander  went  over  to  Asia,  no  obsta¬ 
cles  were  in  his  way7.  When  Artaxerxes  was  about  to  make 
war  on  the  Egyptians,  he  asked  the  Athenians  for  Iphicrates, 
in  order  to  place  him  at  the  head  of  the  mercenary  troops8.  If 
you  read  carefully  Plato’s  book  which  is  entitled9  Phaedo,  you 
will  be  convinced  of  the  immortality  of  the  soul.  At  Syracuse 
it  was  customary,  that10,  whenever  something  was  laid  before11 
the  senate,  whoever  wished12,  gave  his  opinion;  for  no  one  was 
asked  expressly13  and  yet,  always  he  who14  was  most  advanced15 
in  age  and  dignity,  was  wont  to  speak  first  of  his  own  accord, 
and  this  was  conceded  him  by  the  rest;  but,  if  on  any  occasion 
all  kept  silence,  then  they  had  to  speak  by  lot16. 

1  princeps.  2  valere.  3  antiquitus.  4  esse.  5  perducere.  6  copiae  terrestres — 
navales.  7  obstare.  8  exercitus  conducticius.  9  inscribere.  10  ut.  11  referre  ad. 
12  subjunctive.  13  nominatim.  14  ut  quisque.  15  antecedere.  16  sortito. 

314.  The  people  of  Caenina1  make  an  attack  upon  the  Ro¬ 
man  territory  by  themselves,  While  they  are  devastating  the 

1  nomen  Caeninum, 


152 


THE  MOODS  IN  INDEPENDENT  SENTENCES. 


land  far  and  wide1,  Romulus  with  an  army  comes  to  meet2  them, 
puts  them  to  flight  and  pursues  them;  he  kills  their  king  in 
battle  and  strips  him  of  his  armor;  he  takes  the  city  at  the  first 
assault,  after  having  killed  their  general.  Among  the  princes 
of  Macedonia,  it  was  customary  to  deliver  their  grown-up  chil¬ 
dren  to  the  king  for  service3,  which  differed4  but  very  little  from 
the  occupation5  of  slaves.  At  night  they  kept  watch6  near  the 
door  of  the  room  in  which  the  king  slept;  they  also  brought7 
the  horse,  if  the  king  desired  to  mount8  it,  and  then  accompa¬ 
nied  him  when  hunting9  and  fighting  in  battle10.  It  was  re¬ 
garded  a  special 11  honor,  that 12  they  were  permitted  to  dine  sit¬ 
ting  with  the  king.  None  but  the  king  had  power13  to  beat 
them.  This  band14  was  a  training-school15,  as  it  were,  for  their 
generals  among  the  Macedonians. 

1  effusus.  2  obviam  fieri.  3  munia.  4  abhorrere.  5  ministerium.  6  excu¬ 
bare.  7  admovere.  8  adscendere.  9  venari.  10  proeliari.  11  praecipuus.  12  quod. 
13  potestas  est.  14  cohors.  15  seminarium. 

THE  MOODS  IN  INDEPENDENT  SENTENCES. 

§  361. 

315.  Tacito1  cum  opus  est,  clamas;  ubi  loqui  convenit,  ob¬ 
mutescis.  Possum  ab  omnium  saeculorum  memoria  exempla  re¬ 
petere  divitum  hominum  qui  beati  non  fuerunt.  Lucullus,  cum 
victor  a  bello  Mithridatico  revertisset,  triennio  tardius  quam  de¬ 
buerat,  triumphavit.  Omnibus  eum  contumeliis  onerasti,  quem 
patris  loco  colere  debebas.  Alcibiades  cives,  id  quod  par  fuit, 
non  semper  adjuvit;  ne  Xenophon  quidem  tam  fidum  in  eos  se 
praebuit  quam  decuit;  uterque  patriam,  quam  omni  modo  colere 
debebat,  vi  et  armis  aggressus  est.  Paene  oblitus  sum,  quod 
maxime  fuit  memorandum.  Longum  est  omnes  memorare  artifices 
quos  Athenae  tulerunt.  Inter  feras  satius  est  aetatem  degere, 
quam  in  hac  tanta  immanitate  versari.  Erat  amentis,  cum  aciem 
videres,  cogitare  pacem.  Cum  Philippus  Amphipolim,  quae  civi¬ 
tas  cum  Atheniensibus  societatem  inierat,  oppressisset,  Atheni¬ 
enses,  auxilio  statim  in  illa  loca  misso,  socios  tueri  debebant; 
tum  enim  opes  Philippi  superare  facile  erat  et  Athenienses  civi¬ 
tatem  foederatam  conservare  poterant;  neque  tamen  fecerunt  quod 
oportebat. 

1  silence, 


THE  MOODS  IN  INDEPENDENT  SENTENCES.  153 

316.  I  could  enumerate  all  the  battles  which  Hannibal  fought1, 
but  it  would  be  too  tedious.  Scipio  was  made  consul  by  the 
unanimous  vote2  of  the  people,  and  then  he  was  sent  against 
Carthage;  the  Romans  could  not  have  chosen  a  better  general. 
It  would  be  difficult  to  explain3,  how  Atticus  had  deserved  well 
of  his  country  and  his  fellow-citizens.  The  Chaldaeans  judged 
with  the  deceptive*  sense  of  the  eyes  what  they  ought  to  have 
perceived  with  their  reason.  It  would  have  behooved  the  soldiers 
to  stand  in  battle  array  and  fight,  but  they  fled  back  to  their 
camp.  We  have  received  no  assistance  from  those  by  whom  we 
should  have  been  assisted.  The  opinions  of  the  ancient  philos¬ 
ophers  concerning  the  nature  of  the  deity  were  varied  and  dis¬ 
similar5  to  one  another;  it  would  be  too  tedious  and  difficult  to 
enumerate  them  all.  It  would  have  been  just  not  to  condemn 
Socrates  to  death.  It  would  have  been  the  duty  of  the  Romans 
to  come  to  the  assistance  of  the  Saguntini,  their  allies,  when 
their  city  was  besieged  by  Hannibal. 

1  committere.  2  summus  consensus.  3  exponere.  4  fallax.  5  dissidens. 

§  262. 

317.  Quoniam  concordia  optimum  civium  praesidium  est, 
omnia  fugiamus,  quibus  civitas  dividi  possit,  nostraque  commoda 
saluti  publicae  postponamus.  In  spem  venio  appropinquare  tuum 
adventum,  qui  mihi  utinam  solatio  sit.  Tranquilla  republica 
cives  mei  (quoniam  mihi  cum  illis  non  licet)  sine  me  ipsi,  sed 
per  me  tamen,  fruantur!  Utinam  respublica  stetisset,  quo  coe¬ 
perat,  statu;  nec  in  homines,  non  tam  commutandarum  rerum 
quam  evertendarum  cupidos,  incidisset!  O  utinam  possem  popu¬ 
los  reparare  paternis  artibus!  De  illis  loquor,  qui  occiderunt. 
Velim  recordere  quae  ego  de  te,  postquam  hinc  profectus  es,  in 
senatu  egerim,  quae  in  contionibus  dixerim,  quas  ad  te  litteras 
miserim.  Multis  de  causis  vellem  te  convenire  potuissem.  Eucli¬ 
des,  Socratis  discipulus,  cum  infestam  vocem  audivisset  fratris 
dicentis,  “Moriar,  si  te  non  ulciscar,”  respondit:  “Ego  vero  ne 
vivam,  si  tibi  non  persuasero,  ut  ira  posita  me  ames  ut  antea.” 

318.  Sint  sane  ista  bona  quae  vulgo  putantur,  honores, 
divitiae,  voluptates;  tamen  in  iis  potiundis  exultans  laetitia  tur¬ 
pis  est.  Pelopidas  solus  Thebas  liberaverit;  num  idcirco  melius 
de  patria  meruit  quam  Epaminondas?  Quo  me  conferam?  cui 
caput  meum  credam?  Unus  furiosus  gladiator  cum  taeterrimorum 
latronum  manu  contra  patriam  gerit  bellum;  huic  cedamus?  hujus 


154 


THE  MOODS  IN  INDEPENDENT  SENTENCES. 


conditiones  audiamus?  Excellentibus  ingeniis  citius  defuerit  ars, 
qua  civem  regant,  quam  qua  hostes  superent.  Caesar  in  eam 
spem  venerat,  se  sine  pugna  rem  conficere  posse.  Cur  fortunam 
periclitaretur?  Lentius  procedamus  velim,  nam  omnia  caecis  tene¬ 
bris  obruta  sunt;  cur  properemus  aut  temere  proruamus?  Cum 
Poeni  ad  lacum  Trasimenum  impetum  undique  in  Romanos  face¬ 
rent,  quanta  perturbatio  orta  sit,  incredibile  est  dictu;  nam  Ro¬ 
mani  quid  jam  facerent?  quo  pedem  referrent?  quomodo  se  defen¬ 
derent?  Diem  Chaeronensem  multo  fataliorum  fuisse  Graecis, 
quam  Romanis  Cannensem,  jure  dicas.  De  Homero  nihil  paene 
memoriae  proditum  est,  praeterquam  illud,  quod  nemo  crediderit, 
caecum  illum  natum  esse.  Nullam  virtutem  Alexandri  magis 
quam  celeritatem  laudaverim.  Militem  tam  ignavum  tanto  praemio 
affectum  esse  quis  unquam  crederet?  Catilina  pecuniae  an  famae 
minus  parceret,  haud  facile  cerneres.  Cuperem  vultum  videre 
tuum,  cum  haec  legeres.  Quo  superiores  sumus,  eo  summissius 
nos  geramus;  nihil  enim  minus  nos  deceat,  quam  rebus  secundis 
superbe  et  violenter  in  alios  consulere.  Pyrrhus,  cum  Romanos 
adversis  vulneribus  occisos  videret,  “ego,”  inquit,  “talibus  mili¬ 
tibus  brevi  orbem  terrarum  subigere  potuissem.” 

319.  May  arms  yield1  to  the  toga!  Oh  that  you  would 
avert  all  danger  from  us!  Would  that  these  buildings  were 
again  restored,  which  the  rage  of  the  enemy  destroyed!  I  believe 
that  Messala  is  devoted2  to  you;  Pompey  I  regard  as  a  h}’pocrite8. 
May  you  not  make  this  experience!*  May  I  cease  to  live,  if  I 
have  ever  deceived  you.  What  my  sister  and  I  have  told  you  is 
true,  as  sure  as  I  live.  Let  us  trust  more  to  the  justice5  of  the 
cause  than  to  arms!  Would  that  Jupiter  had  brought  back6  to 
me  the  years  gone  by!  Let  us  impress7  on  our  hearts  what  is 
just  and  morally  good8.  Whenever  we  can  confer  a  favor9  upon 
another,  let  us  not  put  it  off 10  to  some  other  time. 

1  cedere.  2  studiosus.  8  simulator.  4  experiri.  5  aequitas.  6  referre. 
7  mandare.  8  honestus.  9  gratum  facere.  10  differre. 

320.  Cn.  Carbo  was  a  bad  citizen.  He  may  have  been  so 
for  others,  but  when  was  he  so  for  you?  The  wise  man  may 
be  afflicted  with  the  most  severe  bodily  pains,  he  will,  neverthe¬ 
less,  be  happy.  Should  I  retain  the  power  or  resign  it?  Would 
you  commit  such  a  great  crime?  Already  the  enemy  had  rushed 
into1  the  camp;  what  should  the  commander  have  done?  Who 
would  not  admire  the  justice  of  Aristides?  Let  us  not  only  ad¬ 
mire,  but  also  imitate  it.  Who  would  doubt  that  be  wbo  lives 


THE  MOODS  IN  INDEPENDENT  SENTENCES .  155 

in  the  country,  enjoys  the  charms  of  nature  more,  than  he  who 
lives  in  the  city.  Who  would  not  fear  for  your  life,  since  you 
are  such  a  good  citizen?  In  all  things  I  would  rather  say  what 
is  not,  than  what  is.  One  could  see  the  enemy  at  one  moment2 
cheerful,  at  another2,  faint-hearted3.  I  should  wish  you  had  been 
present  at  the  battle;  there  you  could  have  admired  the  bravery 
of  our  soldiers.  Verres  and  his  attendants  ferreted4  out  every¬ 
thing;  you  could  have  called  them  hounds5.  I  would  not  have 
you  depart  before  the  arrival  of  my  friend.  The  citizens  defended 
the  city  more  courageously,  than  one  could  have  expected.  How 
much6  would  I  have  desired  that  you  had  invited  me  to  that 
grand  feast7  on  the  15th  of  March8.  Then  there  would  have  been 
nothing  left. 

1  irrumpere .  2  modo — modo.  3  timidus.  4  pervestigare.  6  canis  venaticus . 

6  quam ,  quantopere.  7  epulae.  8  idus  Martiae. 


§  263. 


321.  Perge,  Catilina,  quo  cepisti,  egredere  ex  urbe,  patent 
portae,  proficiscere.  Patres  conscripti,  per  majestatem  populi 
Romani,  subvenite  misero,  ite  obviam  injuriae.  Horatius  trans¬ 
figit  sororem  et  “abi,”  inquit,  “oblita  fratrum,  oblita  patriae;  sic 
eat,  quaecunque  Romana  lugebit  hostem.”  Cum  autem  in  ami¬ 
citia,  quae  honesta  non  sunt,  postulabuntur,  religio  et  fides  ante¬ 
ponantur  amicitiae.  Si  domum  alienam  ingressus  eris,  non  modo 
mutus,  sed  etiam  surdus  esto.  Apud  Romanos  lex  erat:  Si  quis 
in  furto  deprehensus  erit,  verberator;  si  servus  furtum  commiserit, 
virgis  caeditor  et  de  saxo  Tarpejo  praecipitator.  Censores  bini 
sunto,  magistratum  quinquennium  habento;  reliqui  magistratus 
annui  sunto.  Permaneto,  mi  fili,  in  religione  paterna  et  avita. 

322.  Neminem  cito  laudaveris,  neminem  cito  accusaveris; 
semper  apud  Deum  testimonium  te  dicere  credito.  Jurando  gra¬ 
tiam  Scythas  sancire  ne  credideris.  Noli  imitari  malos  medicos, 
qui  in  alienis  morbis  profitentur  se  tenere  medicinae  scientiam, 
ipsi  se  curare  non  possunt.  Ne  pigeat  te  ad  eos  qui  utile  ali¬ 
quid  tradituri  esse  videantur,  longam  viam  facere.  Magistratus 
dona  ne  danto  neve  capiunto.  Si  me  audies,  consuetudinem  istius 
juvenis  vitabis.  Rebus  secundis  fratris  tui  non  invidebis.  Quod 
assequi  non  possis,  desinas  appetere.  Ne  habeas  eos  amicos  qui 
tibi  adulentur.  Cave  existimes  me  abjecisse  curam  reipublicae. 
Magnum  fac  animum  habeas  et  spem  bonam.  Quidquid  veniet 


156 


THE  NEGATIVE. 


in  mentem,  scribas  velim.  In  te  omnis  haeret  culpa  sola;  quae 
hic  erant,  curares  (curare  debebas). 

323.  King*  L.  Tarquinius  traveled1  through  the  cities  of 
Etruria  a  suppliant.  “My  country,”  said  he,  “and  my  kingdom 
I  demand  back;  bring  ye  help2,  assist  me,  avenge  the  old  offences 
against  yourselves.”  “By  the  majesty  of  the  Roman  people,” 
said  Adherbal,  “by  the  fidelity3  of  friendship,  if  any  remem¬ 
brance  of  my  grandfather  Masinissa  yet  remains  with  you,  de¬ 
liver4  me  from  the  godless  hands  of  Jugurtha.”  Strive  to  do 
what  is  in  accordance  with5  the  dignity  of  man,  and  avoid  every 
thing  that  is  contrary6  to  the  divine  commandments,  and7  you 
will  be  much  happier,  than  if  you  were  rich  and  powerful.  Ac¬ 
custom  yourself  to  hear  and  speak  the  truth!  A  religious 
law  of  the  Romans  says8:  Men  shall  approach  God  with  a  pure9 
heart;  they  shall  observe  the  sacred  rites  of  their  families  and 
forefathers.  Know  that  you  learn  not  for  your  teacher,  but  for 
yourself;  not  for  school,  but  for  life!  Take  pity  upon  the  man 
who  is  afflicted  by  misfortune. 

1  obire .  2  opem  ferre.  3  fides .  4  eripere.  5  consentaneus.  6  adversari. 

7  omitted.  8  haec  fuit.  9  castus. 

324.  Do  not  do  unto  others  what  you  do  not  wish  to  be  done 
unto  you.  Do  nothing  which  is  injurious  to  your  health.  Let 
my  brother  not  expect  a  letter  from  Quintus.  Follow  me,  and 
do  not  turn1  your  eyes  away  from  me.  Let  yourself  be  guided 
not  by  desire  for  gain,  but'  by  zeal  for  virtue.  Do  not  mourn, 
my  friends,  and  weep  not  over  my  death.  When  the  inhabitants 
of  Mytilene  wished  to  present  many  thousand  acres  of  land2  to 
Pittacus,  he  said:  “Do  not  give  me  that,  for  which  many  should 
envy  me  and  which  many  more  should  desire3.”  Do  not  let 
yourself  be  deterred  from  your  duty  nor  surpassed  in  diligence. 
Do  not  turn4  your  eyes  upon  the  wicked  customs  of  the  multi¬ 
tude,  and  do  not  forget  that  you  will  attain  what  you  strive  after. 

1  deflectere.  2  ager.  3  concupiscere.  4  convertere. 

THE  NEGATIVE. 

§  2tt4. 

325.  Quis  non  miretur  pravitatem  eorum  qui  non  intelligant 
hominem  ad  cogitandum  et  agendum  natum  esse.  Quidquid  ac¬ 
ciderit,  animis  ne  deficiamus  neve  pericula  fortiter  subire  cuncte-' 


THE  NEGATIVE. 


157 


mur.  Utinam  ne  fortunam  fortes  adjuvare  obliviscamini.  Ne 
sint  in  senectute  vires:  ne  postulantur  quidem  vires  a  senectute. 
Egone  didicisse  aliquid  non  gaudeam?  Druides  a  bello  abesse 
consuerunt  neque  tributa  pendunt.  Veni  Athenas,  nec  quisquam 
me  ibi  agnovit.  Ne  quis  te  vituperet,  vitii  quod  commisisti  te 
paeniteat.  Addebantur  et  laudes,  quibus  haud  minus  quam,  prae¬ 
mio  gaudent  militum  animi.  Haec  res  dubitationi  locum  non 
dat.  Virtus  summa  petit,  via  nulla  invia  gnaris.  Philotinus  non 
modo  nullus  venit,  sed  ne  per  litteras  quidem  me  certiorem  fecit. 
Usus  vini  antiquissimis  temporibus  apud  Romanos  non  ita  fre¬ 
quens  erat.  Vides  quam  non  cupidus  sim  vexandi.  Mucius  cru¬ 
ciatus  ita  non  extimuit,  ut  dexteram  ipse  ignibus  iniceret. 

326.  Let  us  not  trust  too  much  in  good  fortune,  for  we  do 
not  know  what  the  evening  ma}^  bring.  Who  would  not  think 
that  vices  must  be  reproved?1  Oh  that  Icarus  had  not  disre¬ 
garded  the  orders  of  his  father,  he  would  not  have  been  hurled 
into  the  waves.  What  should  I  not  have  done  in  order  to  save 
you  from  death?  Cicero  may  not  have  been  a  very  brave  man, 
he  was  certainly  a  very  great  patriot2.  Let  children  not  only 
obey  their  parents,  but  also  love  them.  There  were  not  a  few 
citizens,  who  favored  the  plans  which  Catiline  had  made  against 
his  country.  Those  are  no  real  friends  who  forsake  us  in  ad¬ 
versity.  In  the  torrid  regions  no  snow  falls.  May  you  always 
apply  yourselves  diligently  to  your  studies  and  not  yield  to 
slothfulness.  Why  should  I  be  silent  and  not  refute 3  the  charges 
brought4  against  me?  Not  very  many  among  the  ancients  be¬ 
lieved  that  there  is  one  God.  Do  not  believe  that  after  death 
you  will  not  exist5  at  all.  Homer  is  considered  to  be  the  oldest 
poet  and  no  one  to  the  present  time  has  surpassed  him  in  the 
poetic  art.  How  happy  is  not  the  man  who  enjoys  good  health! 
How  little  do  you  know  the  dangers  of  riches! 

1  reprehendo .  2  amans  patriae.  3  defendere.  4  inferre.  5  esse. 

§  265. 

327.  Nemo  sapiens  mortem  non  contemnit.  Hannibal  non¬ 
nihil  temporis  tribuit  litteris.  Dicere  nunquam  est  non  ineptum, 
nisi  cum  est  necessarium.  Athenienses  Alcibiadem  nihil  non 
efficere  posse  ducebant.  Helvetii  nonnunquam  interdiu,  saepius 
noctu,  si  possent  erumpere,  conabantur.  Tuum  consilium  nemo 
potest  non  maxime  laudare.  Existunt  regnandi  cupiditates,  qui¬ 
bus  nihil  nec  taetrius  nec  foedius  excogitari  est.  Eas  nationes 


158 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


nunquam  populus  Romanus  bello  neque  lacessivit  neque  tempta¬ 
vit.  Nusquam  hoc  ne  apud  barbaros  quidem  auditum  est. 

328.  The  enemies  are  not  at  the  Anio,  but  in  the  city,  on 
the  forum;  many  a  one  is  in  the  very  senate  house.  There  is 
nothing-  either  dearer  or  more  pleasing  to  me  than  Atticus.  Some¬ 
times  even  the  wisest  do  not  know  what  is  best  to  do.  An  honest 
man  finds  friends  all  over  and  every  one  respects1  him.  Every 
one  must  praise  your  plan.  Nowhere,  not  even  in  his  own  coun¬ 
try,  was  Hannibal  able  to  escape  the  hatred  of  the  Romans. 
When  the  consul  Regulus  had  his  camp  at  the  river  Begrada,  a 
serpent  of  astonishing  size  molested2  the  Roman  army;  many 
soldiers  it  seized  with  its  huge  mouth  and  some  it  dashed  to 
pieces3  by  a  blow  of  its  tail. 

1  colere.  2  vexo.  3  elidere. 

MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 

,  *  * 

329.  One  could  not  easily  distinguish1  whether  Hannibal 
was  dearer  to  the  commander-in-chief  or  to  the  army.  I  could 
have  quoted2  many  examples  of  the  admirable  valor  of  our  an¬ 
cestors,  but  I  would  deviate3  too  far  from  the  subject4.  You 
have  called  Themistocles  a  very  prudent  commander;  I  would, 
indeed,  not  deny  this,  but  I  could  mention  many  Romans  who 
have  surpassed  him  in  this  virtue.  I  would  wish  you  to  inform 
me,  to  whom  I  should  intrust  the  letters  which  we  will  send  to 
you.  Curius  said  to  the  Samnites:  “Take  back  your  precious 
gifts,  and  remember  that  I  can  neither  be  conquered  in  battle 
nor  bribed  with  gold!”  May  I  never  be  well  again,  if  my  brother 
and  I  ever  forget  the  favors  which  you  have  bestowed  on  us. 
The  ancient  Romans  industriously  cultivated  their  fields;  nay, 
even5  the  greatest  and  the  most  renowned  men,  who  at  all  times 
ought  to  have  been  at  the  helm6  of  the  state,  spent  not  little 
time  and  labor  upon  the  cultivation7  of  their  fields. 

1  discernere.  2  afferre.  3  aberrare.  4  propositum.  6  quin  etiam.  6  guber¬ 
naculum.  7  verb. 

330.  Virtue  may  not  be  considered  the  only  good,  it  is  cer¬ 
tainly  the  greatest.  If  we  have  been  misled  by  a  false  and  de¬ 
ceptive  hope,  let  us  return  to  the  right  path.  Enter  cheerfully 
upon  the  narrow  road  to  virtue,  and  if  anything  allures  you, 
abandon  it  not;  follow  only1  your  own  judgment  and  my  admo¬ 
nitions.  Oh  would  that  so  many  great  men  had  not  sullied2  a 
brilliant  life  by  bad  morals!  This  misfortune3  of4  not  seeing 


MISCH$I*I<ANI$OUS  EXERCISES. 


159 


you  was  less  bitter,  less  sad,  than  would  have  been  both  the 

meeting-5  and  parting-6.  Let  us  hope  for  what  we  wish,  but  let 

% 

us  bear  what  shall  happen.  Know  that  I  want  nothing-  so  much, 
as  aT  man  to  whom  I  could  at  once  communicate  whatever  causes8 
me  anxiety.  As  sure  as  I  live,  my  brother  and  I  will  never  de¬ 
sert  you. 

1  modo.  2  contaminare.  3  malum.  4  quod.  5  congressio.  6  digressio.  7  is. 
8  afficere. 

331.  Should  I  not  be  solicitous  about  m}r  fellow-citizens?  Should 
I  not  both  day  and  night  think  of  their  freedom  and  the  wel¬ 
fare  of  the  state?  The  foremost  of  all  Latin  orators  was  Ci¬ 
cero,  of  whom  Quintilian  writes:  “Let  him  whom  Cicero  pleases 
very  much,  know  that  he  has  already  made  great  progress:1  him, 
therefore,  let  us  read,  carry  in  our  bosom1,  and  imitate,  and 
let  us  strive  to  become  like  unto  him.”  “Whither,”  said  Adher¬ 
bal:  “shall  I,  unhappy  man,  go?  My  father  is  dead;  Jugurtha 
has  deprived  my  brother  of  his  life;  of  my  relatives,  taken  pris¬ 
oners  by  Jugurtha,  some  were  crucified3,  some  were  thrown4  to 
the  beasts;  a  life  sadder  than  death  remains  to  a  few.”  Do  not 
think  that  it  matters  how  long  you  live,  but  how  well  you  live! 
For  what  do  eighty  years  spent  in5  idleness6  profit  us?  Let  us, 
therefore,  measure  the  life  of  every  one  by  his  actions  and  not 
by  the  number  of  years!  Let  us  praise  and  number  among  the 
happy  him  who,  however  short7  a  time  may  have  been  allotted8 
him,  has  made  good  use  of  it. 

1  progressus.  2  in  sinu  gestare.  3  suffigere.  4  projicere.  5  cum.  6  ignavia. 
7  quantulumcunque.  8  contingere . 

332.  When  the  enemy  drew  near  to  our  borders,  it  would 
have  been  the  duty  of  a  cautious  general  to  place  the  largest 
possible  army,  as  near  as  possible  to  the  enemy;  for  it  was  of 
very  great  importance  to  us  that  the  enemy  should  not  invade 
our  territory.  By  your  anger  and  other  passions  \  you  have  often 
permitted  yourself  to  be  misled  to  the  grossest  acts  of  injustice2. 
Oh  would  that  you  subdued  your  anger  and  other  passions, 
which  are  your  greatest  enemies!  Do  not  hesitate;  perform  the 
duties  of  a  good  man;  the  one  assist  by  acts,  the  other  by  com¬ 
mendation;  this  one  by  advice,  that  one  by  salutary  admonitions! 
I  should  have  wished  that  you  had  been  with  us  yesterday; 
then4  you  would  have  seen  us  exceedingly  merry5.  My  friend 
should  have  been  more  obliging  towards  you  than  he  was,  and 

1  cupiditas.  2  injuria y  act  of  injustice.  3  cohibere.  4  tum.  5  exsultans 

laetitia. 


160 


SEQUENCE  OE  TENSES. 


he  could  have  done  more  carefully  what  he  did.  A  Roman  law 
says:  Some  gods  shall  have  these,  others  those  priests. 

333.  There  was  the  following  law  at  Athens:  No  one  shall 
pass  the  decree  of  the  people1,  that  any  one  in  office2  be  pre¬ 
sented  with  a  crown,  before  he  has  rendered  an  account3;  and 
a  second  law:  Those  who  are  rewarded  by  the  people,  shall  be 
rewarded  in  the  assembly  of  the  people4;  those  who  are  rewarded 
by  the  senate,  shall  be  rewarded  in  the  senate.  The  Athenians 
rejected  with  scorn  the  plan  of  Themistocles,  which,  in  the  judg¬ 
ment  of  Aristides,  was  very  advantageous,  but  not  honorable; 
where  should  you  now  find  so  great  a  love  of  honor,  as  then  a 
whole  nation  possessed!  Two  things,  leisure  and  solitude,  which 
occasion5  languor  to  others,  spurred  on6  P.  Scipio.  I  should 
wish  that  we  also  could  say  the  very  same.  You  may  enjoy 
your  pleasures,  I  derive  greater  enjoyment  from  the  sciences. 
In  the  treaty  which  the  Romans  made  with  Antiochus,  king 
of  Syria,  were  the  following  stipulations:  The  king  shall  not 
permit  any  army,  which  intends  to  carry  on  war  with  the  Ro¬ 
man  people,  to  pass  through  his  kingdom,  and  shall  assist  it 
neither  with  provisions  nor  any  other  support7;  he  shall  evacu¬ 
ate  8  the  cities  and  forts  situated  on  this  side  of  the  Taurus  and 
not  take  along9  any  arms  from  them;  he  shall  deliver  up  all 
his  elephants  and  not  procure10  any  others. 

1  plebiscitum.  2  magistratus.  3  rationem  reddere.  4  contio.  5  afferre. 
6  acuere.  7  ops.  8  excedere.  9  efferre.  10  parare. 


SEQUENCE  OF  TENSES. 

§  268. 

334.  Avari  non  magnopere  curant,  quid  alii  de  se  sentiant, 
dummodo  sordidam  cupiditatem  satiare  possint.  Non  est  provin¬ 
cia,  excepta  dumtaxat  Africa  et  Sardinia,  quam  non  adierit  Au¬ 
gustus.  Nemo  erit  qui  censeat  a  virtute  esse  recedendum.  Generi 
animantium  omni  a  natura  tributum  est,  ut  se  vitamque  tueatur. 
Canes  alebantur  in  Capitolio,  ut  significarent,  si  fures  venissent. 
Cura  incesserat  patres,  ne  plebs  tribunos  militum  ex  plebe  crea¬ 
ret.  Conon,  cum  patriam  obsideri  audivisset,  non  quaesivit,  ubi 
ipse  tutus  viveret,  sed  unde  praesidio  posset  esse  civibus  suis. 
Satis  multas  causas  attuli,  cur  bellum  gerendum  esset;  nunc  de 
belli  duce  dicam.  Ex  litteris  tuis  cognovi,  quam  tibi  carus  sim. 


SKQUFNCK  OF  TENSFS. 


161 


Demosthenes  laude  eloquentiae  ita  floruit,  ut  nemo  Graecorum 
eum  adaequaverit.  Marcus  Brutus  erat  ita  non  timidus  ad  mor¬ 
tem,  ut  in  acie  sit  ob  rempublicam  interfectus.  Erat  Alcibiades 
ea  sagacitate,  ut  decipi  non  posset.  Themistoclis  vitia  ineuntis 
adolescentiae  magnis  sunt  emendata  virtutibus  adeo,  ut  antefe¬ 
ratur  huic  nemo.  Fratri  tuo  mandaveram,  ut  ad  te  epistolam 
daret;  nescio  qui1  factum  sit,  ut  tibi  non  scriberet.  Nunc  nar¬ 
rabo,  quas  res  populus  Romanus  domi  bellique  gesserit  et  quo¬ 
modo  paulatim  ad  tantas  opes  pervenerit2,  ut  nulla  antiquitatis 
respublica  aut  ampliores  fines  habuerit  aut  vi  armisque  plus 
valuerit. 

1  how.  2  come. 

335.  Vercingetorix  Gallos  hortatur,  ut  communis  libertatis 
causa  arma  capiant,  obtestatur,  ut  in  fide  maneant.  Caesar  quam 
celerrime  potest  ad  exercitum  proficiscitur,  ne  graviori  bello  oc¬ 
curreret.  Milites,  cum  hostes  castris  appropinquare  viderent, 
celeriter  arma  capiunt  fortiterque  resistunt.  Cleanthes  docet, 
quanta  vis  insit  caloris  in  omni  corpore.  Aeschines  in  Demos¬ 
thenem  invehitur,  quod  is  septimo  die  post  filiae  mortem  hostias 
immolavisset.  Facies  perpetuo  quae  fecisti,  ut  omnes  aequitatem 
tuam  laudarent.  Quid  tam  incredibile  est  quam,  ut  eques  Roma¬ 
nus  ex  senatus  consulto  triumpharet?  Veri  simile  non  est,  ut 
homo  tam  locuples,  tam  honestus,  qualis  Hejus  fuit,  religioni 
suae  monumentisque  majorum  pecuniam  anteponeret.  Constitueram 
ad  te  venire,  ut  te  viderem.  Ovidius  Tomis  exulans  eum  diem 
appetiturum  esse1,  quo  Romam  redire  sibi  liceret,  frustra  spera¬ 
bat.  Quis  neget  Augusto  contigisse,  ut  restitueret  pacem,  quam 
optimus  quisque  desiderabat.  Nunc  videris  perspexisse,  quam 
turpe  sit  mentiri.  Athenienses  miserunt  Delphos  consultum,  quid¬ 
nam  facerent  de  rebus  suis.  Quemadmodum  officia  ducerentur 
ab  honestate,  satis  exploratum  arbitror.  Aristides,  cum  animad¬ 
vertisset  quendam  scribentem,  ut  patria  pelleretur,  quaesivisse 
ab  eo  dicitur,  quare  id  faceret  aut  quid  Aristides  commissiset, 
cur  tanta  poena  dignus  duceretur.  Multi  juvenes  Socratem  adi¬ 
bant,  avidi  discendi,  quomodo  beati  vivere  possent.  Caesar,  pri¬ 
mum  suo,  deinde  omnium  ex  conspectu  remotis  equis,  ut,  aequato 
omnium  periculo,  spem  fugae  tolleret,  cohortatus  suos,  proelium 
commisit. 

1  draw  nigh. 

336.  Whence  storks  ccme  or  whither  they  betake  themselves 
in  autumn,  is  uncertain.  No  one  doubts,  that  Fabius  saved  the 

11 


162 


SEQUENCE  OF  TENSES. 


Roman  commonwealth  by  delaying-  action1*  Aemilius  Paulus 
broug-ht  such  an  amount  of  money  into  the  treasury,  that  the 
booty  of  one  commander  put  an  end  to  taxes.  Trajan  so  gov¬ 
erned  the  state,  that  he  is  deservedly  preferred  to  all  rulers. 
Hannibal  ordered2  the  slave  to  go  around3  to  all  the  doors  of 
the  building  and  to  report  to  him  immediately,  whether  it  was 
blockaded  on  all  sides.  When  the  legates  of  the  Macedonians 
had  come  to  Rome  to  complain4  about  Silanus,  the  son  of  Man¬ 
lius,  the  father  asked  the  senators  not5  to  determine  any  thing, 
before  he  himself  had  examined6  the  case  of  the  Macedonians 
and  his  son.  The  Romans  so  routed  the  Gauls,  that  these  never 
afterwards  made  war  upon  them.  Always  and  everywhere  (men) 
have  been  found,  who  envied6  the  glory  of  others.  You  all  have 
heard,  how  Syracuse  was  taken  by  Marcellus.  Not  easily  will 
any  writer  be  found,  whom  the  ancients  esteemed 6  more  highly 
than  Xenophon.  Let  us  see  what  great  faults  the  son  possessed, 
on  account  of  which  he  displeased  his  father.  Though  Aristides 
could  have  been  very  rich,  he  died  in  such  poverty,  that  his 
daughters  were  educated  at  public  expense7.  Germany  has  in 
more  recent  times  produced  so  many  illustrious  poets,  that  in 
this  kind  of  literature  she  has  surpassed  all  other  nations. 

1  cunctor.  2  imperare  ut.  3  circumire.  4  supine.  5  ne.  6  subj.  7  publice . 

337.  In  the  first  of  the  books  which  M.  Scaurus  wrote  about 
his  life,  he  relates  how  small1  an  inheritance  he  received  from 
his  father.  This  I  maintain,  that  there  was  never  any  one  who 
in  the  administration2  of  public  affairs  equally  satisfied  the  wishes 
of  all.  The  Italians3,  by  whose  bravery  the  town  of  Cirta  had 
long  been  defended,  advise  Adherbal  to4  deliver  himself  and  the 
town  to  Jugurtha.  Socrates,  having  exhorted  his  disciples  to4 
be  ever  mindful  of  his  precepts,  cheerfully  drank  the  poison. 
You  can  easily  imagine,  with  what  joy  the  whole  city  received 
the  victorious  army.  The  Carthaginians  sent  ambassadors  to 
Scipio  to  ask5,  what  were  the  conditions  of  peace.  I  hope  that 
you  have  learned,  which  is  the  best  road  to  virtue.  Already  in 
boys  we  find  the  desire  to  learn,  what  has  taken  place  in  past 
ages.  I  ask,  whether  Cato  should  have  been  silent,  when  great 
dangers  threatened  the  republic.  After  the  taking  of  Tarentum6, 
Fabius  replied  to  his  secretary7  asking,  what  he  wished  to  be 
done  with  the  statues  of  the  gods:  “Let  the  angry  gods  be  left 
to  the  Tarentines!”  Know  that  the  cruelty  of  Verres  was  so 
great,  that  many  peasants  committed  suicide8.  I  will  show,  that 


SEQUENCE  OF  TENSES. 


163 


there  was  no  just  reason,  why  the  triumvirs  condemned  Cicero  to 
death.  There  exist  letters  of  Cicero  written  to  Tiro;  he  who  reads 
them  will  grant,  that  nothing-  could  have  been  said,  by  which  greater 
solicitude  for  the  welfare  of  a  friend  could  have  been  shown. 

1  quantulus .  2  verb.  3  Italici.  4  ut.  5  supine.  6  abl.  absol.  7  scriba. 

8  mortem  sibi  consciscere . 

§  269. 

338.  Mihi  crede,  nunquam  futurum  esse  tempus,  cum  memo¬ 
ria  beneficiorum  tuorum  moriatur.  Caesar,  si  nemo  se  seque¬ 
retur,  cum  decima  legione  una  contra  hostem  profecturum  se  esse 
dixit.  Rex  ipse  auctori  sceleris  veniam  daturum  se  esse  dixerat, 
si  ille  clementiam  suam  imploravisset.  Ante  senectutem  curavi, 
ut  bene  viverem;  in  senectute,  ut  bene  moriar.  Equidem  illud 
molior,  ut  mihi  Caesar  concedat,  ut  absim,  quum  aliquid  in  se¬ 
natu  contra  Gnaeum  agatur;  sed  timui,  ne1  evenirent  ea  quae 
acciderunt.  Non  possum  scire,  an  ei  profuturus  sim  quem  admo¬ 
neo.  Lacedaemonii,  Philippo  per  litteras  minitante  se  omnia 
quae  conarentur  prohibiturum  esse,  quaesiverunt,  num  etiam  mori 
se  esset  prohibiturus.  Non  dubitabamus,  quin,  si  delicti  nos 
poeniteret,  venia  nobis  contingeret.  Milites  ignorabant,  num 
postero  die  proelium  committeretur.  Nemo  dubitat,  quin  exor¬ 
tum  bellum  brevi  confectum  sit.  Porsenna,  auditis  Mucii  minis, 
cum  non  dubium  esse  videretur,  quin  a  conjuratorum  aliquo  in¬ 
terficeretur,  tanta  formidine  commotus  esse  dicitur,  ut,  Mucio 
dimisso,  pacem  cum  Romanis  faceret. 

1  that. 

339.  It  can  easily  be  shown,  what  disadvantages  will  follow 
from  the  war.  It  is  greatly  to  ^be  feared,  that  soon  there  will 
be  a  famine  in  the  city.  Cato  the  elder  admonished  his  son  in 
a  certain  letter,  that  he  should  not  take  part1  in  battle.  No 
one  doubted,  that  the  camp  would  be  taken  by  the  enemy  at  the 
first  assault.  Xerxes  promised,  that  he  would  give  a  reward  to 
him  who  would  invent2  a  new  pleasure.  I  feared,  that  you  would 
not3  receive  my  friends  kindly.  There  is  no  one,  who  will  be 
able2  to  give  you  better  advice  than  you  yourself;  and  I  do  not 
doubt,  that  you  will  never  err,  if  only4  you  will  listen  to  your¬ 
self.  The  consul  Lentulus  promises,  that  he  will  not  be  wanting 
in  his  duty5  towards  the  senate,  if  the  senators  will  express6 
their  opinions  boldly  and  bravely.  No  one  knows,  what  will 
happen  to-morrow,  nor  whether  he  will  see  the  evening  of  this 

1  inire.  2  subj.  3  ut ,  that  not.  4  dummodo  with  subj.  5  deesse.  6  dicere . 


164  ACCUSATIVE  WITH  THE  INFINITIVE. 

day.  We  know,  how  easily  God  will  forgive  him  who  repents 
of  his  sins.  After  Hannibal  had  crossed  the  Alps,  he  did  not 
doubt,  that  the  war  with  the  Romans  would  soon  be  ended.  In 
future1  I  will  not  write  to  you,  what  I  will  do,  but  what  I  have 
done.  You  can  easily  understand,  how  great  the  joy  of  your 
friends  will  be,  when  you  have  returned  home  from  your  long 
journey. 

1  posthac. 

THE  ACCUSATIVE  WITH  THE  INFINITIVE. 

§  371. 

340.  Non  est  rectum  majorem  parere  minori.  Facinus  est 
vinciri  civem  Romanum.  Corpus  mortale  aliquo  tempore  interire 
necesse  est.  Difficile  est  amicitiam  manere,  si  a  virtute  defeceris. 
Credibile  est  hominum  causa  factum  esse  mundum  quaeque  in 
eo  sunt  omnia.  Non  consentaneum  est,  qui  metu  non  frangatur, 
eum  frangi  cupiditate;  nec  qui  invictum  se  a  labore  praestiterit, 
vinci  a  voluptate.  Omnibus  misericordiam  vestram  patere  aequum 
est.  Indignum  est,  eos  plurimum  apud  cives  auctoritate  valere, 
quos  quaestus  causa  vel  turpissima  committere  non  pudeat.  Ne¬ 
fas  est  civem  in  patriam  arma  capere.  Jam  tempus  est  nos  ad 
id  quod  instituimus  accedere.  Exempla  convenit  ab  hominibus 
probatissimis  sumi.  Constat  inter  omnes  qui  de  Alcibiade  memo¬ 
riae  prodiderunt,  nihil  eo  fuisse  excellentius  vel  in  vitiis  vel  in 
virtutibus.  Omnes  homines  qui  de  rebus  dubiis  consultant,  ira 
et  studio  vacuos  esse  decet.  Quid  nostra  refert  victum  esse  An¬ 
tonium.  Praestat  vera  dicentem  vinci,  quam  mentientem  vincere. 
Cum  praeco  libertatem  Graeciae  iterum  pronuntiasset,  tantus  cum 
clamore  plausus  est  ortus,  ut  facile  appareret  nihil  omnium 
bonorum  multitudini  gratius  quam  libertatem  esse;  nam  certo 
constat,  tantum  fuisse  clamorem,  ut  aves  quae  supervolarent, 
attonitae  paventesque  deciderent.  Periculo  atque  negotiis  com¬ 
pertum  est,  in  bello  plurimum  ingenium  posse.  Fides  et  tibias 
eorum  causa  factas  dicendum  est  qui  illis  uti  possunt.  Facile 
intelligitur,  quod  verum  simplex  sincerumque  sit,  id  esse  homi¬ 
nis  naturae  aptissimum. 

341.  It  is  necessary  for  him  who  is  brave,  to  be  likewise 
of  great  determination.  A  consummate1  general  ought2  to  pos¬ 
sess3  the  following  four  qualities;  knowledge  of  military  affairs4, 
bravery,  influence,  and  good  fortune.  It  is  just  that  you  show 


ACCUSATIVE  WITH  THE  INFINITIVE.  165 

compassion  to  all.  It  is  deserving*  of  great  praise  for  one  man 
to  labor6  in  that  science  which  will  be6  useful  to  many.  If  it 
were  true  that  the  soul  and  body  perish  together,  death  would 
be  no  evil.  We  must  acknowledge  that  virtue  possesses  enough 
protection  for  a  happy  life.  It  is  evident  that  laws  were  made 
for  the  welfare  of  the  citizens  and  the  tranquillity  of  the  state. 
It  was  of  great  importance  to  Scipio,  that  the  war  be  trans¬ 
ferred  to  Africa.  It  was  reported  to  Caesar  that  the  Gauls  had 
again  taken  up  arms.  It  was  never  heard  that  a  crocodile  or 
an  ibis  or  a  cat  was  injured7  by  an  Egyptian.  It  does  not  es¬ 
cape  me,  that  old  examples  are  now  considered  fables8.  There 
was  a  report  at  Rome,  that  the  consuls  had  been  defeated  by 
Hannibal  and  the  whole  army  destroyed.  After  it  was  announced 
that  the  Gauls  had  arrived,  the  remainder  of  the  Roman  youth 
fled  into  the  citadel  with  Manlius,  and  the  old  men  returned 
home. 

1  summus.  2  oportet.  3  inesse.  4  res  militaris,  sing.  5  elaborare.  6  subj. 
7  violare.  8  ficta  fabula. 

§  272. 

342.  Thraces,  postquam  Alcibiadem  cum  magna  pecunia  ve¬ 
nisse  senserunt,  insidias  fecerunt.  Timotheus  patriae  sanctiora 
jura  quam  hospitii  esse  duxit.  Pompeios,  celebrem  Campaniae 
urbem,  desedisse  terrae  motu  audivimus.  Memento  hominem  te 
esse  et  omnes  homines  esse  mortales.  Xerxes  se  a  Themistocle 
non  superatum,  sed  conservatum  judicavit.  Hannibal,  qui  fratrem 
suum  ex  Hispania  arcessiverat,  speravi  eum  brevi  tempore  in 
Italiam  venturum  esse.  .  Nunquam  putavi  fore,  ut  supplex  ad  te 
venirem.  Fateor  conscientiam  rectae  voluntatis  maximam  conso¬ 
lationem  esse  rerum  incommodarum,  nec  esse  ullum  magnum 
malum  praeter  culpam.  Darius,  in  fuga  quum  aquam  turbidam, 
cadaveribus  inquinatam,  bibisset,  negavit  unquam  se  bibisse  ju¬ 
cundius;  nunquam  videlicet  sitiens  biberat.  Socratem,  qui  vo¬ 
luptatem  nullo  loco  numerat,  audio  dicentem,  cibi  condimentum 
esse  famem,  potionis  sitim.  Herculem  Prodicus  ait  exisse  in  so¬ 
litudinem  atque  ibi  sedentem  diu  secum  multumque  dubitasse, 
quum  duas  cerneret  vias,  unam  voluptatis,  alteram  virtutis, 
utram  ingredi  melius  esset.  Anaxagoram  ferunt,  nuntiata  morte 
filii  dixisse:  “Sciebam  me  genuisse  mortalem.”  Incolae  Gordii 
affirmarunt  editam  esse  oraculo  sortem,  Asiae  potiturum  eum 
esse  qui  inexplicabile  vinculum  solvisset.  Germani  se  ad  sedes 
suas  reverti  simulaverunt.  Aliis  nec  cor  ipsum  placet  nec  cere- 


166 


ACCUSATIVE  WITH  THE  INFINITIVE. 


bri  quandam  partem  esse  animum;  sed  alii  in  corde,  alii  in  cere¬ 
bro  dixerunt  animi  esse  locum.  Divitiacus  dixit  futurum  esse 
paucis  annis,  ut  omnes  Galli  ex  finibus  suis  pellerentur  atque 
omnes  Germani  Rhenus  transirent.  Pompejus  dixit  prius  se  a 
Clodio  occisum  iri,  quam  fore  ut  Cicero  violaretur. 

343.  Opinio  manebat  Pausaniam  cum  rege  Persarum  habere 
societatem.  Illa  suspicio  senatorum,  Marcum  Manlium  regnum 
affectare,  falsa  videtur  fuisse.  Nuntio  allato  hostium  exercitum 
fusum  fugatumque  esse,  summa  omnes  cives  laetitia  affecti  sunt. 
Dianae  Ephesiae  fanum  communiter  a  civitatibus  Graeciae  factum 
esse,  fama  ferebat.  Habeo  auctores,  vulgo  olim  pueros  Roma¬ 
nos,  sicuti  nunc  Graecis,  ita  et  Etruscis  litteris  erudiri  solitos 
esse.  Credo  te  audisse,  ut1  me  circumsteterint  judices.  Pom¬ 
pejus,  insidias  timens,  credo,  munitionibus  appropinquare  ali¬ 
quamdiu  non  audebat.  Helotas  nomen  accepisse  ab  oppido  Helo 
verisimile  est.  Periclem  filium  fuisse  constat  nobilissimorum 
parentum.  In  dies  magis  video  salutem  publicam  Caesari  poste¬ 
riorem  esse  quam  dominationem.  Scimus  servos  iisdem  moribus 
esse  solere,  quibus  dominos.  Constat  neminem  tantas  res  gesisse, 
quantas  Alexandrum.  Darius  rex  Nitocridis  reginae  sepulchrum 
aperiri  jusserat,  quod  speraverat,  se  multum  ibi  auri  inventurum 
esse.  Super  lectum  Pomponii  stans,  se  eum  transfixurum  Manlius 
minatus  est,  nisi  ab  incepta  patris  accusatione  destitisset.  Jupiter 
in  nemore  Aventino  certa  pignora  imperii  daturum  se  esse  Nu- 
mae  promisit.  Tissaphernes  ab  Agesilao  indutias  petiit  et  ambo 
juraverunt  se  eas  sine  fraude  esse  conservaturos. 

1  how. 

344.  Cato  says1  that  it  is  not  right  for  him  who  is2  no  sol¬ 
dier  to  fight  with  the  enemy.  You  remember  that  at  that  time 
the  Tiber  was  filled  with  the  bodies  of  citizens.  Consider  that 
an  enemy  can  be  changed  into  a  friend.  The  very  appearance 
of  the  sun  and  moon  sufficiently  proves  that  they  are  not  acci¬ 
dental3.  When  the  inhabitants  of  Numantia  despaired  of  being 
able  to  defend  their  city  any  longer,  they  erected  a  funeral-pile, 
whereon  to  burn4  themselves  with  their  treasures.  We  read  in 
Livy,  that  during  three  years  after  the  victory  of  the  dictator, 
Titus  Lartius,  near  lake  Regillus,  there  existed  neither  decided5 
peace  nor  war  between  the  Romans  and  the  Sabines.  Cicero  says 
that,  if  we  follow6  nature,  we  shall  never  err.  I  know  that  it 
does  not  escape  your  notice  \  how  proper  it  is  for  youth  to  resist 
the  allurements  of  pleasure.  It  has  always  been  the  opinion  of 


ACCUSATIVI?  WITH  THE  INFINITIVE. 


167 


great  men,  that  the  greatest  dangers  must  be  undergone  for  the 
sake  of  one’s  county.  All  good  men  believe  that  they  have  been 
born  for  their  country,  for  their  fellow-citizens,  for  honor  and 
renown,  not  for  sleep,  banquets  and  pleasures.  Roscius  believes 
that  he  will  easily  bear  poverty,  if  he  has  been  freed6  from  the 
undeserved  suspicion  of  parricide.  Caesar  was  informed  that  the 
Suevi  were  assembling8  all  their  troops  at  one  place. 

1  negare,  say  .  .  .  not.  2  subj.  3  fortuitus.  4  concremare.  5  certus.  6  subj. 
7  praeterit.  8  cogere. 

345.  The  opinion,  that  the  citizens  must  prefer  the  welfare 
of  the  state  to  their  own,  was  held  by  most  of  the  Romans. 
Demosthenes  and  Cicero,  as  you  know,  were  the  greatest  orators. 
There  probably  never  was  a  more  bitter  war,  than  the  second 
war  between  the  Romans  and  Carthaginians.  Of  all  the  heroes 
of  antiquity  none,  in  my  opinion,  was  more  devoted  to  his  coun¬ 
try  than  Leonidas.  The  prisoners  swore  to  return.  Cicero  hoped 
to  obtain  easily  from  Caesar  what  he  asked  l.  According  to  my 
opinion2,  those  who  have  lived  virtuously*  and  piously,  live  after 
death  such4  a  life,  as  alone  can  be  called  life.  We  know  of 
Cicero,  that  he  discovered  the  conspiracy  of  Catiline.  Of  what 
Roman  can  it  be  said,  that  he  wished  to  bring  so  great  a  dis¬ 
aster  upon  the  Roman  commonwealth  as  Catiline?  Lysander  re¬ 
solved  to  remove5  the  kings  of  the  Lacedaemonians,  but  this,  as 
he  perceived,  he  could  not  do  without  the  assistance  of  the  gods; 
accordingly,  he  attempted  first  to  bribe  Delphi,  then  he  ap¬ 
proached6  Dodona,  finally  he  set  out  for  Africa,  hoping  to  bribe 
the  Africans  more  easily.  After  the  victory  of  Salamis,  the 
Greeks  showed  themselves  grateful  to  Themistocles,  through 
whose  advice  all  Greece  had  been  freed  from  the  shameful  yoke 
which  Xerxes  had  threatened  to  impose  upon  the  Greeks.  Who 
does  not  know  that  flatterers  often  cause7  us  no  less  injury,  than 
our  greatest  enemy?  I  believe  that  you  have  committed  the  same 
fault,  as  I  did.  It  is  ascertained,  that  the  sun  is  by  far  larger 
than  the  earth.  Lysander  pretended  to  have  consulted  the  oracle. 

1  subj.  2  arbitrari.  3  honeste.  4  is.  6  tollere.  6  adoriri.  7  inferre. 

§  273. 

346.  Caesar  Helvetios  in  eo  loco  quo  tum  essent,  suum  ad¬ 
ventum  expectare  jussit.  Lycurgus  virgines  sine  dote  nubere  jus¬ 
sit,  ut  uxores  eligerentur,  non  pecuniae.  Periisset  omnis  Aegyp¬ 
tus  fame,  nisi  monitu  Josephi  rex  edicto  servari  per  multos  annos 


163 


ACCUSATIVE  WITH  THF  INFINITIVE. 


fruges  jussisset.  Alexander  corpus  suutn  in  Hammonis  templo 
condi  jubet.  Titus  Manlius  Torquatus,  inspecta  filii  sui  et  Ma¬ 
cedonum  causa,  eum  in  conspectum  suum  deinceps  venire  vetuit. 
Ejulatum  duodecim  tabulae  in  funeribus  adhiberi  vetuerunt.  Au¬ 
gustus  carmina  Virgdlii  cremari  contra  testamenti  ejus  verecun¬ 
diam  vetuit.  Pro  dii  immortales!  essene  quemquam  tanta  audacia 
praeditum?  O  audaciam  singularem!  non  timuisse  vim  deorum 
hominumque  famam!  Te  nunc,  mi  fili,  sic  vexari,  sic  jacere  in 
lacrymis  et  sordibus,  idque  mea  culpa  fieri!  Pristinum  tuum 
amorem  benignitatemque  in  tantum  odium  atque  acerbitatem  esse 

conversam! 

%  •» 

347.  God  has  given  man  a  noble1  countenance  and  com¬ 
manded  him  to  look  up2  to  the  heavens.  The  laws  of  the  Aedui 
forbade,  that  two  members  of  the  same  family  be  chosen  magis¬ 
trates.  Caesar  ordered  the  soldiers  to  fortify  the  camp  and  to 
erect  around  it  a  rampart  322  feet  broad  and  18  feet  high.  At 
the  destruction  of  Thebes,  Alexander  forbade  the  house  of  Pin¬ 
dar  to  be  burned;  he  likewise  ordered  the  temple  and  other 
sacred  edifices  to  be  spared.  When  Datames  had  learned  through 
his  scouts,  that  a  part  of  his  cavalry  had  gone  over  to  the  en¬ 
emy,  he  commanded  the  rest  to  follow  the  deserters8  with  him. 
I  have  given  orders,  that  the  money  for  the  book  which  you 
sent  me,  be  paid  you  in  cash4.  Ah  me,  unfortunate  man!  that 
all  my  hope  should  have  been  frustrated!  O  bitter  fate,  that  I 
should  just  now  be  called  from  my  sphere3  of  action.  I  should 
have  not  sided  with  the  patriots?6  A  citizen  should  prefer  his 
conquered  to  his  victorious  country?  O  foolish  thou!  not  to  see 
this,  to  follow  rashly  the  words  of  a  most  wicked  man!  O  cruel 
fortune!  that  you  should  leave  the  country  which  you  have  freed; 
that  you  should  be  exiled  from  the  city  which  you  have  preserved  ! 

1  sublimis.  2  aspicere.  3  perfuga.  4  praesens  pecunia,  money  in  cash. 

5  cursus.  6  boni. 

§  374. 

348.  Alcibiades  in  domo  sua  facere  mysteria  dicebatur.  La¬ 
bienus,  qui  in  Caesaris  exercitu  magna  auctoritate  floruerat,  eum 
reliquit1  multique  idem  facturi  putantur.  Imperator  Claudius 
convivae  cuidam,  qui  aureum  scyphum2  pridie  surripuisse  crede¬ 
batur,  postero  die  fictilem  calicem  apponi  jussit.  Fabulas  Te¬ 
rentii  propter  sermonis  elegantiam  a  Laelio  scribi  creditum  est. 

1  pres.  perf.  2  goblet. 


ACCUSATIVE  WITH  THE  INFINITIVE. 


169 


P.  Sulla  in  petendo  consulatu  cupidior  quam  ceteri  fuisse  judi¬ 
cabatur.  Omnium  civitatum  Graecorum  maxime  Attica  fortunam 
fautricem  nacta  esse  traditur.  Viso  fratris  occisi  capite,  Hanni¬ 
bal  agnoscere  se  fortunam.  Carthaginis  dixisse  fertur.  Disciplina 
Druidarum  in  Britannia  reperta  atque  inde  in  Galliam  translata 
existimatur. 

349.  Quod  jure  dicimur  fecisse,  non  hunc  solum  intellectum 
habeat,  ut  lege,  sed  illum  quoque,  ut  juste  fecisse  videamur. 
Bruto  videtur,  ad  beate  vivendum  satis  posse  virtutem.  Sic  mihi 
perspicere  videor,  ita  natos  esse  nos,  ut  inter  omnes  esset  socie¬ 
tas  quaedam.  Videor  mihi  hanc  urbem  videre  subito  uno  incen¬ 
dio  concidentem.  Ut  Scipio  pugnando,  ita  Fabius  non  dimicando 
maxime  civitati  Romanae  succurrisse  visus  est.  Servus  tuus  om¬ 
nia  fidelissimo  animo,  ut  mihi  quidem  visus  est,  narravit.  Cum 
Agesilaus  classem  Ephesum  appulisse  audiretur,  Tissapherni, 
quia  ad  bellum  ineundum  non  satis  paratus  erat,  cum  Lacedae¬ 
moniis  indutias  trium  mensium  fieri  visum  est.  Decius  in  castra 
duci  jussus  est.  Milites  domum  Pindari  diripere  ab  Alexandro 
vetiti  sunt.  Hunc  librum  legere  nos  siti  non  sumus  nec  tu 
legere  sineris.  Medea,  cum  a  rege  Creonte  Corinthi  remanere 
prohibita  esset,  ut  unum  diem  ibi  morari  sineretur,  rogavit. 

350.  It  is  related  that  Hannibal  led  80,000  infantry  and 
20,000  cavalry  and  37  elephants  into  Italy.  It  is  said  that  Homer 
lived  3,000  years  ago;  many  believe  that  his  works  were  not 
written1  by  himself  alone,  but  were  composed2  and  arranged 

during  the  course  of  several  centuries.  Pausanias  is  said  to  have 

✓ 

promised  Xerxes,  that  he  would  reduce  all  Greece  to  the  power 
of  the  king.  The  last  war,  Ninus,  king  of  the  Assyrians,  carried 
on  with  Zoroaster,  king  of  the  Bactrians,  of  whom  it  is  said 
that  he  observed3  the  stars  very  carefully.  Neptune,  the  brother 
of  Jupiter,  had  obtained  dominion  over  the  sea4;  to  him  the  horse 
was  sacred,  because  it  was  thought  that  he  created  it.  When 
it  was  announced  to  Caesar  that  the  Helvetians  attempted  to 
march5  through  the  Roman  province,  he  hastily6  quitted  Rome. 
Cyrus  was  believed  to  have  remembered  the  names  of  all  his 
soldiers. 

1  facere.  2  condere.  3  spectare.  4  maritimus,  a,  urn.  5  iter  facere.  6  use 

a  verb. 

351.  It  seems  that  the  graces  themselves  composed  the  dis¬ 
course  of  Xenophon.'  It  seems  that  you  are  such,  as  you  wish 
to  be  considered.  Atticus  spoke  Greek  in  such  a  manner,  that 


170 


ACCUSATIVE  WITH  THE  INFINITIVE. 


it  was  thought1  he  was  born  at  Athens.  This  is  the  perfection2 
of  fame,  when  it  appears  that  we  have  always  acted  rightly, 
and  it  is  thought  that  we  are  worthy  of  the  highest  admiration. 
You  look  at3  me,  and,  as  it  seems,  angrily.  I  believe  I  have 
looked  into1  your  (very)  soul.  Hamilcar  restored5  such  peace  in 
all  Africa,  that  it  appeared,  as  if  there  had  been  no  war  there 
for  many  years.  When  Tarquin  the  Proud  had  been  expelled, 
it  seemed  well  to  the  Romans  not  again  to  entrust6  the  supreme 
power  to  one  man.  At  Athens  boys  of  seven  years  were  com¬ 
manded  to  read  the  poems  of  Homer.  I  do  not  know,  why  I 
was  forbidden  to  undertake  the  journey.  Calamus  asked  Ale¬ 
xander,  that  he  be  allowed  to  die  sitting  upon  a  funeral  pile7. 
On  accout  of  his  weak  voice,  Isocrates  was  prevented  from  speak¬ 
ing  in  public8.  The  Athenians  were  forbidden  through  the  am¬ 
bassadors  of  the  Lacedaemonians  to  finish  their  walls.  When 
it  seemed  that  Pyrrhus  would  renew  the  war  against  the  Romans, 
Marcius  Curius  was  elected  consul  a  second  time. 

1  videri.  2  summus ,  a,  um.  3  adspicere.  4  perspicere.  5  reddere .  6  com¬ 
mittere.  7  rogus.  8  apud  populum. 

§  275. 

352.  Alcibiades  Athenas  Lacedaemoniis  servire  non  poterat 
pati.  Postquam  Romae  nefarium  Jugurthae  scelus  cognitum  est, 
placuit  bello  persequi  parricidam.  Cum  Cato  Carthaginem  delen¬ 
dam  esse  censeret,  Scipio  Nascia  illam  urbem  dirui  populo  Ro¬ 
mano  salutare  esse  negavit.  Concitatus  Apii  Claudii  facinore, 
exercitus  decem  apud  populum  viros  magistratu  se  abdicare  coe¬ 
git.  Senatus  Publium  Lentulum,  ut  se  abdicare  praetura  coegit. 
Cur  te  interponis  invitissimis  iis,  quibus  maxime  lex  consultum 
esse  vult?  Qui  se  metui  volent,  a  quibus  metuentur,  eosdem 
metuant  ipsi  necesse  est.  “Quandoquidem,”  inquit  Manlius,  “tu, 
fili,  contra  imperium  consulis  pugnasti,  oportet  disciplinam  quam 
solvisti,  poena  tua  restituas.”  Deliberat  senatus,  solvatne  legibus 
Scipionem,  ut  eum  liceat  ante  tempus  consulem  fieri.  Cimon 
cupiebat  Lacedaemonios  et  cives  suos  inter  se  consentire,  non 
armis  contendere.  Sapiens  principem  se  esse  mavult  quam  videri. 
Alexander  Jovis  filium  non  modo  se  dici,  sed  etiam  haberi  vole¬ 
bat.  Cupio  me  in  tantis  rei-publicae  periculis  non  dissolutum1 
videri.  Studium  laudis  gloriaeque  adipiscendae  animo  humano 

a  natura  ipsa  videtur  insitum  esse;  nam  optimus  quisque  ho- 

1  remiss. 


ACCUSATIVE  WITH  THE  INFINITIVE.  171 

nestis  hominibus  se  probari  memoriamque  suam  posteritate  tradi 
vehementissime  cupit. 

353.  Omne  corpus  mutabile  est:  ita  efficitur,  ut  omne  cor¬ 
pus  mortale  sit.  Inter  philosophos  multi  tenebant  voluptatem 
esse  summum  bonum.  Si  virtutes  inter  se  pares  sunt,  vitia  quo¬ 
que  necesse  est  paria  esse;  atqui  virtutes  inter  se  pares  esse 
facile  perspicitur:  sequitur,  ut  vitia  quoque  inter  se  paria  sint. 
Illud  mea  magni  interest,  te  ut  videam.  Ostendam,  quantum 
salutis  communis  intersit  duos  consules  in  republica  Calendis 
Januariis  esse.  Mos  erat,  ut,  consule  aedes  aliquas  ingressuro, 
lictor  fores  percuteret,  admonens  consulem  esse.  Dionysio  ne 
integrum  quidem  erat1,  ut  ad  justitiam  remigraret.  Est  hoc  com¬ 
mune  vitium  magnis  liberisque  civitatibus,  ut  invidia  gloriae 
comes  sit.  Germanorum  consuetudo  erat  juvenes  armis  praeser¬ 
tim  exerceri. 

1  integrum  est  mihi,  I  am  at  liberty. 

354.  Moneo  te,  homini  praeter  peccatum  et  delictum  accidere 
nihil  posse,  quod  terribile  sit  aut  extimescendum.  Fabricius  au¬ 
ctor  fuit,  ut  Rufinus  consul  crearetur.  Caesar  milites  admonuit, 
ne  famam  dignitatemque  imperatoris  sui  minui  aut  violari  pate¬ 
rentur.  Caesar  Helvetiis  non  concedendum  putabat,  ut  per  pro¬ 
vinciam  iter  facerent.  Mihi  persuaderi  nunquam  potuit  animos, 
cum  excessissent  ex  corporibus,  emori.  Athenienses  statuerunt, 
ut  libertatem  Graeciae  classe  defenderent.  Themistocles  apud 
ephoras  contendit,  falsa  iis  esse  delata.  Fac  ut  animum  magnum 
habeas  et  spem  bonam.  Galli,  obsidione  Romae  fatigati,  pretio 
mille  pondo  auri  adducti  sunt,  ut  obsidionem  relinquerent.  La¬ 
bienus,  non  jam  ut  proelio  hostes  lacesseret,  sed  ut  incolumem 
exercitum  Agendicum  reduceret,  cogitabat.  Pelopidas  Thebanis 
persuasit,  ut  Thessalis  auxilio  venirent  et  tyrannos  eorum  ex¬ 
pellerent. 

355.  I  would  rather,  that  my  country  should  blush1  on  ac¬ 
count  of  my  exile,  that  that  it  should  grieve  at  my  return.  We 
wish  that  all  brave  and  magnanimous  men  be  also  good  and  art¬ 
less2  and  lovers3  of  truth.  The  Suevi  did  not  suffer  wine  to  be 
imported4  into  their  country.  It  has  never  pleased  the  Romans, 
that  a  general  be  killed  by  a  soldier.  After  the  victories  of 
Marathon  and  Salamis,  the  Lacedaemonians  saw  that  they  would 
have  a  struggle5  with  the  Athenians  for  the  supremae}^;  accord¬ 
ingly,  they  wished  them  to  be  as  weak  as  possible.  Domitian 

1  erubescere.  2  simplex.  3  amans.  4  importare.  6  certamen. 


172 


ACCUSATIVE  WITH  THE  INFINITIVE. 


permitted  no  statue  of  himself,  except  one  of  gold  and  another 
of  silver,  to  be  placed  on  the  Capitol.  The  senate  decreed,  that 
the  prisoners  of  war  should  not  be  ransomed.  A  great  rivalry1 
existed  between  Antony  and  Octavius,  because  each  wished  to 
be  ruler2  of  the  world.  All  patriotic3  citizens  wished  to  seethe 
state  defended.  The  Romans  did  not  wish,  that  the  Carthagin¬ 
ians  should  become  the  masters  of  the  whole  of  Africa.  It  be¬ 
hooves  that  we  appreciate4  a  favor,  that  we  may  not  seem  un¬ 
grateful.  Many  envy  those  who  possess  what  they  themselves 
desire  to  have.  All  men  ought  to  strive,  that  they  become  use¬ 
ful  to  their  fellow-men.  I  would  rather  be  Phidias  than  the  best 
carpenter 5. 

1  obtrectatio .  2  princeps .  3  boni.  4  magni  habere.  5  faber  lignarius. 

356.  The  ancient  astronomers1  maintained,  that  the  sun  re¬ 
volves2  around  the  earth.  When  the  Romans  suffered  two  defeats 
in  Spain,  the  decree  was  passed,  that  the  army  should  be  in¬ 
creased  and  a  proconsul  sent  thither.  God  gives  to  every  one 
what  he  deserves;  hence  it  follows,  that  he  rewards  the  good 
and  punishes  the  wicked.  It  was  of  great  importance  to  the 
Romans,  that  Messana  should  not  come  into  the  power  of  the 
Carthaginians.  In  the  oration  for  Milo,  Cicero  tries  to  prove, 
that  Claudius  laid3  snares  for  Milo.  Scipio  did  not  wish  to  see 
Carthage  destroyed,  because  in  his  opinion  its  destruction  would 
be  detrimental  to  the  Romans.  In  order  that  the  soldiers  them¬ 
selves  might  carry  their  baggage  on  the  march,  Metellus  allowed 
no  one  to  use  the  service4  of  beasts  of  burden.  Cimon  forbade 
his  gardens  to  be  closed,  because  he  did  not  wish  that  any  one 
be  hindered  from5  enjoying  the  sight  of  its  plants  and  flowers. 
The  health  of  the  soul  ought  to  be  dearer  to  man  than  that  of  the 
body. 

1  astrologus.  2  volvi.  3  facere.  4  ministerium.  5  quominus  with  stibj. 

357.  It  is  a  fault  common  to  many  men,  that  they  live  too 
extravagantly  for  their  condition1.  By  his  eloquence  Appius  Clau¬ 
dius  persuaded  the  Romans  not  to  make  peace  with  Pyrrhus. 
By  the  address  of  Pompey,  many  were  induced  to  believe,  that 
Caesar  planned  to  overthrow  the  commonwealth.  After  we  have 
made  a  promise,  we  are  no  longer  at  liberty  to  break  it.  Thucy¬ 
dides  relates,  that  the  bones  of  Themistocles  were  secretly  buried 
in  Attica  by  his  friends.  It  was  a  custom  of  the  Romans,  that 
colonists  were  sent  into  the  countries  which  had  been  subjected 
to  their  dominion.  Brutus  was  of  the  opinion  that  by  the  death 


ACCUSATIVE  WITH  THE  INFINITIVE 


173 


of  Caesar  the  liberty  of  the  Romans  would  be  preserved.  The 
Romans  did  not  wish  to  permit  the  Carthaginians  to  wage  war 
at  their  will2.  Caesar  could  not  be  induced  by  any  threats  to 
dismiss  his  wife,  the  daug'hter  of  Cinna.  The  plebeians  resolved, 
that  their  rights  should  be  defended  by  tribunes.  We  do  not 
readily  grant,  that  we  have  erred.  Solon  tried  in  vain  to  con¬ 
vince  Croesus,  that  no  one  ought  to  be  called  happy  before  his 
death.  Suppose  that  you  are  in  need,  you  would  certainly  wish 
that  others  assist  you.  Cicero  often  reminded  the  Romans,  that 
the  conspiracy  of  Catiline  was  detected3  by  him. 

1  or  do.  2  arbitrium.  8  patefacere. 


§  276. 

358.  Laudabat  Valerius  fortunam  Bruti,  quod  in  summo 
honore,  pro  republica  dimicans,  mortem  occubuisset.  Is  erat  Alci¬ 
biades,  ut  omnes  admirarentur  in  uno  homine  tantam  inesse  dis¬ 
similitudinem  tamque  diversam  naturam.  Posidonium  ut  vidit, 
Pompeius  moleste  se  dixit  ferre,  quod  eum  non  posset  audire. 
Demetrius  Phalerius  Periclem  vituperat,  quod  tantam  pecuniam 
in  praeclara  illa  Propylaea  conjecerit.  Clitum  amicum  senem  et 
innoxium  a  se  occisum  Alexander  dolebat.  Cyrenenses,  cum  Phi¬ 
laenos  conspexissent,  questi  sunt,  legatos  Carthaginiensium  ante 
constitutam  horam  ex  urbe  exisse.  Camillo  crimini  datum  est, 
quod  albis  equis  triumphasset  et  praedam  inique1  divisisset.  Le¬ 
gati  Gallorum  Caesari  gratulati  sunt,  quod  tam  acerbum  bellum 
prospere  confecisset.  Cicero,  quamquam  Catilinam  rem  publicam 
evertere  velle  atque  ipsius  vitae  insidiari  graviter  atque  indigne 
ferebat,  tamen  illi  parcere  statuit.  Quod  in  Matii,  doctissimi 
hominis,  familiaritatem  venisti,  valde  gaudeo.  Miror  si  Tarqui¬ 
nius,  qua  erat  superbia,  quemquam  amicum  habere  potuit. 

1  unequally. 

359.  Hippias  boasted,  that  there  was  nothing  in  any  art, 
which  he  did  not  know.  I  am  grieved,  that  I  did  not  receive 
information  by  letter  from  you  concerning  the  events1  at  the 
capital 2.  Are  you  surprised  that  we  can  not  bear  your  haughti¬ 
ness?  I  am  overjoyed3,  that  my  proceedings4  have  gained  your 
approbation5.  The  Macedonians  were  indignant,  that  Lumenes 
was  preferred  to  them.  Who  can  boast,  that  he  will  be  happy 
—  I  will  not  say6  during  his  whole  life  —  but  for  one  day  only?7 

1  res.  2  urbanus ,  a ,  um.  3  laetitia  exsultare.  4  factum.  5  probare.  6  ne 

dicam.  7  not  translated. 


174 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


I  am  sorry,  that  I  was  prevented  from  coming-  to  you  by  a  pro¬ 
tracted  1  sickness.  I  am  well  pleased,  that  you  read  so  dilig-ently 
the  orations  of  Demosthenes  and  Cicero.  The  ambassadors  of 
the  Persians  complained,  that  Chabrias  was  wag-ing-  war  with 
the  Persians  ag-ainst  Xerxes.  Theotarus  was  accused  of  having- 
laid  an  ambush  for  Caesar.  Perseus,  king-  of  the  Macedonians, 
was  angry  at  the  Romans,  that  they  were  not  content  with  Italy 
and  the  neig-hboring-  countries,  but  wished  to  reduce  also  Greece 
and  Macedonia  to  their  power.  I  thank  you,  for  having*  freed 
me  from  this  burden.  We  congratulate  you,  that  in  so  short  a 
time  you  have  succeeded2  in  g-aining-3  the  love  of  your  teachers. 
Hannibal  was  vexed4,  that  Fabius  Maximus  Cunctator,  the  dic¬ 
tator  of  the  Romans,  was  unwilling-  to  come  down  from  the 
mountains  to  the  plains  with  his  army. 

1  diuturnus.  2  mihi  contingit  ut.  3  sibi  conciliare.  4  stomachari. 

MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 

360.  Socrates  thought  that  it  was  unbecoming  for  him  either 
to  move1  the  judges  to  compassion  by  a  most  carefully  prepared2 
speech,  or  to  escape3  their  sentence  by  flight.  I  see  that  you 
wish  to  go  to  heaven,  and  I  hope  that  you  will  succeed4.  There 
was  too  little  hope,  that  Titus  would  do  anything  of  his  own 
accord5;  it  was  determined6  to  use  force  and  fear.  It  is  known 
of  Plato,  that  he  was  the  greatest  of  ancient  philosophers.  It 
is  falsely  related  that  Xantippe,  the  wife  of  Socrates,  was  morose 
and  quarrelsome8.  When  Alexander  saw  that  death  was  approach¬ 
ing,  he  ordered  his  body  to  be  interred8  in  the  temple  of  Jupiter 
Ammon;  for  he  desired  to  be  regarded  as  a  son  of  Jupiter  or 
rather  as  a  god.  When  the  Lacedaemonians  were  defeated  in 
three  battles,  they  were  commanded  by  Apollo  of  Delphi,  whom 
they  had  consulted  on  the  issue9  of  the  war,  to  ask  the  Athe¬ 
nians  for  a  leader;  these  sent  them  the  poet  Tyrtaeus,  who  was 
lame  on  one  foot.  Could  any  one  be  as  unfortunate  as  I  am? 

1  adducere.  2  elaborare.  3  subterfugere.  4  contingere.  5  voluntas.  6  placet. 
7  jurgiosus.  8  efferre.  9  eventus,  us. 

361.  When  we  despair  of  being  able  to  surpass  or  to  equal 
those  whom  we  regard  as  superior1,  our  fervor2  grows  old  with 
our  hope.  Even  if  there  were  not  such  great  benefits  derived3 
from  the  fine4  arts,  as  are  avowedly5  derived  from  them,  but  if 
pleasure6  only  were  sought,  their  pursuit  should  still  be  considered 
most  worthy  of  a  free  man.  Caesar  says  that  he  trusts  that, 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


175 


if  an  opportunity  be  offered7  Him  to  speak  with  Pompey,  they 
will  readily  lay  down8  arms  on  just9  conditions.  Leonidas  re¬ 
minded  the  Spartans,  that  an  army  must  not  wait  until  it  is 
surrounded  by  the  enemy.  I  know  for  certain  that,  after  you 
have  carefully  read  Plato’s  book,  which  is  entitled 10  Phaedo,  you 
will  be  convinced  of  the  immortality  of  the  soul.  Ulysses,  who, 
as  it  is  related,  desired  at  first  to  avoid  military  service11  by 
feigning  madness12,  assisted  the  Greeks  at  the  siege  of  Troy 
both  by  word  and  deed. 

1  prior.  2  studium.  3  fructum  alicujus  rei  capere.  4  bonus.  6  constat.  *  ob¬ 
lectatio.  7  potestatem  facere.  8  deponere.  9  aequus.  10  inscribere.  11  mili¬ 
tia  ^  ae.  12  =  to  be  made. 

362.  Cicero  wrongly  maintained,  that  the  Latin  language 
was  more  copious1  than  the  Greek.  Lpicurus  boasted  that  he 
had  had2  no  teacher.  A3  Lacedaemonian  said  to  a3  merchant, 
who  was  boasting  that  he  had  sent  many  vessels  to  all  sea- 
coasts:  “A  fortune  fastened  to4  cables  is  not  desirable  indeed5.” 
Caesar  said,  that  if  no  one  would  follow  him,  he  would  charge 
the  enemy  with  the  tenth  legion  alone.  I  can  not  understand, 
why  it  seemed  to  you  that  I  slighted  you.  In  his  last  will, 
Virgil,  had  ordered  his  poems  to  be  burned,  because  he  thought 
that  they  were  not  sufficiently  polished6;  but  Augustus  forbade 
this  to  be  done.  “Clodius,”  says  Cicero,  “informed7  me  of 
danger;  Pompey  asserts  that  there  is  no  danger  at  hand;  he 
confirms  it  with  an  oath8;  he  also  adds,  that  he  would  rather 
be  killed  himself  than  that9  I  should  be  injured. 

1  locuples,  etis.  2  uti.  3  by  a  pronoun.  4  aptus  re  or  ex  re.  5  non  sane . 
6  expolitus.  7  denuntiare.  8  adjurare.  9  ut. 

363.  After  the  Lacedaemonians  heard,  that  Pausanias  was 
meditating  on  plans  against  his  country,  they  informed  him  by 
letter,  that  they  would  condemn  him  to  death,  if  he  did  not 
return  home.  The  consultation  of  the  senate  was  short;  all 
without  exception  thought1,  that  an  alliance  should  be  made 
with  the  Lucanians  and  reparation  be  demanded 2  from  the  Sam¬ 
nites.  Tiribazus  summoned  Conon,  pretending  that  he  wished 
to  send  him  to  the  king  in  an  important3  matter.  “If  my  chil¬ 
dren,”  said  Phocion,  “will  be  like  me,  this  field,  which  has 
brought4  me  to  this  dignity,  will  also  support  them;  but  if  they 
will  be  unlike  me,  I  do  not  wish  their  debauchery  to  be  fed5 
and  increased  at  my  expense.”  Alas,  that  the  mildness  of  our 
government  is  changed  into  such  cruelty!  Marcellus  vowed  to 

dedicate  two  temples  at  Rome,  if  he  should  take  Syracuse. 

1  censere.  2  res  repetere .  3  magnus .  4  perducere.  6  alere. 


176  MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 

364.  It  is  difficult  to  convince  the  poor,  that  God  cares  no 
less  for  them  than  for  the  rich;  for  they  consider  the  wordly 
goods,  of  which  they  are  deprived,  as  the  highest  goods  of  life, 
and  do  not  understand,  that  God  from  wise  intentions  often 
wishes  that  man  be  deprived  of  earthly  goods.  It  was  believed 
that  you  would  soon  return  from  your  voyage.  Aged  Fabius 
said  to  the  consul  Aemilius  Paulus:  “Permit  that  you  are  called 
timid  instead  of  cautious,  slow  instead  of  considerate,  unwarlike 
instead  of  versed  in  warfare;  I  would  rather  that  the  wise  enemy 
fear  you,  than  that  the  foolish  citizens  praise  you,”  When 
Pausanias  had  captured  many  noble  Persians,  and  among  them 
also  some  relations  of  the  king,  he  secretly  sent  them  back  to 
Xerxes,  saying  that  they  had  escaped  from  the  state-prison1.  I 
believe  that  I  have  obtained  more  through  prayers  than  through 
force.  When  Xerxes  was  informed  by  Themistocles,  that  the 
enemy  had  taken  flight,  he,  thinking2  that  there  was  no3  strata¬ 
gem  at  the  bottom4,  on  the  following  day  took  up  a  position 
which  was  very  unfavorable  to  him. 

1  vincula  publica .  2  ratus.  3  nihil.  4  subesse. 

365.  When  Caesar,  after  defeating  his  enemies,  ordered  all 
the  magistracies  to  be  conferred  upon  him,  some  Romans  who 
had  the  preservation  of  the  republic  at  heart  wrote  under1  the. 
statue  of  L.  Brutus,  who  had  delivered  the  city  from  the  tyranny 
of  Tarquinius  Superbus,  “Oh,  that  thou  wert  living!”  Those 
who  gave  a  constitution2  to  Greece,  wished  that  the  bodies  of 
the  youths  should  be  strengthened  by  labor.  Philip,  a  man  of 
talent,  used  to  boast  that  he  had  required  all  that  without  the 
assistance  of  anyone.  I  know  that  there  was  in  all  Sicily  no 
silver  vessel,  no  diamond,  no  statue,  which  Verres  did  not  hunt 
up3,  inspect  and  steal4.  Minos,  king  of  the  Cretans,  often  be¬ 
took  himself  to  a  grotto,  saying  that  here  he  conversed  with 
Jupiter,  and  received  laws  from  him;  Lycurgus  also  made  the 
Lacedaemonians  believe6  that  he  received  his  laws  from  Apollo. 
In  vain  did  the  king  try  to  kill  Datames  by  artifice;  at  last 
Mithridates  promised  to  kill  him,  and  through  his  cunning  this 
crafty  man  was  taken  prisoner. 

1  subscribere.  2  forma  rerum  publicarum.  8  conquirere.  4  auferre.  5  per¬ 
suadere. 

366.  Is  there  any  thing  more  perverse  than  to  believe,  that 
riches  can  contribute  more  to  a  happy  life  than  virtue?  I  prom¬ 
ise  to  give  my  opinion,  when  I  have  read  the  book.  When 
Caesar  had  the  pirates,  by  whom  he  had  been  taken  prisoner, 


QUESTIONS. 


177 


in  his  power,  he  had1  them  put  to  death  and  afterwards  cruci¬ 
fied,  because  he  had  previously  taken  an  oath  to  do  this.  It  is 
said  that  the  Thessalian2  Lapithae  were  the  first  to  fight  on 
horse-back;  in  like  manner  the  nation  of  the  Phrygians  is  said 
to  have  been  the  first  to  harness3  a  team  of  horses.  On  account 
of  the  elegant  language4  of  the  plays  of  Terentius,  it  was  be¬ 
lieved  that  they  were  written  by  Laelius.  It  was  decreed,  that 
the  inhabitants  of  Cumae  should  have  the  same  rights  as  those 
of  Capua.  It  seems  that  Marcellus  rightly  said  that  Capua  had 
been  Cannae  for  Hannibal.  The  general  had  the  city  set  on 
fire.  The  general  ordered  his  soldiers  to  set  the  city  on  fire. 
Lycurgus  did  not  wish,  that  the  state  should  be  in  the  hands5 
of  a  few,  but  he  believed  that  by  equalizing6  property  and  rank, 
there  would  be  many  who  would  take  up  arms  for  their  country. 

1  jubere.  2  Thessalus.  3  jungere.  4  elegantia  sermonis.  5  by  a  prep. 
6  aequare. 

367.  The  spies  sent  out  by  the  general  returned  to  the  camp 
before  night  and  brought  the  information1,  that  the  enemy,  who 
was  10,000  paces  distant  the  day  before,  was  not  further  away 
than  2,300  paces.  Homer  relates  of  Calchas  that  he  was  a  most 
renowned  augur  and  at  the  same  time  leader  of  the  Grecian 
fleet  to  Ilium,  on  account  of  his  knowledge  of  the  auspices,  I 
believe,  not  of  the  country.  After  Lysander  had  held  the  chief 
command  for  one  year,  he  hoped  through  the  help  of  his  army, 
which  loved  him  and  placed  the  greatest  confidence  in  his  bravery 
and  prudence,  to  enjoy  the  chief  command  still  longer;  but  he 
was  ordered  by  the  Ephori  to  return  home,  because  the  laws  of 
Lycurgus  did  not  allow2  any  one  to  hold  the  chief  command 
longer  than  one  year.  Caesar  commanded  three  cohorts  to  march 
up  the  river3;  for  he  thought  that  an  opportunity  would  be  given 
to  gain  a  victory:  what  else  should  he  have  done? 

1  nuntius.  2  licet.  3  flumine  adverso. 

QUESTIONS. 

§  277. 

368.  Quo  migravit  Aenas,  postquam  patria  eius  incendio 
deleta  est?  Qui  liber  tibi  omnium  praestantissimus  videtur? 
Quae  potest  esse  vitae  jucunditas,  sublatis  amicitiis?  Qui  fit, 
Maecenas,  ut  nemo  sit  sua  sorte  contentus?  Cur  mors  plerisque 
malum  esse  videtur?  Quomodo  id  quod  temere  fit,  quadam  volu- 

12 


178 


QUESTIONS. 


bilitate  fortunae  praesentiri  et  praedici  potest?  Quam  brevi  tem¬ 
pore  quot  poetae  extiterunt?  Quid  me  crucio,  cur  me  macero? 
Quidni  facile  concedam  saepenumero  accidisse,  ut  divitissimus 
quisque  opibus,  potentissimus  quisque  auctoritati  atque  honoribus 
spoliaretur?  Num  is  verus  amicus  est,  qui  amico  afflicto  deest? 
Honestiorne  usquam  terrarum  sedes  senectuti  fuit,  quam  Lace- 
daemone?  Nonne  poetae  post  mortem  nobilitari  volunt?  Vide- 
musne  ut  apud  Homerum  Nestor  de  suis  virtutibus  praedicet? 
Numquid  senectus  sola  morti  propinqua  est?  nonne  mors  modo 
pueros,  modo  juvenes  abstulit?  Patere  tua  consilia  non  sentis? 
constrictam1  teneri  tuam  conjurationem  non  vides?  Inscriptum 
est  M.  Bruti  praetoris  tribunali:  Dormis,  Brute?  Lucullus,  cum 
aliquando  modica  ei,  utpote  soli,  coena  esset  posita,  coquum 
graviter  objurgavit  eique  excusanti  ac  dicenti,  se  non  debuisse 
lautum  parare  convivium,  quod  nemo  esset  ad  coenam  invitatus: 
“Quid  ais,”  inquit  iratus  Lucullus,  “uesciebasne  hodie  Lucullum 
coenaturum  esse  apud  Lucullum?  Utrum  major  est  sol  an  minor 
terra?  Casune  mundus  ortus  est  an  vi  divina?  Imperium  decem- 

4 

virale  Romanis  saluti  fuit  annon?  Utrum  hoc  tu  parum  comme- 
ministi  an  ego  non  satis  intellexi  an  mutasti  sententiam?  Rides 
an  ploras?  Non  ego  te  dictis  offendere  volui;  an  putas  me  parvi 
facere  benevolentiam  tuam?  Cur  Agamemnon  apud  Homerum 
optat,  ut  decem  viros  Nestoris  similes  habeat?  an  quia  illum 
sapientissimum  et  fidelissimum  cognoverat?  Sapientes  mihi  viden¬ 
tur  esse  beatissimi;  an  quidquam  deest  ad  beate  vivendum  ei 
qui  confidit  suis  bonis?  In  bello  nihil  gravius  utiliusve  est,  quam 
obedientia;  an  quid  vel  maximam  militum  in  proelio  virtutem 
profecturum  putatis,  nisi  imperatoris  dicto  audientes  esse  didi¬ 
cerint. 

1  fettered. 

369.  What  poet  can  be  compared  to  Homer?  What  enjoy¬ 
ment  can  one  receive1  from  intercourse  with  godless  men?  What 
is  anger?  What  city  of  Italy  is  unknown  to  you?  Why  should 
I  not  be  able  to  do  what  you  can  do?  Why  do  you  chase  after2 
so  trifling  g'ain,  since  }rou  are  permitted  to  be  very  rich?  Who 
made  threats3  in  the  senate  and  what  threats  did  he  make?  You 
dare  to  appear4  on  the  forum,  to  come  into  the  sight  of  these 
honorable  men?  Have  you  informed  your  friends  that,  contrary 
to  our  expectation,  the  enemy  has  entered6  the  city?  Is  there 
any  greater  duty  than  the  love  of  children  towards  their  parents? 
Does  not  the  order  of  the  world  show  that  there  is  a  God?  Has 


QUESTIONS. 


179 


Aristides  not  been  banished  on  account  of  his  too  great  justice? 
Do  you  think  that  it  was  easier  for  Ligarius  to  leave  Africa 
than  for  you  not  to  come  to  Africa?  Which  of  the  two  do  you 
consider  the  better  speaker — Cicero  or  Demosthenes?  Does  he 
himself  err,  or  does  he  wish  others  to  err?  Will  a  seer  con¬ 
jecture6  the  nature  of  a  sickness  more  sagaciously7  than  a  physi¬ 
cian,  or8  the  management  of  a  war  more  prudently  than  a  com¬ 
mander  ? 

1  capere.  2  persequi.  3  minari.  4  prodire.  5  invadere.  6  conjectura  asse¬ 
qui.  6  acutus.  7  aut ,  because  the  question  is  not  disjunctive. 

370.  He  who  fears  is  a  slave;  or  is  not  every  fear  slavery? 
Whom  do  you  praise  most?  surely1  him  who  has  at  heart  not 
only  his  own  welfare,  but  also  that  of  his  friends  and  his  coun¬ 
try?  Which  hand  is  more  skilled2  the  right  or  the  left?  Do  we 
not  rightly  admire  the  illustrious  deeds  of  the  Greeks  and  Ro¬ 
mans?  Are  you  satisfied  with  your  lot  or  not?  Whither  did 
Hannibal  flee  when,  at  the  instigation  of  the  Romans,  he  was 
banished  from  Carthage  by  his  fellow-citizens?  How  many  fa¬ 
mous  works  of  art  were  brought3  from  Greece  to  Italy  by  the 
Romans?  Do  not  the  most  shameful  crimes  spring  from  the  vice 
of  avarice?  Does  pleasure  render  a  man  better  or  more  praise¬ 
worthy?  What  need  is  there  of  many  words?  Do  you  not  see 
that  what  I  advise  is  to  your  advantage?  Are  men  who  devote 
their  whole  lives  to  the  acquisition4  of  wealth  wise  or  not?  No 
name  has  ever  been  more  illustrious  in  the  whole  world  than 
that  of  Pompey;  or  do  you  think  that  any  shore  is  so  deserted, 
to  which  the  report  of  that  day  has  not  penetrated5,  when* the 
entire  Roman  people  demanded  Pompey  alone  as  commander  for 
the  war  against  Mithridates? 

1  an.  2  exercitatus.  3  invehi.  4  parare.  5  pervadere . 

§  278. 

371.  Intelligimus  quam  sit  turpe  diffluere  luxuria  et  delicate 
ac  molliter  vivere;  quamque  honestum,  parce,  continenter,  severe, 
sobrie.  Effugere  nemo  id  potest  quod  futurum  est;  saepe  autem 
ne  utile  quidem  est  scire  quid  futurum  sit.  Multi  noverunt  qua 
via  ad  virtutem  perveniatur,  sed  pauci  ingrediuntur.  Mucius  igno¬ 
rans  uter  rex  esset,  scribam  regis  pro  rege  occidit.  Quota  hora 
sit,  discipulus  ad  verba  magistri  attentus  non  curat.  Erat  inter 
Afros  captivus  puer  adultus,  regii  generis,  forma  insigni;  quem 
cum  percontaretur  Scipio  quis  et  cujas  esset  et  cur  id  aetatis  in 


180 


QUESTIONS. 


castris  esset:  “Numida  sum,”  inquit  puer,  “Massivam  populares 
vocant.”  Ciconiae,  unde  veniant  et  quo  se  conferant,  adhuc  in¬ 
compertum  est.  In  maximis  rebus,  quonam  modo  me  gererem 
adversus  Caesarem,  usus  tuo  consilio  sum.  Jugurtha  elephantis 
et  parti  copiarum  Bomilcarem  praefecit  eumque  edocet  quae  age¬ 
ret.  Quibus  rebus  Solon  de  civitate  Atheniensium  optime  meru¬ 
erit?  Quanta  fide  Hannibal  jusjurandum  patri  datum,  se  perpe¬ 
tuum  Romanorum  inimicum  fore,  servaverit?  Fit  nescio  quomodo, 
ut  magis  in  aliis  cernamus  quam  in  nobismet  ipsis,  si  quid  de¬ 
linquetur.  Vultus  tuus  nescio  quod  ingens  malum  significat. 
Natale  solum1  nescio  qua  dulcedine  captos  vincit  et  immemores 
non  sinit  esse  sui.  Tam  diu  in  his  periculis  versamur,  sed  nescio 
quo  pacto  omnium  scelerum  maturitas  in  nostri  consulatus  tem¬ 
pus  erupit.  Id  mirum  quantum  profuit  ad  concordiam  civitatis. 
Differt  inter  honestum  et  turpe  nimium  quantum. 

1  native  soil. 

372.  Dubito  num  idem  tibi  suadere  quod  mihi  debeam.  Epa¬ 
minondas,  cum  gravi  vulnere  se  exanimari  videret,  quaesivit,  sal- 
vusne  esset  clipeus.  Quaesieras  ex  me,  nonne  putarem  tot  sae¬ 
culis  inveniri  verum  potuisse.  Caesar,  postquam  aliquamdiu  ex- 
pectavit,  si  hostes  aggrederentur,  signum  proelii  committendi 
dedit.  Lysandrum  frustra  conatum  esse  constat,  si  oraculum  Del¬ 
phicum  corrumpere  posset.  S}rphax  dum  solus  in  hostes  invadit, 
si  suo  ipse  periculo  fugam  sistere  posset,  equo  lapso,  vivus  captus 
est.  Quid  interest,  utrum  ex  homine  se  quis  convertat  in  belluam, 
an  in  hominis  figura  immanitatem  gerat  belluae?  Stellarum  nu¬ 
merus  par  an  impar  sit,  incertum  est.  Fatemur,  acuti  hebetesne, 
valentes  imbecilline  simus,  non  esse  id  in  nobis.  Sitientis  nihil 
intererit,  aureumne  poculum  sit  an  vitreum;  an  Diogenem  cava 
manu  aquam  hausisse  ignoras?  Commoda  et  incommoda  hominis 
considerantur  hoc  modo:  valens,  an  imbecillus:  longus,  an  brevis; 
formosus,  an  deformis;  velox,  an  tardus  sit.  Augustus  cum  ami¬ 
cis  deliberavit,  utrum  imperium  retineret  necne.  Ingens  eo  die 
res  ac  nescio  an  maxima  illo  die  gesta  sit.  Nescio  an  res  publica 
Atheniensium  nulla  re  magis  sit  lapsa  quam  immodica  contio¬ 
num  licentia.  Si  per  se  virtus  ponderanda  sit,  dubito  an  Thra¬ 
sybulum  omnium  principem  ponam.  Id  et  ostendisti  quibusdam 
litteris  ex  Epiro  an  Athenis  datis. 

373.  Tell  me  what  resolution  you  have  taken.  You  know 
what  I  was  formerly,  and  you  see  what  I  am  now.  The  philo¬ 
sophers  ask  what  anger  is.  How  dear  P.  Scipio  was  to  the 


QUESTIONS. 


181 


citizens,  was  apparent  from  the  mourning  at1  his  burial.  You 
do  not  know  how  great  the  power  of  friendship  is,  nor  how  great 
that  of  enmity.  At  one  time  Cicero  knew  so  little  of  Atticus, 
that  he  had  not  even  an  idea  where  on  earth  he  lived.  Do  you 
know,  who  that  Cato  was,  when  he  lived  and  why  he  had  the 
surname  of  the  Elder.  The  Greeks  often  consulted  the  oracle 
what  they  should  do.  Anacharsis  asked  Solon  to  explain  the 
prirciples3  which  the  Athenians  followed  in  the  education  of 
youth;  the  different  kinds  of  justice;  the  lesson  which  the 
fable  of  Icarus  teaches  us.  In  your  letter  to  Lucceus  something 
I  know  not  what  seems  to  have  been  written  by  which  he  was 
greatly  distressed4,  The  arrival  of  Caesar  in  the  camp  encour¬ 
aged5  the  soldiers  wonderfully.  We  know  of  Demosthenes  that 
he  devoted  himself  exceedingly  much  to  the  study  of  oratory. 
Cicero  in  some  passage,  I  know  not  which,  speaks  of  the  renown 

which  the  Rhodians  gained  by  their  achievements  at  sea6. 

1  gen.  2  suspicari.  3  ratio.  4  afflictari.  5  confirmare.  6  res  navalis. 

374.  My  father  asked  me  whether  I  wished  to  set  out  for 
the  camp  with  him.  I  do  not  as  yet  know,  whether  we  shall 
come  to  Itaty  this  winter.  We  may  rightly  ask  boys  who  make 
sport  of  old  people,  whether  they  do  not  themselves  hope  to 
become  old  men.  Epaminondas,  when  d}7ing,  asked  who  had 
conquered,  the  Thebans  or  the  Peloponnesians.  Among  the  ten 
commanders  whom  the  Athenians  had  chosen,  there  was  a  great 
dispute1,  whether  they  should  defend  themselves  by  means  of 
walls,  or  march  against  the  enemy  and  decide  by  battle2.  Let 
us  distinguish  whether  a  person  can  not  or  will  not.  Menes¬ 
theus,  the  son  of  Iphicrates,  was  asked  whether  he  esteemed 
his  mother  or  his  father  higher.  When  a  defendant3  says  that 
he  has  erred  through  ignorance4,  he  is  asked,  whether  he  could 
have  known  or  not.  Almost  all  visit  you  to  see  whether  you 
desire  anything.  The  attempt  was  made5,  whether  Ardea  could 
be  taken  at  the  first  assault.  Caesar  was  not  only  an  excellent 
general  but  also  a  distinguished-  orator;  and  I  do  not  know 
whether,  next  to  Cicero,  he  was  not  the  best  in  his  time.  It  is 
not  wrong5  to  strive  after  riches;  but  I  doubt,  whether  it  is  bet¬ 
ter  to  possess  great  wealth  than  to  be  contented  with  little.  The 
next  letter  I  will  write  to  you  from  Rome  or  perhaps  from 
Naples.  When  some  tyrant  or  other  asked  Diogenes  what  metal 
would  be  fit  best  for  making  statues,  he  answered:  “Perhaps 
that  is  most  fit,  of  which  the  statues  of  Harmodius  were  made.” 

1  controversia, .  2  acie  decernere.  3  reus.  4  imprudens.  5  tentare,  6  iniquus , 


182 


miscellaneous  exercises. 


§  279. 

375.  Fuisti  saepe,  credo,  cum  Athenis  esses,  in  scholis  phi¬ 
losophorum?  Vero  ac  lubenter  quidem.  Tarquinius  Naevium  ro¬ 
gavit,  fierine  posset,  quod  ipse  mente  conceperat?  Ille,  posse, 
respondet.  Dasne,  deorum  immortalium  numine  naturam  omnem 
regi?  do  sane.  Numquid  nescis,  quid  discriminis  sit  inter  lucem 
et  lumen?  Certe.  Nonne  mirabile  videtur,  quam  brevi  tempore 
Persarum  regnum  in  dicionem  Macedonum  venerit?  Sane  quidem. 
Estne  frater  tuus  intus?  Non  est.  Semperne  orator  in  oratione 
ordinem  quem  vult  tenere  potest?  Non  ita.  Ecquid  dubitas  quin 
fidem  praestaturus  sim?  Minime  vero.  Numquid  possumus  prae¬ 
terita  mutare?  Non  possumus.  Ubi  fuit  Sulla?  num  Roma? 
Immo  longe  abfuit.  Meliusne  nobiscum  ageretur,  si  fortuna 
omnibus  optatis  nostris  responderet?  Immo  vero,  pessime.  Cati¬ 
lina  tamen  vivit.  Vivit?  immo  vero  in  senatum  venit,  fit  publici 
consilii  particeps,  notat  et  designat  oculis  unumquemque  vestrum. 

376.  Will  you  go  into  the  country?  No;  I  shall  remain  at 
home.  Epaminondas  asked  the  bystanders1:  “Is  my  shield  safe?” 
They  answered:  “Yes.”  “Is  the  enemy  routed?”  They  replied: 
“Yes.”  “Then,”  said  he,  “I  shall  die  unconquered.”  Will  you 
return  home  from  the  country  to-morrow?  No;  I  shall  rather  re¬ 
main  in  the  country  this  whole  month.  Is  this  your  house?  Yes. 
Do  you  not  see  how  much  idleness  weakens  the  body?  Yes,  surely. 
Was  not  the  Capitol  saved  by  the  gabbling  of  the  geese?  Yes. 
Were  the  Romans  not  more  learned  than  the  Greeks?  By  no 
means.  Is  it  certain  whether  Homer,  the  greatest  of  the  Greek 
poets,  was  born  at  Smyrna,  or  at  Athens,  or  at  Rhodes?  No, 
we  do  not  know  where  he  was  born.  Do  flatterers  benefit  us? 
No,  on  the  contrary,  they  frequently  injure  us  seriously.  When 
Cicero  on  his  departure  from  his  province  came  to  Puteoli,  he 
was  greatly  astonished  when  some  one  asked  him  on  what  day 
he  had  left  Rome  and  whether  there  were  any  news.  Cicero 
answered  him:  “I  come  from  my  province;”  “oh  yes,”  the  other 
said,  “from  Africa,  I  believe.”  “No,  from  Sicily,”  Cicero  proudly 
answered. 

1  ads  tare. 

MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 

377.  When  Hercules  saw  two  roads,  the  one  of  pleasure,  the 
other  of  virtue,  he  doubted  upon  which  it  was  better  to  enter. 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


183 


Diogenes  commanded  that  he  be  cast  out1  and  left  unburied2. 
One  of  his  friends  thereupon  asked:  “For  the  birds  and  wild 
beasts?”  “No,”  said  he,  “but  you  shall  place  a  small  rod3  be¬ 
side  me,  that  I  may  drive  them  away4.  “How  can  you  do  that, 
for  you  will  not  feel  it?”-  “What  harm  shall  it  do  me  to  be 
torn  to  pieces6  by  wild  animals,  if  I  feel  nothing?”  When  a  cer¬ 
tain  person  was  asked,  which  of  the  two  he  would  rather  be, 
Croesus  or  Socrates,  he  answered:  “In  life7  I  would  like  to  be 
Croesus;  in  death7,  Socrates.  The  surname  which  the  Romans 
gave  Titus,  sufficiently  proves  how  beloved8  probity  and  fidelity 
are,  how  hated9  cruelty  is.  I  know  full  well10  how  perishable11 
and  frail  human  things  are.  Do  you  believe  that  Epaminondas 
sighed,  when  he  noticed  that  his  life  together  with  his  blood 
was  passing  away?12  You  have  asked  me,  whether  I  do  not  be¬ 
lieve  that  within  so  many  centuries  truth  could  have  been  found. 

1  projicere.  2  inhumatus.  3  bacillum.  4  abigere.  6  laniare.  6  adj.  7  parti¬ 
ciple.  8  amor ,  is.  9  odium.  10  non  ignorare.  11  caducus.  12  effluere. 

378.  When  Hercules,  at  the  first  dawn  of  day,  roused1  from 
sleep,  had  inspected2  his  flock  and  noticed  that  a  part  was  miss¬ 
ing,  he  went  towards  the  nearest  cave  to  see  whether  tracks 
lead3  there.  Who  is  wealthier,  he  that  is  rich  in  understanding 
or  he  that  is  rich  in  money?  The  enemy  watched  whether  the 
Romans  would  cross  the  swamp.  We  must  consider  not  of  what 
parents  any  one4  is  born,  but  what  he  is  himself.  When  Plato 
was  asked  what  difference  there  was  between  a  wise  man  and  a 
fool,  he  answered:  “The  same  as  between  a  physician  and  a 
sick  person.”  Cease  to  doubt,  whether  it  is  more  expedient  on 
account  of  many  wicked  persons  to  spare  one,  or  by  the  punish¬ 
ment5  of  one  wicked  person  to  check  the  wickedness  of  many. 
History  teaches  how  the  Roman  commonwealth  from  the  most 
beautiful  and  best,  became  the  worst  and  most  disgraceful  of 
all.  It  matters  not  how  much  money  you  give  to  the  poor,  but 
with  what  intention6. 

1  excire.  2  perlustrare.  3  ferre.  4  quisque.  5  supplicium.  6  animus. 

379.  The  enemy,  forced1  by  hunger,  went  out  of  the  camp 
to  ascertain  if  perchance  they  might  find  some  grain.  I  do  not 
know  whether  those  who  devote  themselves  to  the  administration 
of  the  state2,  ought  not  still  more  than  the  philosophers  strive 
after  contempt3  of  earthly  things  and  after  tranquillity  of  the 
soul.  You  know  what  a  straight  line  is;  what  does  that  benefit 
you  if  you  do  not  know  what  is  straight  in  life.  Do  you  admit 

1  adducere .  2  rempublicam  capessere .  3  despicientia. 


184 


THE  FINAE  CLAUSE. 


that  the  whole  of  nature  is  governed  by  the  power1  of  God? 
Yes.  Has  utility  triumphed  over  virtue?2  No,  on  the  contrary 
utility  has  followed  virtue.  What  was  the  cause  of  so  sudden 
a  change  in  your  character?  Why  will  you  not  open  your  heart 
to  your  parents?  Is  there  any  one  on  the  whole  earth  to  whom 
you  could  confide  your  secrets  more  unreservedly 4  than  to  them? 

1  numen.  2  honestus.  3  arcana ,  orum.  4  apertus,  a,  um. 


380.  The  ancients  were  not  without  reason  in  doubt,  whether 
among  the  Latin  poets  the  first  place1  in  elegiac  poetry2  was 
to  be  assigned3  to  Tibullus  or  to  Propertius.  I  will  not  repeat 
how  much  is  written  in  the  works  of  the  most  learned  men  con¬ 
cerning  bravery,  fame,  patriotism  and  the  rewards,  which  await4 
those  who  have  fought  bravely  and  courageously  for  their  country. 
Mucius  being  too  much  afraid  to  ask5  which  of  the  two  was 
Porsenna,  in  order  not  to  betray6  who  he  was,  killed  the  secre¬ 
tary  instead  of  the  king.  When  Lycurgus,  the  lawgiver  of  the 
Lacedaemonians,  had  entered  the  temple  of  Apollo  at  Delphi  7 
in  order  to  ask  the  god  for  an  oracle,  the  priestess  thus  addressed 
him:  “I  know  not  whether  you  ought  to  be  called  a  god  or  a 
man,  but  you  seem  to  me  rather  to  be  a  god.”  Ambassadors 
were  sent  by  the  Athenians  to  Delphi,  to  ask  Apollo’s  advice8 
whom  they  should  take  for  a  commander. 


1  principatus ,  us.  2  genus  elegiacum.  3  deferre. 
6  aperire.  7  Delphicus ,  a ,  um.  8  consulere. 


4  manere.  5  sciscitari. 


THE  FINAL  CLAUSE. 

§  280. 

381.  Idcirco  amicitiae  comparantur  ut  commune  commodum 
mutuis  officiis  gubernetur.  Cato  nunquam  recte  fecit  ut  facere 
videretur  sed  quia  aliter  facere  non  poterat.  Atheniensibus  pax 
ea  conditione  concessa  est  ut  muros  diruerent.  Foedus  ictum 
est  inter  Romanos  et  Albanos  ea  lege,  ut  unde  imperium  ibi 
victoria  esset.  Persae  mortuos  cera  circumlitos  condunt  ut  quam 
maxime  permaneant  diuturna  corpora.  Ut  fratrem  sobole  pri¬ 
varet,  Amulius  Rheam  Silviam  ejus  filiam  Vestae  sacerdotem 
fecit.  Socratem  adhortabantur  amici  ut  e  carcere  effugeret.  Dion 
non  destitit  obsecrare  Dionysium  ut  Platonem  Athenis  arcesseret 
et  ejus  consiliis  uteretur.  Te  illud  admoneo  ut  meditere  resist¬ 
endum  esse  iracundiae.  Quem  ut  mentiatur  inducere  possumus, 
ut  pejeret,  exorare  facile  poterimus.  Si  non  ipso  honesto  move- 


THE  FINAL  CLAUSE. 


185 


mur  ut  boni  simus  sed  utilitate  aliqua  atque  fructu,  callidi  sumus, 
non  boni.  Herculi  imperavit  Eurystheus  rex  ut  arma  reginae 
Amazonum  sibi  offerret.  Praetor  Mummius  edixit  ut  adesset  Vati- 
mius  dic  trigesimo.  Atheniensibus  nominatim  Pythia  praecepit 
ut  Miltiadem  sibi  imperatorem  sumerent.  Caesar  Voluseno  man¬ 
dat  ut  exploratis  omnibus  quam  primum  ad  se  revertatur.  Tana¬ 
quil  Tarquinio  conjugi  suasit  ut  Servium  Tullium  haud  secus  ac 
liberos  suos  educaret.  Fabricii  admiratus  virtutem,  Pyrrhus  rex 
illum  secreto  invitavit  ut  patriam  desereret  secumque  vellet  vivere. 
Scipioni  ante  annos  consuli  facto  Sicilia  provincia  decreta  per¬ 
missumque  est  ut  inde  in  Africam  trajiceret. 

382.  Ante  senectutem  curavi,  ut  bene  viverem,  in  senectute, 
ut  bene  moriar.  Consulere  ac  prospicere  debent  parentes  ut  libe¬ 
rorum  pueritia  quam  firmissimo  praesidio  munita  sit.  Caverat 
sibi  Catilina  ut  scelerum  suorum  multos  socios  adjutoresque  sibi 
adjungeret.  Cicero  summo  studio  enitebatur  ut  Caesarem  et 
Pompejum  inter  se  conciliaret  et  a  belli  civilis  calamitatibus  de¬ 
terreret.  Omnibus  opibus  et  viribus,  ut  uosmet  ipsi  nobis  mederi 
possimus,  elaborandum  est.  Lentulus  constituerat  ut  Bestia  tribu¬ 
nus  plebis  quereretur  de  actionibus  Ciceronis.  Tarentum  ut  Poenis 
traderent,  tredecim  fere  nobiles  juvenes  Tarentini  conjuraverunt. 
Periculosum  est  committere  ut  accusator  nomineris.  Quamquam 
multi  id  agunt,  ut  omni  modo  mihi  maledicant  meisque  in  civi¬ 
tatem  meritis  obtrectent,  tamen  nec  operi  nec  pecuniae  parcam 
ut  vulneribus  reipublicae  medear.  Opera  danda  est  ut  verbis 
utamur  quam  usitatissimis  et  quam  maxime  aptis,  id  est,  rem 
declarantibus.  Boni  parentes  nihil  antiquius  habent  quam  ut 
liberorum  animos  honesti  studio  imbuant  atque  bonis  artibus 
litterisque  erudiendos  curent.  Frater  mihi  scripsit  ut  domum 
redirem,  patrem  subito  aegrotare  coepisse.  Pythia  Atheniensibus 
respondit  ut  moenibus  ligneis  sese  defenderent.  Haec  prima  lex 
amicitiae  sanciatur,  ut  ab  amicis  honesta  petamus,  amicorum 
causa  honesta  faciamus.  Sallustius  statuit  res  gestas  populi 
Romani  perscribere.  Jugurtha  exercitu  circumdato  summa  vi 
Cirtam  irrumpere  nititur.  Exercitus  Alexandrum  lacrymis  depre¬ 
catur,  finem  tandem  belli  faceret,  aliquando  patriae  reditusque 
meminisset.  Rogo  vos,  auxilio  mihi  veniatis.  Amicos  Ariobar¬ 
zanis  hortatus  sum,  regis  sui  vitam  omni  cura  defenderent. 

383.  Tarquinius  made  war  upon  the  Romans  in  order  to  be 
again  restored  to  the  royal  power.  Youths  should1  strive  to  ful- 

1  decet. 


186 


the  einai,  clause. 


fill  most  punctually  the  precepts  which  they  have  received  from 
their  parents  and  teachers,  their  best  guides.  I  advise  you  to 
learn  to  be  a  father  from  those  who  really  are  fathers.  Caesar 
applied  to1  Pompey,  beseeching  him  to  use  all  his  influence,  in 
order  that  the  plans  of  his  enemies  might  be  frustrated.  History 
advises  us,  that  we  should  imitate  great  and  wise  men.  Caesar 
admonished  his  soldiers  to  defend  the  honor  and  dignity  of  that 
general  under  whose  leadership  they  had  fought,  in  nine  years, 
so  many  successful  battles  and  subdued  the  whole  of  Gaul.  A 
truce  was  granted  to  the  Veientes  for  forty  years,  on  condition 
that  they  pay  tribute.  I  shall  tell  your  relatives  to  copy  the 
book  and  send  it  to  you.  Tarquinius  insisted 2  that  as  soon  as 

possible  an  assembly  should  be  held3  for  the  election4  of  a  king. 

1  adire.  2  niti.  3  facere.  4  creare. 

384.  I  wrote  to  you  lately  that  you  should  soon  come  to 
me;  but  you  replied  that  you  could  not  come  on  account  of  much 
business1.  The  admiral  gave  the  command2  to  raise  the  mast, 
unfurl  the  sails  and3  weigh  anchor,  and  at  the  same  time  he 
orders4  to  signal  that  the  rest  should  follow  him.  By  a  promise 
of  great  rewards  Caesar  bribed  a  Gallic5  horseman  to  carry  a 
letter  to  Cicero.  Alcibiades  allowed  himself  to  be  incited6  by 
anger  to  take  up  arms  against  his  fellow-citizens.  Endeavor  to 
make  all  men  your  friends;  for  friendship  makes  happiness 
brighter7  and  misfortune  lighter.  Sulpicius,  the  tribune  of  the 
people,  proposed8  a  law,  that  the  chief  command  be  taken  away9 
from  Sulla.  The  legates  of  the  Ubii  besought  Caesar  to  spare 
them.  Lysander  formed  the  plan  to  expel  the  kings  from  Sparta. 
At  Rome  the  tribunes  of  the  people  exerted  themselves  with  the 
greatest  zeal  to  diminish  the  authority  of  the  senate.  Young  men, 
consider  nothing  of  greater  importance  than  to  become  wiser  and 
better  from  day  to  day.  If  you  be  praised,  I  request  you  to 
investigate 10,  whether  }^ou  are  rightly  praised.  The  wealth  which 
a  father  acquires,  often  gives  occasion  for  his  son  to  indulge 
his  passions. 

1  plural.  2  imperare.  8  see  Gr.  §  316,  1.  4  jubere.  5  Gallus.  6  see  Gr. 

§  251,  n.  7  splendidus.  8  ferre.  9  abrogare  aliquid  alicui.  10  quaerere. 

385.  The  Athenians  requested  the  Lacedaemonians  before 
the  battle  of  Marathon  to  send  them  troops.  I  encourage  you 
earnestly,  my  Cicero,  not  only  to  read  my  orations,  but  also  to 
read  diligently  the  books  of  Philosophy.  The  general  was 
allowed  to  lead  the  legions  against  the  enemy.  The  Gauls  formed 
the  plan  to  flee  from  the  city.  The  most  noble  citizens  of  Rome 


THE  FIN AI,  CLAUSE. 


187 


conspired  to  set  the  city  on  fire.  It  was  resolved  that  decemvirs 
should  be  elected.  The  horsemen  fought  bravely  to  wipe  out 
by  bravery  the  disgrace  of  their  flight.  When  Numa  had  come 
to  Rome,  he  instituted  many  sacred  rights1,  in  order  to  soften 
the  manners  of  the  people  by  means  of  religion.  Miltiades  made 
great  endeavors2,  that  camps  be  pitched  at  the  very  first  oppor¬ 
tunity.  Parmenio  advised  Alexander  the  Great  to  accept  the 
money  offered  by  Darius  for  the  purpose  of  purchasing-3  peace. 
Every  man  must  look  to  it  to  preserve  his  life  by  all  lawful 
means.  Porsenna  permitted  Cloelia  to  choose  for  herself  of  the 
hostag-es  whomever  she  wished.  The  Carthaginians,  defeated 
at  the  Aeg-etian4  islands,  were  guanted  peace  under  the  condition, 
that  they  would  evacuate5  all  islands  which  lie  between  Italy 
and  Africa,  and  for  twenty  years  pay  a  fixed6  tribute  to  the 
Roman  people. 

1  sacra.  2  niti.  3  redimere.  4  Aegates.  5  decedere .  6  certus. 

§  281. 

386.  Alexander  edixit,  ne  quis  ipsum  alius,  quam  Apelles, 
ping-eret.  Te  illud  primum  rogo,  ne  quid  invitus  mea  causa 
facias.  Te  moneo,  magnitudinem  animi  tui  ne  unquam  inflectas 
cujusquam  injuria.  Omnem  haruspicum  scientiam  ex  Etruria 
adhibebant  Romani,  ne  genus  esset  ullum  divinationis  quod  neg¬ 
lectum  ab  iis  videretur.  Senatus  decrevit,  darent  operam  con¬ 
sules,  ne  quid  respublica  detrimenti  caperet.  Miltiades  hortatus 
est  pontis  custodes,  ne  a  fortuna  datam  accasionem  liberandae 
Graeciae  dimitterent.  Est  viri  boni  hoc  tenere  in  amicitia,  ne 
quid  fictum  sit  neve  simulatum.  Animadvertatur  quanta  illa  res 
sit  quam  efficire  velimus,  ut  neve  major  neve  minor  cura  et  opera 
suscipiatur  quam  causa  postulat.  Consilio  continentiaque  semper 
tibi  opus  esse  cogitato,  idque  studeto,  ut  omnibus  virtutibus  boni 
hominis  fortisque  civis  assuescas,  neve  ea  admittas  quorum  postea 
te  poeniteat.  Enitar  ne  aut  industriam  meam  aut  diligentiam 
desideres.  Omnium  horum  vitiorum  una  cautio  est  ut  ne  nimis 
cito  diligere  incipiamus  neve  indignos.  Videndum  est,  ut  ea 
liberalitate  utamur,  quae  prosit  amicis,  noceat  nemini.  Vide  ne 
superbi  sit  aspernari  Caesaris  liberalitatem.  Cum  Hasdrubale, 
qui  id  agebat  ut  Carthaginiensium  rem  publicam  non  bello  aut 
armis,  sed  persuadendo  et  clementia  augeret,  Romani  foedus 
renovarunt,  ut  fines  utriusque  imperii  esset  Iberus  neve  Sagun¬ 
tum  bello  peteretur.  Senatus  consulto  praescriptum  est,  nequis 


188 


THE  FINAL  CLAUSE. 


domi  suae  occultos  coetus  haberet  neque  ipse  celebraret.  Haec 
igitur  lex  in  amicitia  sanciatur,  ut  neque  rogemus  res  turpes 
nec  faciamus  rogati. 

387.  Thrasybulus  made  a  law,  that  no  one  should  be  ac¬ 
cused  or  punished  for  past  offences.  Ancus  Marcius  united  the 
Janiculum  to  the  city,  not  on  account  of  want  of  space,  but 
that  it  might  not  become  a  stronghold  for  the  enemy.  Vercin¬ 
getorix  begged  all  to  have  regard  for  his  safety,  and  not  to 
deliver  up  to  the  enem}T  for  torture  him  who  had  well  deserved 
of  the  liberty  of  all.  When  Marcellus  had  taken  the  city  of 
Syracuse,  he  commanded1,  that  no  one  should  kill  Archimedes, 
by2  whom  the  city  had  been  so  long  defended.  It  was  a  law 
of  the  Romans,  that  a  citizen  should  be  neither  fettered  without 
a  hearing3,  nor  beaten  with  rods.  Caesar  sent  a  letter  to  the 
Lingones,  that  they  should  supply  the  Helvetians  neither  with 
grain  nor  anything  else.  When  Socrates  saw  sculptors  laboring 
with  the  greatest  zeal  to  make  the  stone  as  like  to  man  as  pos¬ 
sible,  he  said:  “I  wonder  that  these  sculptors  do  not  endeavor 
with  equal  diligence  not  to  appear  like  stones.” 

1  edicere .  2  opera.  3  indicta  causa. 

388.  The  enemy  guarded  the  passages  to  their  camp  with 
bodies  of  armed  men,  in  order  that  the  Romans  could  not  follow 
them,  before  their  baggage  train1  would  be  well2  advanced3. 
Caesar  had  hastily  sent  the  horsemen  against  the  enemy,  in 
order  that  they  should  not  encamp  anywhere.  Decumvirs  were 
elected,  and  it  was  decided  that  during  this  year  there  should 
be  no  other  magistrates.  The  tribunes  proclaimed  the  law,  that 
nobody  should  possess  more  than  five  hundred  acres  of  land. 
The  emperor  Tiberius  forbade  to  erect  statues  in  his  honor5, 
and  allowed  it  only  on  condition  that  they  would  not  be  placed 
among  the  statues  of  the  gods.  Take  care  that  you  do  not  incur0 
the  reproach6  of  levity!  See  whether  you  do  not  act  impudently, 
when  you  endeavor  to  take7  honors  for  your  name  from  the  works 
of  others.  See  whether  it  is  easy  for  you  to  come  to  me. 

1  agmen  impedimentorum.  2  satis.  3  procedere.  4  =  to  him.  5  subire. 
6  nota ,  ae.  7  libare. 

§§  282  &  283. 

389.  Vereor,  ne,  dum  minuere  velim  laborem,  augeam.  Non 
vereor,  ne  meae  vitae  modestia  parum  valitura  sit  contra  falsos 
rumores.  Timor  Romae  grandis  fuit,  ne  iterum  Galli  Romam 


THE  FINAL  CLAUSE. 


189 


redirent.  Improbi  aut  afficiuntur  poena,  aut  semper  sunt  in  metu, 
ne  afficiantur  aliquando.  Hannibal  Carthaginem,  patriam  suam, 
metu,  ne  Romanis  traderetur,  reliquit.  Num  est  periculum,  ne 
quis  putet  in  magna  arte  et  gloriosa  turpe  esse,  docere  alios  id 
quod  ipsi  fuerit  honestissimum  discere?  Assentatores  si  quem 
laudant,  vereri  se  dicunt,  ut  illius  facta  verbis  consequi  possint. 
Veremur  ne  forte  non  aliorum  utilitati,  sed  propriae  laudi  ser¬ 
visse  videamur.  Noli  metuere  ne  filius  tuus  non  convalescat. 
Numquid  veremini  ne  non  publicis,  sed  privatis  rationibus  ser¬ 
viam?  Caesar,  quamquam  timendum  non  jam  erat  ne  Ambiorix 
plus  damni  sibi  inferret,  tamen  Eburonum  agros  depopulari  veri¬ 
tus  non  est,  ne  cives  suos  impune  trucidavisse  viderentur. 

Obducuntur  libro  aut  cortice  trunci,  quo  sint  a  frigoribus  et 
caloribus  tutiores.  Caro  assatur  vel  coquitur,  quo  facilius  con¬ 
coquatur  jucundiusque  sapiat.  In  funeribus  sublata  erat  celebri¬ 
tas  virorum  ac  mulierum,  quo  lamentatio  minueretur.  Nonnulli 
equites  Romani,  qui  praesidii  causa  cum  telis  erant  circum  aedem 
Concordiae,  seu  periculi  magnitudine  seu  animi  mobilitate  im¬ 
pulsi,  quo  clarius  suum  in  rempublicam  studium  esset,  Caesari 
ex  senatu  egredienti  gladiis  sunt  minitati. 

390.  I  fear  that  while  (dum)  I  am  defending  my  own  friends, 
I  shall  not  spare  yours.  He  who  fears  to  lose  any  of  (ex)  his 
property,  will  not  be  happy.  Do  not  fear  that  I  will  not  do  that 
which  I  have  undertaken.  The  enemy  retreated  through  fear1, 
lest  they  would  be  surrounded  on  the  exposed2  side.  There  was 
danger  that  the  allies  would  fall  away,  if  they  would  not  obtain 
something.  Darius  had  resolved  to  go  to  Bactra;  but,  because 
he  feared  that  Alexander  would  overtake  him  by  the  celerity  of 
his  movements,  he  changed  his  plan  and  route.  Do  not  fear  to 
bear  hardships  on  account  of  virtue.  The  Romans  shuddered  at 
the  audacity  and  cruelty  of  Jugurtha,  who  was  not  afraid  to 
stain  his  hands  with  a  new  murder  in  the  very  city  of  Rome. 
They  say  that  Cluentius  had  bribed  his  judges,  in  order  thereby 
to  destroy  his  innocent  opponent.  Solon  acted  as  if  he  were 
mad,  in  order  that  his  life  would  be  so  much  the  more  secure, 
and  he  the  more  useful  to  the  state.  It  is  said  of  Hannibal  that 

he  crossed  the  Alps,  in  order  to  cause  greater  damage  to  the 
Romans. 

1  verb.  2  apertus . 

§  284. 

391.  Senectus  non  impedit,  quominus  litterarum  studia  tene¬ 
amus  usque  ad  ultimum  tempus  senectutis.  Isocrati,  quominus 


190 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


haberetur  summus  orator  non  offecit,  quod  infirmitate  vocis,  ne 
in  publico  diceret,  impediebatur.  Rebus  terrenis  multa  externa, 
quominus  perficiantur,  possunt  obsistere.  Epaminondas  non  recu¬ 
savit,  quominus  poenam  legis  subiret.  Per  Afranium  stetit,  quo¬ 
minus  proelio  dimicaretur.  Hector  nec  precibus  patris  nec  matris 
lacrimis  deterritus  est,  quominus  certamen  cum  Achille  iniret. 
Cum  Pompejus  recusasset,  ne  rem  cum  eo  componeret,  per  Cae¬ 
sarem  nulla  mora  fuit,  quominus  Rubiconem  transiret  et  infestis 
signis  Romam  peteret.  Histiaeus  Milesius,  ne  pons  in  Istro  fac¬ 
tus  rescinderetur,  obstitit.  Nefarias  Verris  libidines  commemorari 
pudore  deterreor.  Aegre  milites  prohibiti  sunt  captivos  occidere. 
Ne  invii  quidem  Alpium  montes  Hannibalem  deterruerunt,  quin 
bellum  in  Italiam  transferret.  Non  fuit  recusandum  in  tanto 
civili  bello,  quin  quassata  respublica  multa  perderet  et  ornamenta 
dignitatis  et  praesidia  stabilitatis. 

392.  Some  Gauls  deterred  the  multitude  from  collecting 
grain.  I  am  prevented  by  tears  from  writing  more.  The  night 
and  the  booty  hindered  the  enemy  from  making  use  of  the  vic¬ 
tory.  Parmenio,  having  heard  that  the  king’s  physician  had 
prepared  poison  for  him,  wished  to  prevent  him  from  taking 
the  medicine  by  sending  him  a  letter.  If  any  bodily  pain  or 
feebleness  of  health  prevented  you  from  coming  to  the  games, 
ascribe  it  to  good  fortune.  Sulpicius  had  hindered  by  protest1 
the  banished  from  returning*.  For  some  crime  Ovid  was  banished 
to  Scythia,  and,  though  many  intercedet2  for  him,  Augustus 
refused  to  pardon  him.  It  was  not  the  fault  of  the  Romans, 
that  there  was  no  lasting  friendship  with  the  Samnites.  The 
patricians  contended4  with  every  means  against  the  adoption4 
of  the  laws,  which  the  Gracchi  proposed.  Cimon  never  placed  a 
watchman  in  his  garden,  that  no  one  would  be  hindered  from 
taking  whatever  he  wished.  There  ought  to  be  no  delay  on  the 
part5  of  children,  to  obey  their  parents.  When  there  was  dan¬ 
ger  that  the  enemy  would  occupy  the  defiles  and  hills,  the  sol¬ 
diers  of  Caesar  left  their  camp  as  quick  as  possible;  for  there 
was  no  one  so  cowardly  or  so  indolent  as  to  refuse  to  resist  the 
enemy. 

1  intercedere .  2  deprecari.  3  repugnare.  4  sancire.  5  per. 

•» 

MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 

393.  Caesar  determined  for  two  reasons  to  cross  the  Rhine: 
the  one  of  which  was,  because  the  Germans  had  sent  auxiliary 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


191 


troops  to  the  Treviri  against  him;  the  other,  that  Ambiorix 
might  not  have  a  place  of  refuge  with  1  them.  After  the  man¬ 
ner  of  the  Pythagoreans,  I  will  in  the  evening  review  all  that 
I  have  said,  heard,  and  done  during  the  day,  in  order  to  exer¬ 
cise  my  memory.  The  Chii  imprisoned  Histiaeus,  who  had  fled 
to  them  from  Sardes,  fearing  that  he  might  form  some  plot2 
against  them;  but  after  they  had  ascertained  the  cause  of  his 
flight,  they  set  him  at  liberty3.  When  Alexander  the  Great  had 
intercepted4  a  letter  from  Darius,  in  which  the  Grecian  soldiers 
were  incited  either  to  assassinate  or  betray  the  king,  he  doubted 
whether  he  should  not  read  it  in  the  presence  of  the  army,  for 
he  fully6  trusted  the  fidelity  of  the  Greeks.  I  wish  you  would 
inform  me  in  what  month  you  will  return  from  the  country  to 
the  city. 

1  ad.  2  moliri.  3  solvere.  4  intercipere.  5  omnino. 

394.  The  Helvetians  thought  that  they  could  bribe  the 
Allobroges  to  allow  them  to  pass  through  their  territory.  The 
Carthaginians,  whose  power  was  broken  both  by  the  first  Punic 
war  and  civil1  disturbances2,  could  not,  after  peace  was  declared, 
prevent  Sardinia  being  taken  from  them  by  the  Romans.  Let 
us  strive  that  death  may  find  as  little  as  possible  which  it  can 
destroy.  At  the  time  of  the  war  between  the  Romans  and  Antio¬ 
chus,  the  consul  P.  Cornelius  issued  an  edict3,  that  none  of  the 
magistrates  should  go  so  far  from  the  city  as  not  to  be  able  to 
return  the  same  day,  and  that  no  five  senators  should  be  absent 
from  the  city  of  Rome  at  the  same  time.  After  the  first  Punic 
war,  the  Romans  made  peace  under  the  condition  that  the  Car¬ 
thaginians  deliver  Sicily  to  them.  The  family  of  the  Tarquinii 
was  forbidden  ever  to  return  to  Rome.  Aristides  of  Athens  and 
Camillus  of  Rome  bore  in  exile  the  injustice  they  suffered  from 
their  country  in  a  far  different4  spirit:  the  former  prayed  to  the 
gods  that  the  Athenians  might  never  need  his  help;  but  the 
latter  is  said  to  have  prayed  to  the  gods,  that  if  an  injustice 
was  done  him,  they  should  as  soon  as  possible  arouse  in  the  un¬ 
grateful  state  a  desire  for  his  return. 

1  domesticus.  2  dissensio ,  onis.  3  edicere.  4  longe  alius. 

395.  After  Hercules  had  killed  Geryones,  he  is  said  to  have 
driven  the  cows  of  wonderful  form  to  Italy,  and,  being  tired,  to 
have  rested  near  the  Tiber  in  a  grassy  field  in  order  to  refresh 
the  cows  by  rest  and  food.  To  this  }^ou  must  see,  fathers,  that 
the  crime  of  Lentulus  and  of  the  others  shall  not  have  more 


192 


MISCEU.ANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


influence1  with  you  than  your  dignity,  and  that  you  do  not  value 
your  life  more  than  your  reputation.  The  soldiers  earnestly  en¬ 
treated  the  general  to  look  to2  his  safety  and  not  allow  himself 
to  .be  taken  prisoner  by  the  enemy.  Agesilaus  having  died  away 
from  his  country,  his  friends,  as  they  had  no  honey,  poured  wax 
around  his  body,  that  it  might  easier  be  transported  to  Sparta, 
and  thus  they  brought  it  home.  Having  heard  that  your  strength 
is  being  exhausted  by  continuous  labor,  I  earnestly  beg3  you  to 
spare  yourself,  in  order  that  we  be  not  grieved  by  the  news 
that  you  are  feeble.  Phocion  did  not  accept  the  money  offered 
to  him  by  Alexander,  but,  in  order  not  to  offend  him  by  his 
refusal,  he  begged  him  to  set  four  men  at  liberty  who  were  kept 
prisoners  in  the  citadel  of  Sardes. 

1  valere .  2  considere.  3  oro  obsecroque. 

396.  Let  us  see  whether  all  praise  of  virtue  does  not  con¬ 
sist  in  action1.  When  a  poor  poet  had  given  Sulla  a  poem  on 
the  Roman  people,  he  commanded  that  a  present  be  made  to  him 
on  condition  that  he  would  not  write  anything  in  future.  Luta¬ 
tius,  who  ended  the  first  Punic  war,  was  forbidden  by  the  senate 
to  visit  the  oracle  of  Fortuna.  Itis  written  in  the  Valerian  law, 
that  the  property  of  the  proscribed  should  be  confiscated 2.  After 
the  time  of  Solon  a  law  was  passed,  that  no  one  should  erect 
a  tomb  that  would  require3  more  labor  than  ten  persons  could 
perform  in  three  days.  I  assured  myself,  that  it  was  your  fault 
that  our  undertaking  did  not  end  well.  Pompey  commanded  his 
soldiers  to  repel  the  attacks  of  Caesar,  and  not  to  move  from 
the  spot.  It  was  agreed,  that  the  war  should  be  carried  on  with 
eighteen  legions,  and  that  Gaul,  Sicily  and  Sardinia  should  be 
defended  by  two  each,  that  G.  Fabius  and  Tib.  Gracchus  should 
each  command  two,  that  the  proconsuls  G.  Terentius  and  M.  Va¬ 
lerius  should  each  command  one,  and  that  two  should  remain 
to  guard  the  city. 

1  actio.  2  publicare.  3  exigere. 

397.  The  Haruspices  had  previously  warned  Caesar  to  be¬ 
ware  of  the  Ides  of  March;  and  his  wife,  alarmed  by  a  noctur¬ 
nal  vision,  begged  him  to  remain  at  home  on  that  day.  Lycur¬ 
gus,  wishing  to  instil  into  the  minds  of  boys  a  love  of  modesty, 
commanded  them  to  keep1  their  hands  under2  their  cloaks,  and 
to  pass  along  in  silence,  with  their  eyes  cast  down.  The  Romans 
sent  ambassadors  to  Hannibal  to  inform  him,  that  he  should 
abstain  from  war;  he,  however,  did  not  wish  to  receive  them;  the 


K 


THE  CONSECUTIVE  CLAUSE. 


193 


Romans  also  sent  to  Carthage,  that  Hannibal  be  ordered  not  to 
make  war  upon  the  allies  of  the  Roman  empire.  For  thirteen 
days  I  was  with  the  excellent  M.  Laenius  Flaccus,  who  valued 
his  life  and  property  less  than  my  welfare,  and  was  not  deterred 
by  the  penalties  of  the  Clodian  law  from  performing8  the  noble 
duties  of  hospitality.  May  I  once  be  able  to  return  him  thanks! 
When  Croesus  heard  that  Solon,  whom  he  had  invited  to  Sardes, 
was  coming,  he  adorned  his  body  as  gorgeously  as  possible,  in 
order  to  dazzle  the  eye  of  the  newcomer4  and  to  inspire5  him 
with  an  admiration  for  his  person6. 

1  continere.  2  intra.  3  praestare.  4  advena.  5  afficere.  8  sui. 

398.  According  to  the  customs  of  the  Romans,  it  was  decreed 
that  before  the  triumph  the  consuls  should  be  outside  of  the 
city.  With  the  Thebans  it  was  a  law,  that  if  any  one  retained 
the  chief  command  longer  than  the  period  fixed1  by  law,  he 
should  be  condemned  to  death.  It  is  to  be  desired,  that  those 
who  are  at  the  head  of  the  state  are  like  unto  the  laws,  which 
in  punishing,  are  guided  not  by  anger,  but  by  justice.  Those 
that  wish  to  imitate  Socrates  must  endeavor  to  accustom  them¬ 
selves  from  youth  to  restrain  their  passions.  When  Q.  Fabius 
Labeo,  who  had  been  given  to  the  Nolani  and  Neapolitani  as 
arbiter  of  their  boundaries,  arrived  at  the  appointed  place,  he 
consulted  with  each  party  separately,  and  counseled  them  to 
act  with  moderation  and  to  be  willing  to  retreat2  rather  than 
to  advance2.  When  both  parties  had  done  this,  a  large  section3 
of  land  in  the  center  remained.  That  part  he  awarded4  to  the 
Romans. 

1  praefinire.  2  regredi  —  progredi.  3  aliquantum.  4  adjudicare. 


THE  CONSECUTIVE  CLAUSE. 

§  285. 

399.  Cimon  fuit  tanta  liberalitate,  ut  nunquam  hortis  suis 
custodem  imposuerit.  Ita  multi  sunt  imbecilli  senes,  ut  nullum 
officii,  aut  omnino  vitae  munus  exsequi  possint.  Platonem  Dio 
adeo  admiratus  est  atque  adamavit,  ut  totum  se  ei  dederet.  Ha¬ 
bet  has  vices  conditio  mortalium  ut  adversa  ex  secundis,  ex  ad¬ 
versis  secunda  nascantur.  Fuit  Iphicrates  et  animo  et  corpore 
magno,  ut  ipso  aspectu  cuivis  injiceret  admirationem  sui  Quin¬ 
ctius  Cincinnatus,  dictatura  in  sex  menses  accepta,  sexto  decimo 
13 


194 


THE  CONSECUTIVE  CLAUSE. 


die  se  abdicavit,  prorsus  ut  festinasse  dictator  ad  relictum  opus 
videretur:  expeditione  enim  finita,  ad  boves  rediit  triumphalis 
agricola.  Nostri  imperatores  ita  de  Mithridate  triumpharunt, 
ut  ille  pulsus  superatusque  regnaret.  Ego  tibi  onus  imponam, 
ita  tamen,  ne  tibi  nolim  molestus  esse.  Haec  verba  adeo  non 
moverunt  quemquam,  ut  legati  prope  violati  sint.  Epaminondas 
perfecit,  ut  auxilio  sociorum  Lacedaemonii  privarentur.  Socra¬ 
tes  non  a  se  impetravit,  ut  supplicii  vitandi  gratia  apud  judices 
ad  preces  descenderet.  Cum  Scipio  apud  Zamam  de  Hannibale 
victoriam  reportasset,  id  assecuti  sunt  Romani,  ut  Carthaginien¬ 
ses  pacem  petere  cogerentur.  Socrates  respondit,  sese  meruisse, 
ut  amplissimis  et  praemiis  decoraretur.  Natura  fert,  ut  extrema 
ex  altera  parte  graviter1,  ex  altera  autem  acute2  sonent.  Hoc 
plerumque  fit,  ut  consilia  eventibus  ponderemus.  Invitus  feci, 
ut  Flaminium  e  senatu  ejicerem.  Aristidis  aequitate  factum  est, 
ut  summa  imperii  maritimi  transferretur  ad  Athenienses. 

1  low.  2  high. 

400.  Fit  fere,  ut,  qui  bonum  aliquid  nuntiant,  affingant  ali¬ 
quid,  quo  laetius  faciant  id,  quod  nuntiant.  Fieri  non  potest, 
ut,  quae  agimus,  omnibus  semper  sint  probata.  Priusquam  classis 
ex  portu  Piraeo  exiit,  accidit,  ut  una  nocte  omnes  Hermae  qui 
per  urbem  Atheniensium  erant,  dejicerentur.  Thrasybulo  conti¬ 
git,  ut  patriam  a  triginta  tyrannis  oppressam  in  libertatem  vindi¬ 
caret.  Persaepe  evenit,  ut  utilitas  cum  honestate  certet.  Ad 
communem  omnium  trepidationem  accedit,  ut  phalanx  Macedonum 
non  circumagere  se  posset.  Cum  in  eo  jam  esset,  ut  Poeni  totum 
Minucii  exercitum  delerent,  Fabius  laborantibus  auxilio  venit. 
Amicis  quoniam  satisfeci  reliquum  est,  ut  egomet  mihi  consu¬ 
lam.  Quoniam  de  rebus  gestis  Alexandri  satis  diximus,  restat, 
ut  quibus  moribus  fuerit,  adumbremus;  extremum  erit,  ut  de  exitu 
viri  paucis  exponamus.  Plurimi  Romani,  qui  philosophiae  Stoi¬ 
corum  operam  dabant,  longe  aberat,  ut  philosophi  essent:  animo¬ 
rum  relaxandorum  causa  huic  studio  se  dederunt.  Tantum  abest 
ut  me  hesternae  quietis  poeniteat,  ut  servatum  a  me  exercitum 
eo  consilio  credam.  Tantum  abest  ut  enervetur  oratio  compositi¬ 
one  verborum:  contra  aliter  in  ea  nec  impetus  nec  vis  esse  potest. 
Philosophia  Epicurea  tantum  abest  a  vero,  ut  homines  in  gra¬ 
vissimos  errores  inducat.  Facile  concedo  Scipionem  morum  Grae¬ 
corum  fuisse  studiosiorem  quam  ut  omnibus  civibus  gratus  esse 
posset. 

401.  Alexander,  king  of  the  Macedonians,  fought  so  bravely, 


THE  CONSECUTIVE  CLAUSE. 


195 


that  he  defeated  all  the  nations  of  Asia  as  far  as  the  ocean  and 
the  river  Ganges.  Is  there  anyone  so  foolish  as  to  believe,  that 
what  the  ancient  writers  say  of  the  fate  of  the  dead  in  the  lower 
regions  is  true?  Jugurtha  was  of  a  restless  and  fiery  spirit  and 
effected  by  his  many  gallant  deeds,  that  he  was  very  dear  to 
the  Romans,  but  a  terror  to  the  Numantini.  Cicero  brought  it 
about  that  the  famine  which  existed  throughout  all  Asia  was 
alleviated1.  By  the  appearance  of  good,  men  are  often  deceived 
to  such  an  extent,  that  they  embrace  the  evil  instead  of  the 
good.  Numa  imbued  the  minds  of  the  Romans  with  such  piety, 
that  fear  of  the  gods,  not  of  the  laws  and  punishments,  kept 
the  citizens  in  check2.  Marcellus  did  not  obtain8  permission 4  to 
enter  the  city  in  triumph5.  You  ought  to  yield  to  anger  only 
so  far,  that  you  consider  your  welfare  more  important  than  your 
anger.  Though  Aristides  deserved  to  receive  the  greatest  honors 
from  the  Athenians,  he  was  sent  into  exile.  The  victory  which 
Pyrrhus  gained  over  the  Romans,  was  of  so  little  profit6  to  him, 
that  he  even  dreaded  a  second  victory.  The  Romans  and  Aequi 
fought  with  varied  success7,  that  it  was  uncertain,  which  of  the 
two  won  the  victory.  We  often  judge  wrongly  about  the  actions 
of  others,  because  we  do  not  see  what  their  intentions8  are. 
Custom  often  brings  it  about  that  people  consider  that  as  lawful9, 
which  is  forbidden. 

1  sedare,  2  continere.  3  impetrare.  4  licet.  5  triumphare.  6  prodesse . 
7  Mars ,  iis.  8  mens ,  sing-.  9  honestus. 

402.  It  is  the  case  that  you  are  guilty  of  a  crime.  Caesar 
was  in  great  danger,  and  nothing  else  remained  than  by  an 
attack  to  repulse  the  enemy’s  cavalry.  In  the  last  war  many 
did  not  lack  money  and  strength,  but  were  wanting  in  courage 
and  willingness1;  thus  it  happened,  that  many  remained  at  home 
who  should  have  taken  up  arms  to  defend  their  country.  It 
generally2  happens,  that  we  take  more  notice  of  a  mistake  made 
by  others  than  one  made  by  ourselves.  The  camp  was  too  strongly 
fortified  to  be  taken  without  an  assault.  When  we  were  on  the 
point  of  taking  the  hostile3  city,  we  desisted  from  the  assault, 
for  fear  that  the  fleet  of  the  enemy  would  arrive.  The  poet 
Archias,  for  whom  Cicero  delivered  an  oration,  had  the  good 
fortune4  to  enjoy  the  confidence  and  company  of  the  most  noble 
among  the  Romans.  Far  from  finding  fault  with  your  opinion, 
I  even  praise  it.  The  orator  was  so  far  from  engaging  our 
attention5,  that  he  hardly  kept6  us  from  falling  asleep.  The  joy 

1  voluntas.  2  verb.  3  hostis.  4  contingit.  5  attentum  reddere.  6  tenere. 


196 


THE  consecutive  cuause. 


which  you  prepared  for  me  was  greater  than  that  I  could  com¬ 
prehend  it.  It  was  impossible  for  the  Romans  to  retain  their 
ancient  frugality,  when  they  had  acquired  the  riches  of  the  East. 
Finally1  I  admonish  you,  that  you  always  be  mindful  of  my 
teachings2. 

1  extremum  est.  2  praeceptum . 


§  286. 

403.  Cum  tibi  deus  dederit  animum,  quo  nihil  est  praestan¬ 
tius:  sic  te  ipse  abjicies,  ut  nihil  inter  te,  atque  inter  quadrupe¬ 
dem  aliquam  putes  interesse?  Ejusmodi  in  provinciam  homines 
cum  imperio  mittimus,  ut  ipsorum  adventus  in  urbes  sociorum 
non  multum  ab  hostili  expugnatione  differat.  Hannibal  in  Italia 
tum  gravi  morbo  oculorum  affectus  est,  ut  postea  nunquam  dex¬ 
tro  oculo  aeque  bene  uteretur.  Epaminondas  fuit  disertus,  ut 
nemo  ei  par  esset  eloquentia.  Totae  res  rusticae  ejusmodi  sunt, 
ut  eas  non  ratio  nec  labor,  sed  res  incertissimae,  venti  tempes¬ 
tatesque,  moderentur.  Splendor  vester  facit,  ut  peccare  sine  summo 
reipublicae  periculo  non  possitis.  Sulla,  cum  adolescens  eum 
maledictis  incessere  usque  ad  fores  domus  ausus  esset:  “hic  ado¬ 
lescens,”  inquit,  “efficiet,  ne  quis  posthac  tale  imperium  depo¬ 
nat.”  Nemo  navigavit,  ut  non  se  aut  mortis  aut  servitutis  peri¬ 
culo  committeret. 

404.  Saturnus,  the  king  of  the  Aborigines,  is  said  to  have 
been  such  a  lover1  of  justice,  that  no  one  either  served  under 
him  or  owned  any  private  property.  We  ordered  your  brother 
to  write  to  ou ;  but  we  do  not  know  how  it  came2,  that  he  did 
not  do  so.  Nobody  is  so  ignorant  as  not  to  know,  that  all  that 
he  sees  is  governed  by  a  wise  God,  and  that  it  is  not  possible 
for  a  man  to  do  this.  Titus  has  so  fallen,  that  he  can  never 
rise  again.  The  river  Arar  flows  into  the  Rhone  with  incredible 
smoothness3,  so  that  it  cannot  be  distinguished  in  which  direc¬ 
tion  it  flows.  A  good  man  endeavors  to  attain  this,  that  he  is 
useful  to  as  many  as  possible  and  harmful4  to  none.  We  cannot 
break  the  laws  without  effecting,  that  others  follow  our  example. 
Cicero  brought  it  about,  that  Catiline  was  not  able  to  carry  out 
his  plans.  How  does  it  come,  that  no  one  is  satisfied  with  his 
lot.  Pompey  endeavored  to  effect,  that  Caesar  would  not  be 
allowed  to  be  a  candidate  for  the  consulship.  Sempronia,  the 
sister  of  the  Gracchi,  esteemed  her  brothers  so  highly,  that  she 


THE  CONSECUTIVE  CLAUSE.  197 

could  not  be  induced  either  by  prayers  or  threats  to  acknowledge 
the  disgrace5  of  her  family. 

1  amans .  2  qui  fit.  3  lenitas .  4  obsum.  5  dedecus. 


%  287. 

405.  Caesar  nunquam  ad  suorum  quemquam  litteras  misit, 
quin  Attico  mitteret.  Quin  ad  diem  decedam,  nulla  causa  est. 
Orgetorix  mortuus  est,  neque  abest  suspicio,  quin  ipse  sibi  mor¬ 
tem  consciverit.  Hominem  arbitror  esse  neminem,  quin  facta 
Verris  nefaria  commemorare  possit.  Quis  est  nostrum,  quin 
parentum  et  magistrorum  grato  animo  recordetur?  Germani  reti¬ 
neri  non  poterant,  quin  in  nostros  tela  conjicerent.  Virgilii  et 
Titi  Livii  scripta,  paulum  abfuit,  quin  ex  omnibus  bibliothecis 
amoverit  Caligula.  Facere  non  possum,  quin  in  merita  tua  tibi 
gratias  agam.  Fieri  non  potuit,  quin  Alexander  matura  morte 
decederet;  nam  nimios  labores  subierat.  Remi  ne  Suessiones 
quidem  deterrere  potuerant,  quin  cum  Belgis  consentirent.  Dio¬ 
genes  nullam  occasionem  praetermittebat,  quin  eos  irrideret  qui 
auram1  popularem  captarent.  Antiochus,  Syriae  rex,  per  speciem2 
reducendi  majoris  Ptolemaei  Aegyptum  invaserat  et  navali  proe¬ 
lio  ipsam  Alexandriani  terrebat,  nec  procul  abesse,  quin  potire¬ 
tur  opulentissimo  regno,  videbatur. 

1  favor.  2  pretext. 

406.  Deus  intelligit,  quid  quisque  sentiat:  ex  quo  fit,  ut 
homines  etiam  cum  taciti  optent  quid  aut  voveant,  non  dubitent, 
quin  Deus  illud  exaudiat.  Non  est  dubium,  quin  beneficium  sit 
etiam  invito  prodesse:  sicut  non  dedit  beneficium,  qui  invitus 
profuit.  Quis  dubitare  potest,  quin  Dei  immortalis  munus  sit, 
quod  vivimus?  Universum  mundum  cum  cernimus,  possumusne 
dubitare,  quin  his  praesit  aliquis  effector  et  moderator  tanti 
operis?  Quid  est  Catilina?  num  dubitas  id  me  imperante  facere, 
quod  jam  diu  tua  sponte  faciebas?  Quintus  Mucius  inulta  nar¬ 
rare  de  Cajo  Lentulo  solebat,  nec  dubitare  eum  in  omni  sermone 
appellare  sapientem.  Quin  tu  urges  istam  occasionem,  qua  melior 
nunquam  reperietur?  Quin  me  aspice  et  contempla!  Ego  vero 
jam  te  nec  hortor  nec  rogo,  ut  domum  redeas;  quin  hinc  ipse 
evolare  cupio. 

407.  In  the  }?ear  48  B.  C.  there  was  no  city  in  Thessaly 
that  did  not  obey  Caesar.  At  Athens  no  one  could  become  prom¬ 
inent  without  first  having  inspired  his  fellow-citizens  with  a 
hatred  of  monarchy.  Who  is  an  enemy  of  the  country  without 


198 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


being*  my  enemy?  Timoleon  was  never  looked  at  by  his  mother 
without  being-  called1  a  fratricide  and  an  impious  man.  I  will 
not  omit  to  write  a  letter  to  you  monthly2.  Divitiacus  believed 
that  the  Germans,  after  having-  conquered  the  whole  of  Gaul, 
would  not  refrain*  from  invading-  Italy.  In  the  second  Punic 
war  Hannibal  was  very  near  besieging-  Rome.  The  Romans 
could  not  deter  the  hostile  troops  from  fortifying-  the  camp.  Cae¬ 
sar  was  nearly4  defeated  in  Spain  by  the  sons  of  Pompey.  Solo¬ 
mon,  that  wise  king-  of  the  Jews,  could  not  but  exclaim:  “How 
perishable  and  vain  is  everything  under  the  sun.”  It  can  not 
be  but  that  the  healing  of  a  wound  frequently  causes  more  pain 
than  the  wound  itself. 

1  compellare.  2  see  Gr.  §  247,  n.  1.  3  sibi  temperare.  4  paulum  abest. 

408.  Do  not  doubt,  that  the  city  of  the  enemy  will  perish 
in  a  short  time.  As  soon  as  Pelopidas  in  the  battle  saw  the 
tyrant  Alexander,  he,  fired  with  fury,  did  not  hesitate  to  attack 
him.  When  a  Spartan  woman  heard  that  her  son  was  killed 
in  battle,  she  said:  “I  gave  him  birth  that  he  might  not  hesi¬ 
tate  to  die1  for  his  country.”  He  who  is  truly  our  friend  wishes 
us  well2,  does  not  covet  our  possessions  either  for  himself  or 
his  friends;  nay  he  does  not  even  spare  his  own  property  to  pro¬ 
mote  our  happiness.  When  an  officer*  bound  Postumius  loosely4, 
this  one  said:  “Why  do  you  not  tighten  the  bonds.”  There  was 
no  doubt,  that  the  Romans  gave  assistance  to  the  Lucerini,  their 
good  and  faithful  allies.  Who  doubts  that  in  our  state  the  road 
to  the  highest  honors  is  open  to  all,  even  to  those  of  low  ex¬ 
traction?5 

1  occumbere  and  mors.  2  bene  cupere.  3  apparitor .  4  laxe.  6  locus. 

MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 

409.  Fabricius  was  so  noble-minded1,  that  he  warned  king 
Pyrrhus,  the  greatest  enemy  of  the  Roman  people,  to  beware  of 
the  poison  which  his  physician  had  prepared  for  him.  It  hap¬ 
pened  accidentally,  that  the  Roman  peasants  carried  off  booty 
from  Alban  territory,  and  Alban  peasants  from  that  of  the  Ro¬ 
mans.  Ambassadors  were,  therefore,  sent  at  {sub)  the  same  time 
by  both  parties2;  but  king  Tullus  had  instructed  his  men  to 
make  known  his  demands  first,  so  that,  if  the  Albani  refused 
to  grant  them,  he  might  justly*  declare  war.  Many  Greeks  have 
written  histories;  but  no  one  would  hesitate  to  give  the  prefer¬ 
ence4  to  those  written  by  Herodotus  and  Thucydides.  It  was  an 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


199 


old  custom  with  the  Greeks,  which  many  have  retained  to  the 
present  day5,  to  give  the  name  of  their  father  to  one  of  their 
sons,  in  order  that  the  memory  of  the  grandfather  would  be  re¬ 
newed  in  the  grandchild.  Flaminius  indeed  removed  the  statue 
of  Jupiter  from  the  temple  in  Macedonia,  but  placed  it  upon  the 
Capitol. 

1  generosus.  2  utrinque.  3  pius.  4  anteponere.  5  hodie  quoque. 

410.  The  soldiers  were  so  far  from  allowing  themselves  to 
be  thrown  into  confusion  by  the  sudden  attack  of  the  enemy 
that,  on  the  contrary,  they  received1  it  with  the  greatest  calm¬ 
ness.  The  Sicilians  loved2  the  tragedies  of  Euripides  so  much, 
that  they  esteemed  even  those  who  could  repeat  some  verses  by 
heart,  and  received  them  with  pleasure.  The  men  who  were 
condemned  to  death  for  murder  were  so  obdurate,  when  led  to 
execution,  that  they  even  boasted  of  the  crimes  in  which  they 
had  taken  part.  It  remains,  O  judges,  that  we  are  in  doubt, 
which  of  the  two  killed  the  man;  whether  the  one  who  became 
wealthy  by  his  death,  or  the  other,  who  became  poor.  Plato 
effected  so  much  through  his  influence  and  eloquence,  that  he 
persuaded  Dion}rsius  to  put  an  end  to  the  monarchy.  Alexander 
the  Great  was  so  desirous  of  honors,  that,  when  {cum)  in  danger, 
he  hardly  ever  considered  what  would  be  the  result;  but  fortune 
of  war3  favored  him  to  such  a  degree,  that  he  escaped  the  great¬ 
est  perils. 

1  sustinere.  2  studiosum  esse.  3  bellicus ,  a,  uni. 

411.  When  the  rear-guard  of  the  Romans  had  left1  the  for¬ 
tifications,  the  Gauls  did  not  hesitate  to  cross  the  river  and  to 
begin  battle  in  an  unfavorable  position.  No  one  can  doubt  that 
the  reign  of  Pisistratus  and  Hipparchus  was  very  beneficial  to 
Athens;  for  the  latter  was  so  far  from  being  tyrannical2  to  his 
fellow-citizens,  that  they  even  gloried  afterwards  that  under  him 
they  lived  in  a  kind  of3  golden  age,  as  under  Saturnus.  Never 
will  virtue  be  so  proven,  that  it  can  not  be  impaired  by  suspi¬ 
cion.  After  the  defeat  of  Varus  such  a  fear  befell  the  Roman 
soldiers,  that  they  despaired  of  their  safety  and  that  the  surviv¬ 
ing  leaders  admonished  them  in  vain  to  retreat  to  the  Rhine  in 
a  compact  body4.  Catiline  was  not  ashamed  to  commit  the  great¬ 
est  crimes  in  order  to  obtain  what  he  desired;  nay,  he  would 
not  .even  have  scrupled  to  murder  those  who  had  conferred  the 
greatest  favors  upon  him.  We  do  not  doubt  that  you  have  always 

1  procedere  extra.  2  gravis.  3  by  a  pronoun.  4  densa  acie. 


200 


THE  CONDITIONAL  CLAUSE. 


done  jour  duty,  that  you  are  doing  it  now,  and  that  you  always 
will  do  it  in  the  future. 

412.  Caligula  thought  of  destroying1  the  poems  of  Homer, 
and  was  very  near  to  removing  the  works  of  Virgil  and  Homer 
from  all  the  libraries.  In  upper  Egypt  it  never  rains;  in  lower 
Egypt  it  rains  three  days  each  year;  in  the  mountains  of  Nubia 
it  rains  three  entire3  months;  hence  it  happens,  that  the  rivers 
are  so  much  swollen,  that  they  inundate  the  lower3  districts  of 
the  country.  Pausanias  made  a  compact4  with  the  Persian  king, 
in  which  he  promised  to  bring  the  Greeks  under  the  latter’s 
sway,  and  he  was  not  far  from  accomplishing  what  he  desired. 
When  his  plan  was  discovered,  and  he  on  the  point  of  being 
captured,  he  fled  into  the  temple  of  Minerva.  As  Numa  had 
arranged  religious  rites  in  peace,  so  had  Ancus  established  the 
military  ceremonies;  so  that  war  was  waged  only  then  when 
formally5  declared.  Dumnorix  did  not  doubt  that  the  Romans, 
after  having  conquered  the  Helvetiaus,  would  also  destroy  the 
liberty  of  the  Aedui.  When  Caesar  captured  the  city  of  Gena- 
bum,  all  the  enemy  were  very  near  being  made  prisoners,  since 
the  narrowness  of  the  bridge  and  road  blocked  the  flight  of  the 
multitude.  No  enemy  can  approach  by  land  without  our  know¬ 
ing  not  only  that  they  are  here,  but  also,  who  he  is  and  whence 
he  comes.  Many  people  believe  that  they  will  seem  charitable 
towards  their  friends,  if  they  enrich  them  by  any  means  what¬ 
ever;  but  this  is  so  far  from  duty  that  nothing  can  be  more 
opposed 6. 

1  abolere.  2  integer.  3  inferus.  4  foedus.  5  rite.  6  contrarius ,  a,  urn. 


THE  CONDITIONAL  CLAUSE. 

§  288. 

413.  Si  fato  omnia  fiunt,  nihil  nos  admonere  potest,  ut  cau¬ 
tiores  simus.  Maxima  est  in  sensibus  veritas,  si  sani  sunt,  et 
omnia  removentur,  quae  obstant  et  impediunt.  Si  acres  ac  dili¬ 
gentes  esse  volumus,  magna  saepe  intelligemus  ex  parvis.  “Si 
iterum.”  inquit  Pyrrhus,  “eodem  modo  vicero,  sine  ullo  milite 
in  Epirum  revertar.”  Si  quis  fugitivorum  a  domino  prehende¬ 
batur,  concursu  militum  eripiebatur.  Thucydidis  orationes  .  imi¬ 
tari,  neque  possim,  si  velim,  nec  velim  fortasse  si  possim.  Marii 
si  examinentur  cum  virtutibus  vitia,  haud  facile  sit  dictu,  utrum 


THE  CONDITIONAL  CLAUSE. 


201 


bello  melior  ati  pace  perniciosior  fuerit.  Si  scieris  aspidem  occulte 
latere  uspiam,  improbe  facias  nisi  monueris  alterum,  ne  assidat. 
Amicitiam  tueri  non  possumus,  nisi  aeque  amicos  ac  nosmet  ipsos 
diligamus.  Neque  tu  hoc  dicere  audebis,  nec,  si  cupias,  licebit. 

414.  Si  ex  humanitatis  studiis  delectatio  sola  peteretur, 
tamen,  hanc  animi  adversionem  humanissimam  et  liberalissimam 
judicaremus.  Quae  vita  fuisset  Priamo,  si  ab  adolescentia  scisset, 
quos  eventus  esset  habiturus?  Rutilii  innocentia  ac  virtus  late¬ 
ret,  nisi  accepisset  injuriam.  Ajax,  si  iracundia,  confidentia, 
contumacia  positis,  ut  indueret  moderationem  impetrare  a  se  potu¬ 
isset,  diis  hominibusque  reconciliatus  potuit  vivere.  Si  victoria, 
praeda,  laus  dubia  aut  procul  essent,  tamen  omnes  bonos  reipu- 
blicae  subvenire  decebat.  Prope  oneratum1  est  sinistrum  Romanis 
cornu,  ni,  referentibus  jam  gradum  consul,  increpando  simul  teme¬ 
ritatem,  simul  ignaviam,  pudore  metum  excussisset.  Nisi  Milo 
servos  manumisisset,  tormentis  dedendi  fuerunt.  Pompejus  felix 
opinione  hominum  futurus  fuit,  si,  quem  gloriae,  eundem  vitae 
finem  habuisset,  neque  adversam  fortunam  expertus  esset  jam 
senex.  Relicturi  agros  Siculi  erant,  nisi  ad  eos  Metellus  Roma 
litteras  misisset.  Labebar  longius  nisi  me  retinuisses.  Actum 
erat  procul  dubio  de  imperio  Romano,  si  Hasdrubal  se  cum  Han¬ 
nibale  fratre  conjunxisset.  Scipio  Africanus,  Laelius,  Furius  si 
nihil  ad  percipiendam  colendamque  virtutem  litteris  adjuvaren¬ 
tur,  nunquam  se  ad  earum  studium  contulissent.  Quidquid  di¬ 
cunt  laudo;  id  rursum  si  negant,  laudo  id  quoque:  negat  quis, 
nego;  ait,  aio. 

1  overwhelm. 

415.  If  all  the  virtues  are  equal,  it  follows  that  the  vices 
are  also  equal.  If  our  souls  are  not  immortal,  then  the  life  of 
man  is  more  miserable  than  that  of  animals.  To  those  who 
have  committed  a  fault1,  pardon  will  not  be  easily  granted,  if 
they  refuse  to  acknowledge  it.  If  you  should  help  me,  it  would 
be  very  agreeable  to  me.  If  the  chief  of  highway-robbers  should 
refuse  to  distribute  the  booty  equally,  he  would  either  be  killed 
or  forsaken  by  his  comrades.  If  he  who  has  deposited  money 
with  you,  should  stir  up  war  against  his  country,  would  you 
return  it  to  him?  I  believe  not;  for  you  would  act  against  (the 
interests  of)  the  state,  which  must  be  very  dear  to  all  of  us.  A 
state  can  not  exist,  if  its  bad  citizens  are  not  kept  within  bounds* 
by  fear  of  punishment.  It  is  unnecessary  to  study  an  art,  if  we 

1  delinquere .  2  coercere ♦ 


202 


THE  CONDITIONAL  CLAUSE. 


do  not  practice  it.  Human  nature  is  satisfied  with  little,  if  we 
have  not  abused  it.  If  we  are  satisfied  with  our  lot,  we  are. 
happy.  If  you  thought  that  you  could  perform  both  duties  satis¬ 
factorily1,  you  erred  greatly. 

1  satisfacere. 

416.  If  God  were  unjust,  he  would  also  punish  the  innocent. 
The  general  would  have  conquered  the  enemy,  had  he  attacked 
them.  If  the  people  were  sufficiently  thankful,  you  would  be 
well  provided  with  every  thing.  If  we  had  readily  given  assist¬ 
ance  to  the  besieged  Saguntines,  we  could  have  prevented  the 
war.  The  Gauls  had  nearly  taken  the  Capitol,  if  the  geese  had 
not  awakened  the  Romans  by  their  gaggling.  The  Roman  army 
would  probably  have  been  destroyed,  if  the  cavalry  had  not  come 
to  its  assistance  at  the  right  time.  If  Alexander  had  been 
frightened  by  the  large  number  of  the  approaching  cavalry,  he 
would  have  been  obliged  either  to  flee  disgracefully  or  to  perish 
miserably.  I  heartily  recommend  my  friend  Henry  to  you,  and 
if  he  were  my  brother  I  could  not  recommend  him  more.  If  you 
had  tasted  this  poison,  you  would  have  had  to  die.  Your  friend, 
if  he  would  have  had  your  welfare  at  heart,  ought  to  have 
warned  you  of  the  danger,  which  threatened  you.  Had  Antony 
after  the  naval  engagement  at  Actium  returned  to  his  land 
forces,  they  would  have  further  defended  his  cause.  The  Romans, 
though  fewer  in  number,  were  about  to  conquer  and  would  have 
done  so,  if  the  Veientes  had  not  escaped  to  the  top  of  the  hill 
and  from  there  attacked  again. 

§  289. 

417.  Fieri  non  potest  ut  quis  ulla  arte  excellat  nisi  eam  ex¬ 
erceat.  Cicero  non  dubitabat  quin  bellum  Mithridaticum,  si  Pom¬ 
peio  committeretur,  brevi  conficeretur.  Vendat  aedes  vir  bonus 
propter  aliqua  vitia,  quae  ipse  novit,  ceteri  ignorent;  quaero,  si 
hoc  emptoribus  non  dixerit,  num  id  improbe  fecerit.  Dubium 
non  est  quin  nemo  philosophiae  studiosus  esset  si  nihil  efficeret. 
Plebs  irae  adeo  impotens  erat,  ut,  nisi  tribuni  plebis  in  tempore 
intercessissent,  impetum  in  C.  Marium  factura  fuerit.  Mihi 
quidem  admodum  dubium  videtur,  subactine  Graeci  a  Philippo 
essent,  nisi  in  singulis  Graecorum  civitatibus  fuissent,  qui  sua 
commoda  saluti  communi  praeferrent.  Hoc  possum  dicere,  me 
satis  adeptum  fore,  si  nullum  in  me  periculum  redundarit.  Ulixes 
minatus  est  graviter  in  Thersitam  se  consulturum  esse,  si  iterum 


THE  CONDITIONAL  CLAUSE. 


203 


Agamemnonem  violare  esset  ausus.  Caesar  a  consule  de  sociis 
conjurationis  Catilinariae  sententiam  rogatus,  dixisse  fertur,  si 
digna  poena  pro  factis  eorum  reperiretur  novum  consilium  se 
approbare.  Ut  neminem  senem,  nisi  ipse  stultissimus  esset,  sene¬ 
ctutem  accusaturum  esse,  plane  intelligatis,  complura  exempla 
vobis  proponam  eorum,  qui  in  summa  senectute  beate  placideque 
vixerunt.  Num  Pompejum  censes  tribus  suis  consulatibus,  tribus 
triumphis  laetaturum  fuisse,  si  in  solitudine  Aegyptiorum  truci¬ 
datum  se  iri  scivisset? 

418.  Hoc  dico,  fore  ut  divitiae,  si  plus  aequo  non  aestima¬ 
rentur,  ab  hominibus  tam  avide  non  appeterentur.  Kpaminondas 
Spartam  tanta  vi  adortus  est,  ut  omnibus  appareret,  nisi  Agesi¬ 
laus  urbem  summa  contentione  tutatus  esset,  futurum  fuisse,  ut 
a  Thebanis  caperetur.  Quamquam  multum  in  litteris  profecisti 
tamen  futurum  fuisse  credo,  ut  plus  disceres,  si  consilia  mea 
secutus  esses.  Athenae  et  a  terra  et  a  mari  tam  munitae  erant, 
ut  Athenienses,  nisi  discordia  laboravissent,  Lacedaemoniis  urbem 
obsidentibus  diutius  resistere  potuerint.  Catilina  tantis  animi 
corporisque  virtutibus  erat,  ut,  si  indole  honeste  usus  esset,  civi¬ 
bus  permagne  utilitati  eum  esse  potuisse  persuasum  nobis  sit. 
Omnibus  notum  est  illud  Alexandri,  si  Alexander  non  esset,  se 
velle  Diogenem  esse. 

419.  I  know  that  if  I  have  done  any  favors  to  friends,  I 
am  not  sorry  for  it.  I  do  not  believe  that,  if  I  possessed  great 
riches  and  honors,  I  would  be  happier  than  I  am  now.  You 
ask  me  what  I  would  have  done,  if  I  had  lived  in  those  times. 
No  one  doubted  that  if  the  general  had  come  immediately,  he 
could  have  prevented  the  revolt  of  the  soldiers.  I  am  convinced 
that  if  you  had  followed  my  advice,  you  would  not  have  fallen 
into  such  extreme  misery.  Do  not  doubt  that  if  your  daughter 
had  not  died  now,  she  would  have  had  to  die  a  few  years  later. 
I  believe  that  Philip  of  Macedon,  whom  Pelopidas  had  taken 
along  as  a  hostage,  would  not  have  defeated  the  Greeks  at  Chae¬ 
ronea,  if  he  had  not  been  instructed  in  the  Grecian  mode  of 
warfare.  There  is  scarcely  a  doubt  that  if  Hannibal  had  more 1 
troops,  the  Roman  empire  wrould  have  been  destroyed;  for  he 
almost  captured  the  city  of  Rome,  and  I  believe  that  he  could 
have  captured  it,  if  he  had  followed  the  advice  of  his  friends. 
No  one  ever  doubted,  that,  if  Cicero  saved  the  state  by  detect¬ 
ing  the  conspiracy  of  Catiline,  he  was  deservedly5  called  the 

1  magnus .  2  merito . 


204 


THE  CONDITIONAL  CLAUSE. 


father  of  his  country.  I  am  sure,  that,  if  Caesar  had  forseen 
his  violent  death1,  he  would  have  preferred  to  remain  a  private 
citizen.  When  Philip  succeeded  to  the  throne,  his  resources 
were  so  small,  that  the  Athenians  could  easily  have  crushed  him, 
if  they  had  then  attacked  him. 

1  nex,  cis,  violent  death. 


§290. 

420.  Sine  labore  majora  non  assequimini;  nisi  forte  putatis, 
cuiquam  contigisse,  ut  casu  admirabilis  evaderet.  Defensio  con¬ 
tra  vim  nunquam  optanda,  sed  nonnunquam  necessaria  est,  nisi 
vero  ille  dies,  quo  T.  Gracchus  est  caesus,  rempublicam  non 
vulneravit.  Plurimae  bestiae  habent,  quo  tutas  se  reddant,  sive 
cornibus  petunt,  sive  dentibus  mordent,  sive  alio  modo  se  tutan¬ 
tur.  Omnia  pericula  subire  parati  sumus,  dummodo  servitutem 
excutiamus.  Honores  petere  omnibus  licet,  modo  ne  per  fraudem 
ac  vim  studeant  assequi.  Demosthenis  exemplum  testimonio  est 
vel  maximas  difficultates  posse  superari,  dum  studium  discendi 
animos  nostros  occupatos  teneat.  Industriam  tuam  probo,  modo 
ne  laudis  cupidior  esses.  Tanaquil,  uxor  Lucumonis,  oblita  inge¬ 
nitae  erga  patriam  caritatis,  dummodo  maritum  honoratum  vide¬ 
ret,  consilium  Tarquiniis  demigrandi  cepit.  Nisi  animi  immortales 
essent,  non  optimi  cujusque  animus  maxime  ad  immortalitatem 
gloriae  niteretur.  Si  quis  praedonibus  pactum  pro  capite  pretium 
non  afferat,  nulla  fraus  sit,  ne  si  juraverit  quidem,  soluturum 
se  esse.  Si  non  easdem  opes  habemus,  eandem  tamen  patriam 
habemus.  Vita  humana  ferro  similis  est:  si  eam  exerceas,  con¬ 
teritur,  si  non  exerceas,  rubigo  interficit.  Senatores  ad  unum 
omnes  pacem,  si  fieri  possit,  aequis;  si  minus,  tolerabilibus  con¬ 
ditionibus  petendam  censuerunt.  Si  quis  forte  Cleonem  nihil 
nisi  honores  expetivisse  putet,  erret.  Pyrrho  invitanti,  ut  patriam 
desereret  secumque  vellet  vivere,  Fabricius  ita  respondit:  “Si 
me  virum  bonum  judicas,  cur  me  vis  corrumpere?  sin  autem 
malum,  cur  me  ambis?” 

421.  It  was  a  custom  of  the  Magi  not  to  bury  the  bodies 
of  their  dead  friends  unless  they  had  before  been  torn1  by  wild 
beasts.  The  Persian  kings  brought,  if  not  all,  at  least  most  of 
the  Asiatic  tribes  under  their  sway.  If  that  which  we  wish, 
will  happen,  we  will  rejoice;  but  if  not,  we  will  bear  it  with 
patience.  We  can  not  pass  judgment2  on  every  thing,  except 
what  belongs  to  our  tribunal3.  No  one  was  elected  consul  at 


MISCIS IylyANEJOUS  EXERCISES. 


205 


Rome,  except  he  had  before  been  praetor.  You  all  see  that  a 
conspiracy  has  been  formed  against  the  state;  unless  perhaps 
there  are  some  who  think  that  those  who  are  like  Catiline  do 
not  side4  with  Catiline.  Whether  you  follow  the  Peripatetics 
or  Stoics,  you  must  confess  that  in  virtue  there  is  enough  pro¬ 
tection  for  a  happy  life.  Caesar  usually  went  ahead5,  sometimes 
on  horse,  often  on  foot,  with  head  uncovered6,  whether  there 
was  sunshine  or  rain.  You  may  say  that  grief  is  bitter,  if  only 
you  do  not  say  that  it  cannot  be  borne  with  fortitude.  The  con¬ 
sul  Virginius  does  not  oppose  the  Agrarian  law  if  the  land  is 
assigned  to  Roman  citizens  only.  If  our  commander  will  be 
victorious,  the  war  is  ended;  but  if  he  will  be  defeated,  new 
troops  must  be  levied.  Labienus  swore  not  to  return  to  the 
camp  except  as  victor.  If  you  can,  meet  me  to-morrow;  if  not, 
write  me  in  a  few  words  when  you  will  come. 

1  lacerare .  2  judicare.  3  judicium.  4  sentire.  5  antecedere.  6  apertus. 

MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 

422.  Of  the  life  of  Homer,  the  prince  of  poets,  nothing  has 
been  handed  down1  to  memory,  except  that  he  was  born  blind, 
and  this  seems  almost  incredible,  unless  perhaps  we  believe,  that 
a  blind  man  could  be  the  author  of  so  many  and  so  beautiful 
works.  Gaul  suffers  all  the  evils  of  war  with  equanimity,  if 
only  it  wards  off2  the  danger  of  slavery.  P.  Scipio  Africanus 
Aemilianus  died,  when  about  fifty-six  years  of  age;  if  any  one 
should  doubt  this,  let  him  refer3  to  the  first  consulate  which  he 
held  in  the  thirty-eigth  year  of  his  age;  then  he  will  cease  to 
doubt.  If  the  morally  good  is  the  greatest  or  the  only  good, 
then  there  is  no  doubt  that  expediency  can  never  clash4  with 
virtue.  Solon  gave  the  Athenians  such  wise  and  useful  laws 
that,  if  they  had  continued  to  use  them,  they  would  have  had 
a  lasting  government.  Nothing  is  morally  better  than  to  despise 
money,  if  one  has  it  not;  and  if  one  has  it,  to  use5  it  for  the 
purpose  of  assisting  the  needy. 

1  prodere.  2  repellere.  3  recurrere.  4  contendere.  5  conferre. 

423.  If  feeling  is  simply  paralyzed1  by  death,  then  death 
is  similar  to  the  most  peaceful  sleep;  but  if  death  is  the  migra¬ 
tion  into  the  regions  which  those  inhabit  that  have  departed 
this  life,  then  it  is  by  far  more  happy.  Pride  did  not  hinder 
the  Romans  from  adopting  foreign  usages  provided  they  were 
1  extinguere. 


206 


THE  CONCESSIVE  CtAUSE. 


good.  If  anything  offend  you,  bear  it.  When  L.  Papirius  wished 
to  fight  the  Samnites,  he  promised  Jupiter  a  cup  of  wine  in 
case  he  would  conquer.  Hannibal  would  have  been  delivered  up 
to  the  Romans  by  the  Carthaginians,  if  he  had  not  speedily  fled 
from  his  county;  he  sought  refuge  with  Antiochus,  king  of 
Syria,  whom  the  Romans  also  conquered  and  pressed  so  hard 
that  he  would  have  delivered  him  up  if  he  had  not  fled  to  Pru¬ 
sias,  king  of  Bithnya.  The  ambitious  disregard  the  laws  both 
of  God  and  man,  if  they  but  secure  what  they  desire. 

424.  Caesar  believed  that  if  he  had  taken  the  camp  of  the 
enemy  by  storm,  it  could  have  been  done  without  great  loss. 
Concerning  the  Roman  consul  Marcellus,  Hannibal  said:  I  have 
to  contend1  with  an  (7s)  enemy  that  can  bear  (subj.)  neither 
good  nor  bad  luck;  when2  he  is  victorious  he  pursues3  the  con¬ 
quered  most  eagerly;  but  when2  he  is  conquered  he  renews  the 
war  with  the  conquerors.  If,  in  order  to  carry  on  a  law-suit, 
one  would  think  over  it  while  traveling  or  while  taking  a  walk, 
or  if  with  great  attention  he  would  think  of  something  else,  he 
ought  not  to  be  blamed;  but  if  he  acted  in  the  same  manner  at 
a  banquet  he  would  appear  uncivil.  The  less  the  honor  bestowed 

V 

(esse)  upon  the  poets,  the  less  they  devoted  themselves  to  their 
art;  or  do  you  believe  that  if  the  fact  that5  he  painted  had  been 
accounted  an  honor  to  Fabius,  a  man  of  the  highest  nobility, 
there  would  not  have  been  many  a  Polycletus  and  Parrhasius 
among  the  Romans? 

1  -res  est  inihi.  2  sive  —  sive.  3  instare.  4  ferox.  5  quod  with  subj. 


THE  CONCESSIVE  CLAUSE. 

§291. 

425.  Eloquentiae  studendum  est,  etsi  ea  quidam  perverse 
abutuntur.  Plerique,  a  quo  plurimum  sperant,  etiamsi  ille  his 
non  eget,  tamen  ei  potissimum  inserviunt.  Sunt  qui,  quod  senti¬ 
unt,  etsi  optimum  sit,  tamen  invidiae  metu  non  audeant  dicere. 
Equidem  etiamsi  oppetenda  mors  esset,  domi  atque  in  patria  mal¬ 
lem,  quam  in  externis  atque  alienis  locis.  Quamquam  adeo  ex¬ 
cellebat  Aristides  abstinentia,  ut  unus  cognomine  justus  sit 
appellatus,  tamen  exilio  decem  annorum  multatus  est.  Vir  stre¬ 
nuus  atque  acer  nullis  difficultatibus,  quamvis  magnae  videantur 
esse,  deterretur,  quominus  id,  quod  velit,  exsequatur.  Rempubli- 


THE  CONCESgfVE  CtAtJSB. 


207 

cam  Cicero,  quamvis  in  eum  ingrata  civitas  esset,  amare  non 
desiit.  Licet  ipsa  vitium  sit  ambitio,  frequenter  tamen  causa 
virtutum  est.  Non  est  magnus  pumilio  licet  in  monte  constite¬ 
rit.  Socrates,  cum  facile  posset  educi  e  custodia,  noluit.  Ut 
desint  vires,  tamen  est  laudanda  voluntas.  Nostrorum  equitum 
erat  quinque  milia  numerus,  cum  hostes  non  amplius  octingentos 
equites  haberent.  De  sapientis  excellentia  multa  dici  quamvis 
fuse  lateque  possunt.  Quam  volent  illi  cedant  otio  consulentes, 
tamen  a  re  publica  revocabuntur.  Hoc  semper  contendito,  ne 
ira  incensus  facias,  quod  te  postea  poeniteat;  quamquam  non 
ignoro,  quam  difficile  sit  ira  non  abripi. 

426.  However  harmful  flattery  is,  yet  it  can  not  harm  any 
one  except  him  who  accepts  and  finds  pleasure  in  it.  Many 
may  censure  me,  yet  my  conscience  is  dearer  to  me  than  the 
talk1  of  people.  Granted  that  fate  robs2  us  of  all  our  worldly 
goods,  it  can  nevertheless  not  rob  us  of  virtue.  Suppose  that 
you  do  not  prove3  that  death  is  a  blessing,  nevertheless  you 
prove  that  death  is  no  evil.  Phocion  was  always  poor,  while  he 
could  have  been  very  rich.  Although  our  soldiers  were  not 
wanting  in  bravery,  still  they  could  not  resist  the  multitude  of 
the  enemy  without  exposing  themselves  to  useless  slaughter. 
Hannibal  so  terrified  the  Romans,  whom  he  had  attacked  unex¬ 
pectedly,  that  for  many  days  they  did  not  dare  to  leave  the 
camp,  though  they  were  in  want  of  the  most  necessary  things. 

1  sermo.  2  auferre.  8  efficere. 

427.  Although  the  Pythagorean  Clinias  could  have  escaped 
the  fine  of  three  talents  by  taking  an  oath,  he  preferred  to  pay 
the  money.  Even  if  you  should  prove  yourself  to  be  the  bravest, 
still  you  are  not  worthy  of  this  reward.  Though  Alexander  was 
indignant  that  one  city  prevented  him  from  invading  Egypt,  he 
nevertheless  obeyed  Aristander,  who  had  predicted  that  there 
would  be  danger  of  the  king  being  wounded.  We  have  resolved1 
to  do  nothing  unjust,  even  if  we  could  conceal  it  from  the  world, 
for,  even  if  we  could  conceal  the  injury  done  to  others  from  man, 
yet  there  is  a  God  to  whom  all  things  are  known.  A  good  man 
does  that  which  he  knows  is  honorable,  even  if  it  is  difficult 
and  dangerous;  but  he  avoids  what  is  dishonorable,  even  if  he 
loses  wealth  and  enjoyment.  Do  not  believe  that  any  crime  will 
remain  unpunished,  for  even  if  you  deceive  the  world  you  can 
not  deceive  God.  The  passions  of  the  mind  are  similar  to  a 

wagon,  for  the  correct  guidance  of  which  it  is  the  chief  duty 

1  animum  inducere. 


208 


THE  CAUSAE  CEAUSE. 


of  the  driver  to  know  the  road;  if  he  follows  it,  he  will  not  dash 
against  anything1,  no  matter  how  fast  he  drives;  but  if  he  strays 
from  it,  he  will  be  jolted2  over  rough  places  or  fall  over  preci¬ 
pices  or,  at  least,  be  taken3  where  he  does  not  want  to  be  taken4, 
even  though  he  may5  go  quietly  and  slowly. 

1  offendere .  2  vexare.  3  deferre.  4  not  translated.  5  licet. 


THE  CAUSAL  CLAUSE. 

§  292. 

428.  Miltiades,  quod  pecuniam  solvere  non  poterat,  in  vin¬ 
cula  conjectus  est.  Qui  erant  cum  Aristotele  Peripatetici  dicti 
sunt,  quia  disputabant  in  Lyceo  ambulantes.  Quando  ego  tuum 
non  curo,  ne  cura  meum.  Vos,  Quirites,  quoniam  nox  est,  in 
vestra  tecta  discedite.  Quoniam  quae  causae  fuerint  belli  Peli- 
ponnesiaci  satis  docuisse  videor,  restat,  ut  exponam  qui  socii 
viresque  et  Atheniensium  et  Lacedaemoniorum  fuerint.  Perii, 
atque  hoc  confiteor  jure  mihi  obtigisse,  quandoquidem  tam  nul¬ 
lius  consilii  sum.  Aristides  nonne  ob  eam  causam  expulsus  est 
patria,  quod  praeter  modum  justus  esset?  Quoniam  ipse  pro  se 
Miltiades  dicere  non  posset,  verba  pro  eo  fecit  frater  ejus  Tisa¬ 
goras.  Postquam  Codrus  sanguinem  pro  patria  ultro  profudit, 
Athenienses  regiam  potestatem  sustulerunt,  quod  neminem  post 
illum  tanta  auctoritate  dignum  esse  putarent.  Linguae  antiquae 
in  scholis  traduntur,  non  quo  gens  ulla  altera  ex  iis  tanquam 
patrio  utatur  sermone,  sed  quod  multi  et  egregii  libri  iis  sunt 
conscripti.  Eisdem  de  rebus  volui  ad  te  saepius  scribere,  non 
quin  confiderem  diligentiae  tuae:  sed  quod  rei  magnitudo  me 
movebat.  Catilina  Massiliam  in  exsilium  se  proficisci  scripsit, 
non  quo  sibi  sceleris  conscius  esset,  sed  uti  respublica  quieta 
foret  neve  ex  sua  contentione  seditio  oriretur.  Cum  Athenas 
tanquam  ad  mercaturam  bonarum  artium  sis  profectus,  inanem 
redire  turpissimum  est. 

429.  Righteous  men  value  virtue  very  highly,  because  they 
see  that  not  gold  or  silver,  but  the  fear  of  God  and  purity  of 
morals  make  men  happy.  Conciseness  in  a  discourse  is  necessary, 
because  the  attention  of  the  hearers1  is  to  be  attracted2  by  the 
subject  itself,  not  by  the  diction3.  Since  life  is  so  short,  it  is 
more  reasonable4  to  strive  after  glory  by  the  resources  of  the 
intellect,  than  by  those  of  the  body,  and  to  make  the  memory 


THE  CAUSAE  CEAUSE. 


209 


of  us  as  lasting-  as  possible  with  posterity.  The  Athenians  abol¬ 
ished5  the  laws  made  by  Dracon,  because  they  were  too  severe. 
A  Roman  prisoner  of  war,  whom  Hannibal  had  given  freedom, 
returned  ag-ain,  because,  as  he  said,  he  had  forgotten  something. 
I  am  not  accustomed  to  speak 6  against  the  Stoics,  not  because  I 
fully  agree  with  them,  but  because  I  am  prevented  by  shame. 
Much  we  do  not  attempt,  not  because  it  is  difficult;  but  it  is 
difficult  because  we  do  not  attempt.  The  laws  of  Caesar  must 
be  upheld,  not  because  I  approve  of  them,  but  because  we  must 
look  to  peace.  Since  the  Spartans  were  very  desirous  that  The¬ 
mistocles  should  be  expelled  from  Athens,  they  accused  him  of 
participating 7  in  the  treason  of  Pausanias.  After  the  battle  at 
Cannae,  the  fear  of  the  Romans  was  so  great,  that  Hannibal 
could  easily  have  taken  Rome,  especially,  because  most  of  the 
cities  of  Campania  abandoned  the  Romans  and  surrendered  to 
him.  Many  rich  and  noble  men  were  enraged8  at  Cato,  not 
because  they  did  not  approve  of  the  principles9  themselves,  which 
he  followed,  but  because  they  had  become  so  accustomed  to  a 
sumptuous  and  luxurious  life,  that  they  could  not  forthwith 
abandon10  it. 

1  audiens.  2  attentum  reddere .  3  verbum.  4  rectus.  5  tollere.  6  disputare. 
7  participem  esse.  8  succensere.  9  ratio.  10  abstinere. 

§293. 

430.  Pulchritudo  corporis  apta  compositione  membrorum 
movet  oculos,  et  delectat  hoc  ipso,  quod  inter  se  omnes  partes 
cum  quodam  lepore  consentiunt.  Magnum  beneficium  est  natu¬ 
rae,  quod  necesse  est  mori.  Quanta  est  benignitas  naturae,  quod 
tam  multa,  tam  varia,  tamque  jucunda  gignit!  Qui  benigniores 
esse  volunt,  quam  res  patitur,  primum  in  eo  peccant,  quod  inju¬ 
riosi  sunt  in  proximos.  Magna  diis  immortalibus  habenda  est 
gratia,  quod  hanc  tam  taetram,  tam  horribilem,  tamque  infestam 
reipublicae  pestem  toties  jam  effugimus.  Opportune  acciderat, 
quod  Allobrogum  legati  de  suis  rebus  Romam  venerant.  Bene 
facis,  quod  litteras  anteponis  voluptatibus.  Caesar  statuit  sibi 
Rhenum  esse  transeundum,  quod  suis  rebus  Germanos  timere 
voluit;  accessit  etiam  quod  pars  Usipetum  et  Tenchtherorum  se 
in  fines  Sigambrorum  receperat  seque  cum  iis  conjunxerat. 

431.  Tibi,  Cicero  scribit  ad  C.  Cassium  proquaestorem,  cum 
pro  rerum  magnitudine,  quas  gsssisti,  tum  pro  opportunitate 
temporis  gratulor,  quod  te  de  provincia  decedentem  summa  laus 
14 


210 


THE  CAUSAE  CEAUSE. 


et  summa  gratia  provinciae  prosecuta  est.  Praefecti  regis  Per¬ 
siae  legatos  miserunt  Athenas  questum,  quod  Chabrias  adversum 
regem  bellum  gereret  cum  Aegyptiis.  Decima  legio  per  tribu¬ 
nos  gratias  Caesari  egit,  quod  de  se  honorificentissime  judicasset. 
Nihil  est  quod  iis  invideamus,  quos  vulgus  magnos  et  felices 
nominat.  Si  animum  vicisti  potius  quam  animus  te,  est  quod 
gaudeas.  Non  habes,  quod  cogites,  me  unquam  tibi  defuturum 
esse.  Quid  est  quod  tu  cum  fortuna  queri  possis?  Quod  quasi 
vereri  videris,  ne  mihi  tua  consilia  displiceant:  me  vero  nihil 
delectat  aliud,  nisi  consilium  et  litterae  tuae.  Quod  quaeris  a 
me,  fugamne  subitam  an  moram  dispertitam  utiliorem  putem: 
ego  vero  in  praesentia  subitum  discessum  inutilem  puto.  Habeo 
gratiam  tibi  cum  copiam  istam  mihi  et  potestatem  facis.  Prae¬ 
clare  facis  cum  Luculli  memoriam  tenes. 

432.  The  circumstance  that  Latinus,  king  of  the  Aborigines, 
after  having  been  conquered  in  battle,  made  peace  with  Aeneas 
and  gave  him  his  daughter  Lavinia  in  marriage,  confirmed 1  the 
Trojans  in  their  hope  that  now  they  would  have  a  permanent2 
abode3  and  that  finally  an  end  wonld  be  put  to  their  wandering. 
No  one  ever  reproached  the  old  M.  Cato,  although  he  had  many 
enemies;  nor  did  any  one  ever  reproach  Marius,  although  many 
envied  him,  that  they  had  come  from  municipalities.  This  one 
fact  is  worthy  of  admiration,  that  Regulus  voted  for  retaining 
the  captives.  Who  will  not  account  it  to  the  greatest  praise  of 
the  Romans,  that  they  gave  the  surname  of  father  of  his  country 
to  Cicero,  who  had  saved  them  from  the  greatest  danger?  No¬ 
thing  ever  happened  to  Polycrates  which  he  did  not  desire, 
except  that  he  had  thrown4  his  ring,  which  he  highly  valued, 
into  the  sea. 

1  affirmare.  2  stabilis.  3  sedes.  4  abjicere. 

433.  You  have  done  me  a  great  favor  since  you  informed 
me  how  you  are1.  It  is  very  opportune  that  you  have  now  come 
to  me.  Pisistratus  was  brave,  skilled  in  politics,  a  friend3  of 
the  arts  and  sciences,  liberal,  magnanimous,  eloquent,  and  in 
addition  his  race  was  no  less  ancient  than  illustrious.  Demetrius 
blamed  Pericles  for  having  spent  so  much  money  for  works  of 
art.  Alcibiades,  in  his  absence  was  accused  by  his  adversaries, 
of  whom  he  had  many,  that  he  had  overthrown  the  statues  of 
Hermes.  As  to  your  writing  that  you  would  come  to  us  in  a 
few  days,  be  assured3  that  you  could  not  have  written  us  any- 

1  agere.  2  amans.  3  scire . 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


211 


thing'  more  agreeable.  There  is  no  reason  why  you  should  be 
ashamed  of  your  clemency.  You  certainly  have  reason  to  obey 
the  laws  of  your  country,  and  all  good  citizens  have  reason,  each 
according  to  his  abilities,  to  contribute  to  the  welfare  of  the 
commonwealth.  What  reason  is  there,  that  you  so  hastily  depart 
from  us?  The  Roman  citizens  went  to  meet  Varro,  when  he 
was  returning  from  the  defeat  of  Cannae,  and  thanked  him  that 
he  had  not  despaired  of  the  commonwealth. 

MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 

434.  The  year  387  B.  C.  was  remarkable1  for  this,  that 
peace  was  suddenly  established  throughout  the  whole  of  Greece. 
Although  (cum)  Timoleon  could  have  killed  Dionysius,  yet  he 
did  not  wish  it,  and  took  care  that  the  latter  arrived  safe  at 
Corinth,  because  the  Corinthians  had  often  been  assisted  by  Dio¬ 
nysius,  and  he  considered  that  victory  a  noble  one  in  which 
there  was  more  leniency  than  cruelty.  Children  act  prudently 
in  not  concealing  anything  from  their  parents.  Although  I  ought 
to  have  written  something  to2  console  }’ou,  yet  I  have  not  done 
it  till  now,  because  I  thought  I  could  not  soothe  your  sorrow 
by  my  letter;  but  since  I  have  great  hopes  that  you  will  soon 
return  to  me,  I  cannot  but  write  you  this  letter  to  inform  you 
where  I  am  staying. 

1  insignis.  2  causa. 

435.  You  have  done  well  to  offer  me  an  opportunity  of  be¬ 
coming  acquainted  with  you.  Fabius  Maximus  did  not  wish  his 
son  to  become  consul,  not  because  he  entertained  any  distrust 
in  his  acknowledged1  ability,  but  that  the  office2  should  not  be 
perpetuated3  in  the  same  family.  Hannibal  thanked  the  Campa¬ 
nians  for  having  preferred  his  friendship  to  an  alliance  with  the 
Romans.  It  added  greatly  to  the  honor  of  Epaminondas,  whom 
Cicero  declared4  the  greatest  man  in  Greece,  that  after  the  vic¬ 
tory  at  Leuctra  over  the  Lacedaemonians  he  exclaimed:  “O, 
parents,  how  the  news  of  m}r  victory  will  delight  you;  how  much 
happier  this  thought  makes  me.”  Nothing  proved  more  dis¬ 
astrous  to  the  maritime  towns  of  Carthage  and  Corinth,  than 
that  they  abandoned  agriculture  and  military  science  for  love 
for  commerce  and  navigation. 

1  spectatus.  2  potestas.  3  continuari.  4  judicari. 

436.  As  regards  your  encouraging  me  to  hope  that  I  may 
regain  my  former  prosperity,  do  you  not  know  that  the  condi- 


212 


^HE  TEMPORAL  CLAUSE. 


tion  of  the  state  is  such  that  we  must  fear  that  it  will  soon 
succumb  to  the  intrigues  of  bad  men?  The  circumstance  that 
Isocrates  was,  by  the  weakness  of  his  voice,  hindered  from  speak¬ 
ing  in  public1,  did  not  prevent  him  from  being  considered  an 
excellent  orator.  Cicero  congratulated  Cassius,  because  at  his 
departure  from  the  province,  the  highest  praise  and  the  great¬ 
est  thanks  of  the  province  accompanied2  him.  That  the  arts 
once  flourished  among  the  Etruscans  we  can  judge  from  this, 
that  .Tarquinius  employed  architects  from  Etruria  to  complete 
his  temple  of  Jupiter.  M.  Pomponius,  the  tribune  of  the  people, 
accused 3  L.  Manlius  the  dictator,  of  having  added  some  days  to 
the  term  of  his  dictatorship;  he  accused  him,  likewise,  of  hav¬ 
ing  exiled  his  son  Titus,  afterwards  called  Torquatus,  and  hav¬ 
ing  caused  him  to  live  in  the  country. 

1  in  publico.  2  prosequi.  3  diem  dicere  alicui.  4  tempus ,  oris. 

THE  TEMPORAL  CLAUSE. 

§294. 

437.  Chabrias,  dum  primus  studet  portum  intrare,  ipse  sibi 
perniciei  fuit.  Donec  eris  felix,  multos  numerabis  amicos;  tem¬ 
pora  si  fuerint  nubila,  solus  eris.  Lacedaemoniorum  gens  fortis 
fuit,  dum  Lycurgi  leges  vigebant.  Cato,  quoad  vixit,  virtutum 
laude  crevet.  Ubi  de  Caesaris  adventu  Helvetii  certiores  facti 
sunt,  legatos  ad  eum  miserunt.  Alcibiades,  ut  navi  eggressus 
est,  illum  unum  omnes  prosequebantur,  et  coronis  aureis  aeneis¬ 
que  donabatur.  Jugurtha  ubi  primum  adolevit,  pollens  viribus, 
decora  facie,  sed  multo  maxime  ingenio  validus,  non  se  luxui 
neque  inertiae  corrumpendum  dedit.  Hannibal  ad  Alpes  postea- 
quam  venit,  quas  nemo  unquam  cum  exercitu  ante  eum,  praeter 
Herculem  Grajum,  transierat,  effecit,  ut  ea  elephantus  ornatus 
ire  posset,  qua  antea  unus  homo  inermis  vix  poterat  repere. 
Pelopidas  non  dubitavit,  simul  ac  conspexit  hostem,  cum  eo  con¬ 
fligere.  Julius  Caesar  exanimis  aliquamdiu  jacuit  donec  lecticae 
impositum  tres  servuli  domum  retulerunt.  Retine  Phormionem 
dum  huc  ego  servos  evoco.  Alexander  milites  Oxum  flumen  utri¬ 
bus  tranare  jussit,  qui  primi  transierant  in  statione  fuerunt,  dum 
ceteri  transirent.  Nunc  Scaevola  paulum  requiescet,  dum  se  calor 
frangat.  Horatius  Cocles  impetum  hostium  sustinuit  quoad  ceteri 
pontem  interrumperent. 


THE  TEMPORAL  CLAUSE. 


213 


438.  While  Dionysius  was  trying-  to  strengthen  his  power, 
he  spared  the  lives  of  none  whom  he  considered  opponents. 
While  Cicero  was  making-  investigations 1  about  Verres,  he  learned 
the  names  of  many  artists.  There  will  be2  court  trials  as  long¬ 
as  the  state  exists.  As  long-  as  Catiline  was  in  Rome,  Cicero 
resisted  his  plots.  Wait,  till  Caesar  will  be  consul  or  dictator. 
Epaminondas  kept  the  iron  in  his  body,  until  it  was  announced 
that  the  Boeotians  were  victorious.  Hannibal  with  his  army 
marched  from  Spain  to  Italy  and,  with  a  small  body  of  men, 
defeated  the  Romans,  until  at  length  he  had  to  retreat  from 
Italy  with  great  loss.  Caesar  commanded  his  soldiers  to  remain 
behind  the  mountain,  till  the  enemy  would  have  assembled.  The 
enemies  of  Alcibiades  remained  quiet,  until  he  had  departed  from 
Athens;  then  they  accused  him  of  having-  overthrown  the  statues 
of  Hermes.  As  soon  as  the  truce  was  ended,  the  Persians  went 
to  Caria.  As  soon  as  Pompey  saw  that  his  cavalry  was  defeated, 
he  left  the  battle-field.  After  Xerxes  had  descended  into  Greece, 
Aristides  was  recalled  to  his  country  by  a  decree  of  the  people 
about  the  sixth  year  after  he  had  been  banished. 

1  inquirere  in  aliquem .  2  fieri. 


§205. 

439.  In  vita  rustica  M.  Curius,  cum  de  Samnitibus,  de  Sabi¬ 
nis,  de  Pyrrho  triumphasset,  consumpsit  extremum  tempus  aeta¬ 
tis.  Qui  dies  est,  quae  nox,  cum  egx>  non  ex  istorum  insidiis 
divino  consilio  eripias  atque  evolem?  Fuit  tempus,  cum  rura 
colerent  homines  neque  urbes  haberent.  Audivi  Metrodorum, 
cum  de  questionibus  philosophicis  disputaret.  Vidi  hunc  ipsum 
Hortensium  paene  interfici  servorum  manu,  cum  mihi  adesset. 
Quid  potest  esse  tam  apertum,  tamque  perspicuum,  cum  coelum 
suspeximus,  coelestiaque  contemplati  sumus,  quam  esse  aliquod 
numen  praestantissimae  mentis,  quo  haec  reg-antur?  Totius  inju¬ 
stitiae  nulla  capitalior  est,  quam  eorum,  qui,  cum  maxime  fallunt, 
id  ag-unt,  ut  viri  boni  esse  videantur.  Cum  ea  quae  praeterierunt, 
acri  animo  et  attento  intuemur,  tunc  fit,  ut  aegritudo  sequatur, 
si  illa  mala  sint,  laetitia,  si  bona.  Non  potui  injuriam  ulcisci 
eo  die,  cum  est  lata  lex  de  me.  Cum  tibi  laboranti  adfui,  me 
amicum  tuum  esse  indicavi.  Cum  aestas  esse  coeperat,  reg-es 
Persarum  Ecbatana  proficiscebantur.  Ad  libros  Sibyllinos,  quasi 
ad  oraculum,  quindecimviri  adeunt,  cum  dii  immortales  publice 
consulendi  sunt,  Damnatus  a  Pisone  miles  jam  cervicem  porri- 


214 


THE  TEMPORAL  CLAUSE. 


gebat  cum  subito  apparuit  ille  commilito,  qui  occisus  dicebatur. 
Jam  Hannibal  scalis  subibat  Locrorum  muros,  cum  repente  in 
eum,  patefacta  porta,  erumpunt  Romani.  Omnia  tu  Deitaro  tri¬ 
buisti,  cum  et  ipsi  et  filio  nomen  regium  concessisti.  Kpicurus 
ex  animis  hominum  extraxit  religionem,  cum  dis  immortalibus 
opem  et  gratiam  sustulit. 

440.  When  we  are  free  from  necessary  duties  and  cares  we 
desire  to  see,  to  hear  and  to  learn  something.  When  the  high¬ 
est  power  in  a  state1  is  in  the  hands2  of  a  single  person  we 
call  him  king,  and  the  constitution3  of  the  state  a  monarchy. 
The  swallows  will  return  when  spring  comes.  O  that  I  would 
live  to  see  the  day,  when  I  will  be  able  to  return  you  thanks. 
Not  110  years  have  passed,  since  a  bill  against  extortion  was 
proposed  by  L.  Piso.  It  is  the  sign  of  a  superior  mind  to  be 
able  to  control  one’s  temper  and  one’s  speech,  when  one  is  angry. 
When  a  Lacedaemonian  was  once  asked,  why  he  could  bear  so 
heavy  burdens,  he  answered,  that  from  his  very  youth  he  had 
accustomed  himself  to  hard  labor.  When  the  tyrant  Dionysius 
entered  the  temple  of  Jupiter,  he  took  off  his  golden  mantle 
and  placed4  a  woolen  one  upon  him,  remarking,  that  this  one 
was  suitable  for  every  season,  whilst  the  golden  one  was  too 
heavy  in  summer  and  too  cold  in  winter.  As  often  as  Verres, 
on  making  a  journey,  arrived  in  a  city,  he  was  accustomed  to 
carry  off  the  pictures  and  statues  which  pleased  him. 

1  summa  (ae)  omnium  rerum.  2  penes.  5  status ,  us.  4  injicere. 

441.  Scarcely  had  the  battle  begun,  when  it  was  announced 
that  the  commander  was  slain.  Tarquinius  prepared  to  surround 
the  city  with  a  stone  wall,  when  the  war  with  the  Sabines  in¬ 
terrupted  his  undertaking.  At  the  time  when  Romulus  founded 
the  city,  he  laid  out  the  districts1  with  a  staff2.  A  time  there 
was,  when  not  even  the  most  learned  men  felt  ashamed  to  cor¬ 
rupt3  their  language,  by  introducing4  innumerable  foreign  words. 
Artaxerxes,  having  sent  ambassadors  to  Greece,  ordered  all  to 
lay  down  their  arms,  declaring,  that  those  would  be  considered 
enemies,  who  would  refuse  to  do  so.  We  often  blame  a  speaker 
by  our  silence.  Solon  acted  prudently  in  determining  nothing 
about  a  crime,  which  had  not  been  committed  before.  The 
Romans  often  heard  Cato  express  his  -opinion,  that  Carthage 
should  be  destroyed. 

1  regio.  2  lituus .  8  inquinare.  4  inculcare . 


the  temporal  clause. 


215 


§296. 

442.  Ad  multos  epistolas  scribimus,  priusquam  eos  conveni¬ 
mus.  Caesar  priusquam  est  profectus,  luna  hora  circiter  sexta 
visa  est.  Finis  jugulandi  non  erit  priusquam  ille  tyrannus  omnes 
suos  divitiis  expleverit.  Nunc,  antequam  ad  causam  redeo,  pauca 
de  me  dicam.  Priusquam  incipias,  consulto,  et  ubi  consulueris, 
mature  facto  opus  est.  Collem  celeriter,  priusquam  ab  adversa¬ 
riis  sentiatur,  communite.  Achaei  non  ante  ausi  sunt  capessere 
bellum,  quam  ab  Roma  legati  revertissent.  Mithridates  Data- 
men  ferro  transfixit  priusque  quam  quisquam  posset  sucurrere, 
interfecit.  Epaminondas,  cum  in  circulum  venisset,  in  quo  aut 
de  requblica  disputaretur  aut  de  philosophia  sermo  haberetur, 
nunquam  inde  prius  discessit,  quam  ad  finem  sermo  esset  perdu¬ 
ctus.  Epaminondas  non  prius  bellare  destitit  quam  urbem  Lace¬ 
daemoniorum  obsidione  clausit.  Aristides  interfuit  pugnae  navali 
apud  Salamnia,  quae  facta  est,  priusquam  poena  liberaretur. 
Priusquam  bellum  a  populo  Romano  cum  Jugurtha  gestum  narro, 
pauca  supra  repetam  exponamque,  qui  sit  factum,  ut  ille  regno 
Numidarum  potiretur. 

443.  He,  who  resolves  to  practice  highway  robbery,  is  a 
highway  robber  before  he  commits  the  act.  When  Coriolanus 
was  about  to  embrace  his  mother,  approaching*1  him,  she  said: 
“Before  I  will  accept  }*our  embrace,  let2  me  know,  whether  I 
have  come  to  an  enemy,  or  to  a  son;  whether  I  am  in  your  camp 
as  a  captive,  or  as  a  mother.”  Let  us  rush  out3  before  daybreak 
will  overtake  us,  and  before  larger  bodies  of  the  enemy  block 
up4  the  way.  The  Samnite  war  had  begun  so  suddenly,  that 
the  enemy  had  crossed  the  Anio  before  the  Roman  army  could 
march  against  him.  Before  the  three  Horatii  and  the  Curiatii 
fought,  an  agreement  was  made  between  the  Romans  and  Alba¬ 
nians  with  this  condition5,  that  the  nation  whose  citizens  would 
be  victorious  in  the  engagement,  should  rule  over  the  other. 
Themistocles  advised  his  fellow-citizens,  not  to  dismiss  the  ambas¬ 
sadors  of  the  Lacedaemonians  before  he  himself  was  allowed 
to  return  from  Lacedaemon.  Pythagoras  gave  this  precept:  Let 
the  eyes  not  see  sleep,  before  you  have  carefully  considered  every 
action  of  the  past  day.  Before  you  undertake  anything,  know 
your  strength  and  ability. 

1  obvius.  2  sinere .  3  erumpere ,  4  obsaepire.  5  lex , 


216 


MlSCl^Iy IyANI^OUS  EXERCISES. 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 

444.  You  have  yielded  enough  to  me  when  you  answered, 
that  shame  seems  to  you  a  greater  evil  than  pain.  After  the 
enemy  had  crossed  the  river  they  left  on  the  hither  bank  some 
cohorts  as  a  garrison,  which  were  to  remain  until  they  saw  the 
hostile  outposts1.  The  Spartans  bound  themselves  by  an  oath 
not  to  return  home  until  they  had  conquered  the  Messenians. 
Metellus  applied  himself  at  Rhodes  to  the  study  of  the  sciences 
and  philosophy  until  he  was  recalled  to  his  country.  As  soon 
as  Caesar  had  come  to  Brundisium,  he  addressed2  his  soldiers, 
and  informed  them  about  his  intention.  Solon  left  Athens  for 
ten  years  with  the  consent  of  his  fellow-citizens,  and  returned 
just  at  the  time  when  Pisistratus  was  about  to  usurp3  the 
supreme  power.  I  will  write  you  a  letter  before  my  brother  will 
come  to  you.  Whilst  the  war  against  Jugurtha  was  carried  on 
in  Numidia,  the  Roman  consuls  were  vanquished  by  the  Cimbri 
and  Teutones  at  the  river  Rhone. 

1  statio  extrema.  2  contionari.  3  occupare. 

445.  Whenever  the  king  of  Persia  made  a  journey  within 
the  limits  of  his  kingdom,  presents  were  offered  to  him  by  all 
his  subjects;  of  those  who  applied  themselves  to  agriculture, 
some  gave  him  cattle  or  sheep,  others  grain  and  wine,  the 
poorer,  however,  milk,  cheese,  figs  and  other  fruits.  Let  us  not 
wait  until  we  are  asked  to  assist  our  friends  in  time  of  need; 
let  us  act  with  promptness  and  not  with  delay.  Porsenna  be¬ 
sieged  Rome,  and  had  already  hopes  of  taking  it  when  G.  Mu¬ 
cius  resolved  to  free  the  city  by  a  great  and  daring  act.  Caesar 
came  sooner  to  the  camp  of  Pompey  than  was  expected.  As 
soon  as  Hostius  Hostilius  had  fallen,  the  Roman  army  was  im¬ 
mediately  put  to  flight.  When  the  Tectosages  returned  to  their 
native  city  of  Tolosa,  a  contagious  disease  broke  out  among 
them,  but  when  it  abated,  they,  encouraged  by  the  decisions1 
of  the  soothsayers,  cast  the  money  acquired  in  war  and  in  plun¬ 
dering  the  temples,  into  the  sea  of  Tolosa. 

1  responsum. 

446.  When  Hamilcar  resolved  to  wage  war  against  Italy, 
he  was  slain  in  a  battle  against  the  Vettones  in  the  9th  year 
after  his  arrival  in  Spain.  As  soon  as  Alcibiades,  banished 
from  his  native  city,  had  come  to  Thebes,  he  devoted  himself1 
to  the  favorite  pursuits  of  the  Boeotians  to  such  a  degree  that 


THE  COMPARATIVE  CLAUSE. 


217 


none  could  equal  him  in  exertion  and  bodily  strength.  G.  Mu¬ 
cius  said:  “Know,  O  Porsenna,  that  300  of  us  youths  have  con¬ 
spired  against  you;  I  was  the  first  to  be  chosen  by  lot,  the 
others  will  appear  in  regular  order,  every  one  at  the  right  time, 
until  fate  affords  an  opportunity  to  kill  you.”  When  the  Roman 
empire  had  developed2  b}r  the  exertion  of  its  citizens  and  the 
equity  of  its  administration,  when  great  kings  had  been  over¬ 
come,  and  barbarous  nations  and  numerous  tribes  subjected  by 
force,  when  Carthage,  the  rival  of  the  Roman  empire,  had 
perished,  and  all  countries  and  seas  lay  open,  fortune  began  to 
throw  all  things  into  confusion3.  When  Alexander  came  to  the 
lake  of  Mareotis  near  the  island  of  Pharos,  he  viewed  the  nature 
of  the  surrounding  country,  and  resolved  at  first  to  build  a  new 
city  on  the  island  itself,  but  when  it  appeared  that  the  island 
was  not  large4  enough,  he  chose  for  a  site5  the  land  occupied 
at  present  by  the  city  of  Alexandria. 

1  inservire.  2  crescere.  3  miscere.  4  capacem  esse.  6  sedes. 


THE  COMPARATIVE  CLAUSE. 

§  297. 

447.  Sciebat  Rutilius  Rufus  tam  contra  officium  esse,  amico 
tribuere  quod  aequum  non  esset,  quam  non  tribuere  id,  quod 
recte  possemus.  Fuit  Cato  ut  senator  egregius,  ita  bonus  pater. 
Manlius  Torquatus  cum  expertus  esset,  filium  suum  non  talem 
fuisse  in  provincia,  quales  ejus  majores  fuissent,  in  conspectum 
suum  venire  deinceps  vetuit.  Caesar  negavit  se  passurum  Gal¬ 
liam  Ariovisti  potius  esse  quam  populi  Romani.  Malo  mihi 
invidere  inimicos,  quam  me  inimicis.  Saepe  tacere  praestat 
quam  loqui.  Plurimae  res  nobis  assecutis  non  pariter  videntur 
esse  jucundae  atque  concupiscentibus.  Hamilcar,  ut  Carthaginem 
venit,  longe  aliter  ac  sperabat  rem  publicam  se  habere  cognovit. 
Litavicus  hortatur  Aeduos,  ut  simili  ratione  atque  ipse  fecerit, 
suas  injurias  persequantur.  Tanaquil  Tarquinio  conjugi  suasit, 
ut  Servium  Tullium  haud  secus  ac  liberos  suos  educaret.  Faciam 
contra  ac  fieri  solet.  In  feris  inesse  fortitudinem  saepe  dicimus, 
ut  in  equis  et  leonibus;  justitiam,  aequitatem,  bonitatem  non 
dicimus.  Apud  me  ut  bonum  judicem  argumenta  plus  quam 
testes  valent.  Affirmo  quidvis  me  potius  passurum  quam  ex 
Italia  exiturum.  Zeno  perpessus  est  omnia  potius  quam  conscios 
delendae  tyranidis  indicaret.  Mililes  dicebant  odinia  potius  se 


218 


THE  COMPARATIVE  CLAUSE. 


perpessuros  esse  quam  ut  arcem  traderent.  Aliud  est  maledicere, 
aliud  accusare.  Videtis  nihil  aliud  actum  nisi  possessionem 
repetitam  esse.  Cicero  Romam  quoque  Polyclitos  Parrhasiosque 
habituram  fuisse  censet,  si  Romani  artibus  eundem  honorem  tri¬ 
buissent  atque  Graeci. 

448.  As  the  virtuous  are  loved  by  the  good,  so  are  the 
wicked  hated.  As  the  bee  neither  touches  nor  shuns  a  flower 
dripping  with  dew,  so  man  when  attracted  by  a  pleasing  but 
forbidden  object,  often  wavers  between  virtue  and  vice.  Know, 
that  nothing  is  more  wanting  to  me  than  a  true  friend.  Athens 
does  not  delight  me  so  much  by  its  magnificent  works  of  art  as 
by  the  remembrance  of  its  great  men,  the  places  where  each 
one  dwelt,  where  he  sat,  where  he  spoke1.  Nothing  tends  more 
to  arouse  the  soldiers,  than  the  hope  of  victory.  The  Stoics 
say,  that  many  things  are  quite a  different  from  what  they  appear 
to  the  senses.  Duilius  was  in  his  life-time  as  much  loved  by 
the  senators,  as  by  the  people3.  Jugurtha  requested  the  Roman 
senate,  to  take  him  for  another  than  such  as  he  had  become 
known  to  them  at  Numantia,  and  not  to  prefer  the  words  of 
the  enemy  to  his  deeds.  I  am  born  for  something  nobler,  than 
to  be  the  slave  of  my  body;  I  regard  the  latter  as  nothing  else 
than  a  prison4,  which  deprives  me  of  my  freedom.  In  my  old 
age  I  desire  the  strength  of  youth,  just  as  little  as  in  my  youth 
I  longed  for  the  strength  of  a  bull  or  an  elephant.  Among  the 
ancient  Romans  justice  was  upheld  as  much  by  the  natural  as 
by  the  written  law. 

Even  though  there  was  no  hope  of  conquering,  the  Lace¬ 
daemonians  did  not  hesitate  to  encounter  death  for  their  country, 
as  Leonidas  with  his  three  hundred  fell  for  his  country  at  Ther¬ 
mopylae.  The  foremost  men  of  the  state,  who  for  some  length 
of  time  envied  Marius  in  as  much  as  he  was  an  upstart,  ac¬ 
knowledged,  that  the  commonwealth  had  been  preserved  by  him. 
I  love  you  no  less  than  your  brother.  History  is  nothing  else 
than  a  collection6  of  chronicles6.  Hasdrubal  came  to  Italy  by 
the  same  route  as  Hannibal.  Regulus  desired  rather  to  return 
to  Carthage,  than  to  advise  his  fellow-citizens  to  ransom  their 
captive  soldiers. 

1  disputare .  2  longe.  3  plebs.  4  vinculum.  5  confectio.  6  annales. 

«* 

§25)8. 

449.  Qui  imperitis  potestatem  deferunt  similiter  agunt  ac 
si  hominibus  ref  navalis  ignaris,  navem  regendam  tradaut.  Lysan* 


THE  COMPARATIVE  CLAUSE. 


219 


der  Thasum,  praecipue  fide  erga  Athenienses,  proinde  ac  si 
iidem  firmissimi  solerent  esse  amici,  qui  constanter  fuissent  ini¬ 
mici,  pervertere  concupivit.  Cum  Alcibiades  Athenas  rediiset, 
nemo  inventus  est  quin  casum  ejus  defleret,  tamquam  si  alius 
populus,  non  ille  qui  deflebat,  sacrilegii  eum  condemnasset.  Saepe 
etiam  sine  ulla  aperta  causa  fit  aliud  atque  existimamus,  ut 
nonnunquam  ita  factum  esse  etiam  populus  admiretur;  quasi 
vero  non  ipse  fecerit.  Multi  homines  ita  vivunt,  velut  si  ad 
nullam  rem  nisi  ad  voluptates  nati  sint.  Agesilaus  cum  in  Asia 
victori  praeesset  exercitui,  paruit  jussis  absentis  magistratus,  ut 
si  privatus  esset  Sparta.  Hac  de  re  quoniam  nihil  ad  me  scribis, 
perinde  habebo,  ac  si  scripsisses,  nihil  esse.  Hostes  signa  nostra 
conspicati,  celeriter  quasi  nova  et  inusitata  specie  objecta,  intra 
munitiones  se  receperunt. 

450.  The  fixed  stars  are  always  seen  in  the  same  position 
as  if  they  were  fastened  to  the  firmament.  Previous  to  the  naval 
battle  in  which  he  was  defeated  by  Themistocles,  Xerxes  sent 
4,000  men  to  Delphi  to  plunder  the  temple  of  Apollo;  as  if  he 
waged  war  not  only  against  the  Greeks,  but  also  against  the 
immortal  gods.  I  consider  him  the  most  righteous  who  so  pardons 
others  as  if  he  himself  offended  daily,  but  who  so  abstains  from 
sin  as  if  he  pardoned  no  one.  The  enemy,  amidst  loud  shouting, 
as  if  already  in  possession  of  victory  began  to  scale  the  walls. 
Piso,  in  anger,  ordered  a  soldier  to  be  led  to  death,  as  if  he  had 
killed  a  fellow-soldier,  with  whom  he  had  gone  out  and  without 
whom  he  had  returned.  He  who  does  not  ward  off  or  resist  an 
injury,  if  he  can,  is  as  much  at  fault1  as  if  he  would  desert  his 

parents,  friends  or  country. 

1  in  vitio  esse. 

451.  He  who  kindly1  shows  the  way  to  the  erring,  acts  as 
if  he  gave  to  another  light  from  his  own.  Those  who  lived 
otherwise  than  would  have  behooved,  repent  of  their  faults. 
Thales  of  Miletus  said  that  philosophers  are  not  so  much  inca¬ 
pable  of  acquiring2  wealth  as  that  they  do  not  exert  themselves 
to  acquire  it.  The  stomach  nourishes,  as  well  as  it  is  nourished. 
Soldiers  ought  to  show  that  they  can  carry  on  war  during  winter 
just  as  well  as  during  summer.  As  regards  your  fear  that  your 
advice  displeases  me,  I  assure  you  that  nothing  gives  me  greater 
pleasure  than  your  advice  and  letters.  Romulus  lifting  his  hands 
up  to  heaven  said:  “O  father  of  gods  and  of  men,  keep  the 
enemy  away  from  this  place,  remove  fear  from  the  Romans,  and 

1  comis .  2  rem  facere , 


220 


THE  RELATIVE  CLAUSE. 


check  the  disgraceful  flight ;  ”  and  as  if  he  felt  that  his  prayer 
was  heard,  he  exclaimed:  “From  this  place  the  great  and  mighty 
Jupiter  commands  that  resistance  be  made  and  the  battle  be  re¬ 
newed.”  The  Romans  resisted  as  if  they  were  commanded  by 
a  celestial  voice. 

452.  Whatever  misfortune  fate  may  bring,  I  will  rather  un¬ 
dergo  it  with  those  who  are  patriots  than  seem  to  disagree  with 
them.  Seneca,  the  philosopher,  justly  exclaims:  “How  great  is 
the  folly  of  men;  they  wisper  to  the  deit}r  the  most  shameful 
wishes,  and  become  silent  as  soon  as  any  one  listens  and  they 
speak  to  God  of  things  which  they  do  not  wish  men  to  know.” 
See  therefore,  whether  the  following  admonition  is  not  salu¬ 
tary:  Let  us  so  live  with  men  as  if  God  saw  us;  let  us  so  speak 
with  God  as  if  men  heard  us.  When  you  are  provoked  do  not 
allow  anger  to  take  the  mastery1  over  your  heart,  but  rather 
imitate  the  celebrated  Archytas  of  Tarentum.  When  once  he 
arrived  at  his  villa,  and  found2  everything  otherwise  than  he 
had  ordered,  he  said  to  his  steward:  “Wretch,  were  I  not  angry 
I  would  flog  you  to  death8.” 

1  dominatus ,  us .  2  offendere.  3  verberibus  necare. 


THE  RELATIVE  CLAUSE. 

§§  209  &  300. 

453.  Nemo  unquam  a  dis  immortalibus  tot  et  tantas  res 
tacitus  ausus  est  optare,  quot  et  quantas  dii  immortales  ad  Cn. 
Pompejum  detulerunt.  Hannibal  puer  novem  annorum  jureju¬ 
rando  maxima  fide  usque  ad  supremum  vitae  diem  eum  stetisse 
constat.  Aquilae  nidos  in  iis  fere  locus  ponunt,  quo  nisi  cum 
vitae  periculo  perveniri  non  potest.  Albani  raptim  iis,  quibus 
quisque  poterat,  elatis,  urbe  exibant.  Miseranda  vita,  qui  se 
metui  quam  amari  malunt.  Imploremus  deos,  ut,  quam  urbem 
pulcherrimam  florentissimamque  esse  voluerunt,  eam  a  nefario 
perditissimorum  civium  scelere  defendant.  Qui  rex  officiis  suis 
fungi  noluerit,  ille  cives  bonos  fore  frustra  sperat.  Gallia,  quae 
terra  a  Pyrrheneo  monte  marique  interno  usque  ad  Rhenum  fre¬ 
tumque  Gallicum1  pertinet,  vino  abundat.  Catilina  quem  terra 
sustinuit  sceleratissimum,  patriae  exitium  parare  conatus  est. 
Numa  Pompilius  qui  secundus  rex  Romanorum  imperium  tenuit, 
1  English  channel. 


THE  RELATIVE  CLAUSE. 


221 


regno  potitus,  novam  civitatem  vi  et  armis  conditam,  jure  legi¬ 
busque  ac  moribus  de  integro  condere  paravit.  Sine  mea  com¬ 
mendatione,  quod  tuum  est  judicium  de  hominibus,  ipsius  Lamiae 
causa  studiose  omnia  facies.  Pyrrhi  medicus  noctu  ad  Fabricium 
venit,  se  Pyrrhum  veneno  interempturum  pollicens;  quem  Fabri¬ 
cius,  qua  erat  probitate  vinctum  reduci  jussit  ad  Pyrrhum. 

454.  The  conqueror  pardoned  all  who  had  taken  up  arms 
against  him,  something  which  seems  to  surpass  all  human  belief. 
At  Sardes,  which  was  formerly  the  seat  of  the  kings  of  Lydia, 
in  later  times1  the  satraps  of  the  Persian  kings  had  their  resi¬ 
dence.  The  Germans  crossed  the  Rhine  not  far  from  the  sea 
into  which  it  flows.  The  greatest  danger  threatens a  those,  who 
fear  most.  In  the  same  year  in  which  Tarquinius  the  Proud 
was  expelled  from  Rome,  the  Athenians  expelled  Hippias.  The¬ 
mistocles  sent  the  most  trustworthy  slave  that  he  had  to  the 
king  of  Persia  to  announce  in  his  name3,  that  the  king’s  oppo¬ 
nents  were  fleeing.  When  Coriolanus  was  sentenced  by  the  Ro¬ 
mans,  he  fled  to  the  Volsci,  a  tribe,  which  was  then  the  most 
hostile  to  the  Roman  name.  At  that  time  they  began  in  Athens 
to  elect  the  Archons  for  ten  years,  a  custom  which  was  main¬ 
tained  for  seventy  years;  but  afterwards  the  state  was  governed 
by  magistrates,  who  held  office  for  one  year.  In  the  first  war, 
which  the  Romans  waged  against  the  Carthaginians,  they  gained 
possession  of  the  island  of  Sicily.  Junius  Brutus,  such  was  his 
justice,  ordered  his  own  sons  to  be  put  to  death,  because  they 
had  conspired  to  restore  the  Tarquins  to  power4.  Codrus,  in 
accordance  with  his  love  for  his  country,  did  not  hesitate,  to 
undergo  death  for  its  safety. 

1  posterius.  2  impendere.  3  verbum ,  pi.  4  regnum. 

% 

§§  301,  302  8c  303. 

455.  Quis  non  omnibus  rebus  abstineat,  quas  bonae  valetudini 
obesse  noverit?  P}rthagoras,  a  quo  ultimas  terras  peragratas  esse 
constat,  natus  esse  dicitur  anno  fere  ab  urbe  condita  centesimo 
septuagesimo  quarto.  Antiquissimus  omnium  poetarum  Graecorum 
est  Homerus;  cui  quanta  laus  a  Graecis  tributa  sit  neminem  fu¬ 
git.  Quis  non  admiretur  Leonidam,  cuius  etsi  interitus  certis¬ 
simus  erat,  tamen  in  statione  permansit.  Solone  vivo  rerum  potitus 
est  Pisistratus,  qui  quamquam  multos  milites  mercede  conductos 
habebat,  tamen  dominationi  eum  moderatum  esse  constat.  Placet 
njihi  ille  rex,  cui  cum  quidam  regibus  quidlibet  honestum  esse  et 


222 


THE  RELATIVE  CLAUSE. 


justum  persuadere  studerent,  respondit:  barbarorum  quidem  re¬ 
gibus. 

Bocchus  cum  peditibus,  quos  Volux  adduxerat  neque  in  priori 
pugna  adfuerant,  postremam  aciem  invadunt.  Commendo  tibi  Lu¬ 
cium  Oppium,  quem  et  unice  diligo  et  eo  familiarissime  utor. 

Nihil  optabilius  est  animi  tranquillitate;  qua  qui  caret,  eum 
ne  regales  quidem  opes  quidquam  juvant.  Ratio  docet  Deum  esse, 
quo  concesso  confitendum  est  ejus  consilio  mundum  administrari. 
Plerique  laborem  doloremque  reformidant;  quibus  ut  careant  om¬ 
nia  experiuntur.  Aedui  se  suaque  ab  hostibus  defendere  non  po¬ 
tuerunt,  quam  ob  rem  legatos  ad  Caesarem  miserunt  auxilium 
rogatum.  Coluntur  tyranni  dumtaxat  ad  tempus;  quodsi  forte 
ceciderunt,  tum  intelligitur,  quam  fuerint  inopes  amicorum.  Quod- 
quia  nullo  modo  sine  amicitia  firmam  jucunditatem  vitae  tenere 
possumus,  idcirco  amicitia  cum  voluptate  connectitur.  Lacedae¬ 
monii  Agin  regem,  id  quod  nunquam  antea  apud  eos  acciderat, 
necaverunt. 

456.  We  can  not  love  those  of  whom  we  know,  that  they 
try  to  obtain  our  friendship  to  further  their  interests.  As  Ari¬ 
stides  preferred  to  provide  for  the  welfare  of  the  state  rather 
than  avenge  the  insult  of  Themistocles,  he  did  not  resist  any 
of  his  plans  of  which  he  foresaw,  that  they  would  be  of  great 
benefit  to  the  state.  The  exploits  of  Hannibal,  of  whom  we 
know  how  often  he  defeated  the  Romans,  are  admired  by  us. 
The  boy  must  be  taught  those  arts  which,  when  he  masters 
them,  will  make  him  better  fit  for  greater  things.  The  enemy 
set  the  city  on  fire,  which  they  judged  could  no  longer  be  held, 
in  order  that  it  mig'ht  not  be  of  any  use  to  the  Romans.  Tra- 
sybulus  was  given  a  crown  by  the  people,  which,  since  the  love 
of  his  fellow-citizens  had  bestowed  it,  caused1  no  envy. 

That  is  true  friendship,  which  is  formed  by  similarity  of 
character  and  which  mutual  love  fosters.  We  rightly  admire 
those,  whom  good  fortune  does  not  elate  and  who  are  not  cast 
down2  by  misfortune.  The  Athenians  condemned  Socrates  to 
death  for  impiety,  whom  all  acknowledged  to  have  been  a  just 
man  and  whom  posterity  has  honored  most  highly. 

The  legate  of  the  Romans  received  a  haughty  answer  from 
the  Latins,  and  on  this  account  war  was  declared  against  them. 
Cilix  was  sent  by  Agenor  to  look  for  Luropa,  and  since  he  did 
not  find  her,  he  did  not  dare  to  return  home,  and  settled  in  Cili¬ 
cia.  Our  country  is  the  mother  of  all  of  us,  what  good  man 


THE  RELATIVE  CLAUSE. 


223 


therefore  should  hesitate  to  undergo  death  for  it?  Cast  off  super¬ 
stition,  for  he  who  is  affected  by  it,  can  never  be  at  peace3. 
Hannibal  defeated  the  Romans  in  several  battles,  and,  if  he  had 
not  been  hampered 4  by  the  envy  of  his  fellow-citizens,  he  would, 
it  seems,  have  been  able  to  overcome  the  Romans.  Many  place 
their  whole  happiness  in  wealth;  since,  however,  all  earthly 
goods  are  perishable,  their  happiness  cannot  be  lasting.  Aratus 
of  Sicyon  believed,  and  this  is  a  sign  of  a  wise  man,  that  he 
had  to  provide  for  all  his  fellow-citizens. 

1  habere.  2  affligere.  3  quietus.  4  impedire. 

§304. 

457.  Junius  Brutus,  sorore  Tarquinii  Superbi  natus,  cum 
eandem  fortunam  timeret,  in  quam  frater  inciderat,  stultitiam 
finxit.  Plerique  perverse,  ne  dicam  impudenter,  talem  amicum 
habere  volunt  quales  ipsi  esse  non  possunt.  Homines  benevolos, 
qualescunque  sunt,  grave  est  insequi  contumelia.  Lentulus  quid¬ 
quid  habuit,  quantulumque  fuit,  illud  totum  habuit  ex  disciplina. 
Quoquo  modo  res  se  habet,  peto  a  te  ut  Hippiae  commodes, 
quantum  tua  fides  dignitasque  patietur.  Aequis  Volcisque  quan- 
documque  se  moverint,  a  tergo  erimus.  Quisquis  is  fuit,  qui 
vulgo  nominatur  Homerus,  hoc  videtur  certum  esse,  omnium  poe¬ 
tarum  nemini  magis  quam  illi  contigisse  ut  et  prodesset  et  dele¬ 
ctaret.  Reguli  Carthaginem  reversi  corpus,  variis  crucitatibus 
fessum,  postremo  in  arcam  ligneam  undique  praeacutis  horren¬ 
tem  clavis  inclusum,  quocunque  inclinabat,  stimulis  ferreis  con¬ 
foditur. 

458.  If  we  do  uot  hesitate  to  grant  favors  to  those,  who 
we  hope  will  be  of  some  service  to  us,  how  must  we  conduct 
ourselves  towards  those  who  have  alread}r  been  of  service  to  us? 
If  we  learn  something,  however  little  it  may  be,  we  rejoice. 
The  Greeks  used  to  sacrifice  a  part  of  the  booty,  however  great 
it  might  have  been,  to  Apollo  of  Delphi,  in  order  that  he  might 
be  propitious  to  them.  Wherever  a  parricide  may  have  been 
perpetrated,  an  impious  deed  has  been  committed,  and  whoever 
may  have  committed  it,  is  deserving  of  capital  punishment.  Phi¬ 
losophers  may  think  whatever  they  please  about  the  greatest 
good,  virtue  is  sufficient  for  the  attainment  of  a  happy  life. 

§305. 

459.  Artaxerxes  Iphicratem  ab  Atheniensibus  petivit  ducem, 


224 


^he  relative  clause. 


quem  praeficeret  exercitui  conducticio  \  Verba  reperta  sunt,  non 
quae  impedirent,  sed  quae  indicarent  voluntatem.  Populus  Romae 
ipse  sibi  tribunos  plebis  quasi  proprios  judices  et  defensores 
creavit,  per  quos  contra  senatum  et  consules  tutus  esse  posset. 
Dione  auctore  Dionysius  Platonem  Atheniensem  arcessivit  cuius 
consilio  atque  opera  in  administranda  republica  uteretur.  Non 
sum  tam  insolens,  qui  Jovem  me  esse  dicam.  Quidquid  ejusmodi 
est,  in  quo  non  possint  plures  excellere,  in  eo  fit  plerumque  con¬ 
tentio.  Ea  est  aetas  tua,  quae  cupiditates  adolescentiae  jam 
effugerit;  ea  vita,  in  qua  nihil  praeteritum  excusandum  habeas. 
Dixisti  vos  eos  esse,  qui  vitam  insuavem  sine  literarum  studiis 
putaretis.  Darius  exercitum  quem  planities  vix  caperet,  compa¬ 
ravit.  Erat  Pseudophilippo  juveni  forma,  quae  Persei  regis 
filium  non  dedeceret.  Majus  gaudium  fuit  quam  quod  universum 
homines  caperent.  Graeci  et  majores  et  magis  ramosas  arbores 
caedebant,  quam  quas  ferre  cum  armis  miles  posset.  Voluptas 
non  est  digna,  ad  quam  sapiens  respiciat.  Idonea  mihi  Laelii 
persona  visa  est,  quae  de  amicitia  dissereret.  Qui  cupiditatibus 
suis  imperare  non  poterant,  semper  indigni  habiti  sunt  quibus 
beneficia  tribueremus. 

1  mercenary. 

460.  Sunt  qui  censeant,  una  animum  et  corpus  occidere, 
auimumque  in  corpore  extingui.  Furfidius  quidam  Sullam  admo¬ 
nuit  vivere  aliquos  debere  ut  essent  quibus  imperaret.  Quid  dul¬ 
cius  est  quam  habere  quicum  omnia  audeas  sic  loqui  ut  tecum. 
Nunquam  defuerunt  qui  ipsum  Caesarem  consiliorum  Catilinae 
non  ignarum  fuisse  crederent.  Cineas  Romam  cum  ingentibus 
a  Pyrrho  donis  missus,  neminem  cujus  domus  muneribus  pateret, 
invenit.  Qnotusquisque  reperitur,  qui  impunitate  et  ignoratione 
omnium  proposito,  abstinere  possit  injuria.  Quid  est  quod  me 
impediat  ea  quae  probabilia  “videantur  sequi,  quae  contra,  im¬ 
probare.  Inventi  sunt  multi,  qui  non  modo  pecuniam  sed  vitam 
etiam  profundere  pro  patria  parati  essent.  Sunt  quaedam  bestiae 
in  quibus  inest  aliquid  simile  virtutis.  Sunt  nonnullae  discipli¬ 
nae,  quae,  propositis  bonorum  et  malorum  finibus,  officium  omne 
pervertunt.  Pergratum  mihi  facias,  si  fratrum  meum  quod  sine 
molestia  tua  fiat,  pingere  doceas.  Quantopere  Epaminondas  a 
cupiditate  ulciscendi  abhorruerit,  multa  exempla  afferre  possum; 
nam  nemo  unquam,  quod  equidem  sciam  injuriis  facilius  ignovit 
aut  convicia  oblitus  est.  Omnium  oratorum  quos  quidem  ego 
cognoverim  acutissimum  judico  Sertorium.  Tarquinio  quid  impu- 


THE  RELATIVE  CLAUSE. 


225 


dentius,  qui  bellum  gereret  cum  iis,  qui  ejus  non  tulerant  super¬ 
biam?  Quis  est  qui  C.  Fabricii  aut  M.  Curii  memoriam  non 
cum  caritate  aliqua  et  benevelentia  usurpet,  quos  non  viderit. 
Nero  inusitatae  luxuriae  fuit,  ut  qui  retibus  aureis  piscaretur. 
Pomponius  tribunus,  quippe  qui  cerneret  ferrum  filii  ante  oculos 
micare,  accusationem  Manlii  patris  dimisit.  Equidem  discipulus 
nihil  unquam  mali  loquar  de  magistro  praesertim  cui  carum  me 
semper  fuisse  sciam. 

461.  Caesar  sent  ambassadors  to  Ariovistus  to  ask»  him  to 
select  a  place  for  an  interview.  When  the  Persians  made  war 
upon  Greece  with  an  immense  army,  the  Athenians  dispatched 
ambassadors  to  ask  the  oracle  of  Delphi  in  what  manner  they 
should  best  provide  for  the  safety  of  themselves  and  theirs.  I 
have  chosen  the  house  of  my  friend  Piso  to  live  in.  No  acute¬ 
ness  of  the  human  mind  is  so  great  that  it  can  penetrate  into 
heaven.  Men  have  reason  and  intellect,  which  enable  them  to 
see  the  causes  and  effects  of  things.  No  city  of  Sicily  was  so 
small  or  so  distant  that  it  did  not  yield  booty  or  profit  to  Ver¬ 
res.  Till  now  I  have  *  not  known  a  poet  who  did  not  consider1 
himself  the  best.  I  am  the  man  (7s)  who  thinks  it  more  advan¬ 
tageous  that  Caesar  be  granted  his  demands2  than  that  war  be 
waged3.  I  have  read  no  Greek  author  who  has  written  more 
excellently  about  the  immortality  of  the  soul  than  Plato.  “I 
am  not  the  man,”  said  Aemilius  Paulus,  “who  thinks  that  no 
advice  should  be  given4  to  commanders-in-chief;  on  the  contrary, 
I  consider  him  who  does  every  thing  according  to  his  will 5  only 
more  vain  than  prudent.” 

1  videri .  2  =  that  which  he  demands.  3  signa  conferre.  4  admonere . 

5  sententia. 

462.  After  the  conquest  of  nearly  the  whole  world  the 
Roman  empire  became  too  powerful  to  be  overthrown  by  any 
foreign  nation.  Caesar  considered  Rufus  fit  to  send  with  com¬ 
missions  to  Pompey.  Alexander  the  Great  considered  Appelles, 
whom  Pamphilus  of  Sicyon  had  taught  the  art  of  painting, 
alone  worthy  to  paint  his  portrait.  We  deserve  that  you  believe 
us.  Philistus,  who  imitated  Thucydides,  deserves  to  be  classed 
among  the  good  Greek  authors.  There  are  men  who  esteem 
themselves  very  highly  and  despise  others.  There  are  men  who 
easily  forget  favors  received,  because  they  are  ashamed  to  have 
received  them.  You  will  find  no  one  who  will  deny,  that  Demos¬ 
thenes  was  the  greatest  among  the  ancient  orators. 

15 


226 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


463.  There  are  many  men  who  principally  love  those  friends, 
from  whom  they  hope  to  derive  the  greatest  advantage1.  There 
are  many  philosophers  who  believed,  that  the  gods  do  not  take 
any  interest  in  human  affairs;  but  there  are  others,  and  indeed 
great  and  famous  ones,  who  believe,  that  the  whole  world  is 
governed  and  ruled  by  the  infinite  wisdom  of  God.  What2  could 
be  a  source  of  greater  honor  to  you  than  to  deserve  well  of  your 
country.  There  are  none  who  could  ever  equal  Hannibal  in 
hatred  against  the  Romans.  Epicurus  is,  as  far  as  I  know,  the 
only  one  who  dared  to  declare3  himself  a  wise  man.  Among  all 
Roman  authors,  at  least  among  those  whom  I  have  seen,  Cicero 
is  by  far  the  most  verbose.  I  owe  great  thanks  to  old  age, 
because  it  has  increased  in  me  the  desire  for  conversation,  and 
lessened  that  for  food  and  drink.  After  the  battle  on  the  Allia, 
a  great  number  of  Romans  fled  to  Veii,  as  they  believed  them¬ 
selves  safer  there  than  at  Rome.  Why  should  I  invite  you,  since 
others  have  already  invited  you  in  vain.  Acquit  Verres,  although 
he  confessed  to  have  committed  the  greatest  injustice. 

1  frudum  capere  ex  aliquo.  2  quid  est  quod.  3  profiteri. 

MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 

464.  The  power  of  honesty  is  so  great  that  we  esteem  it 
even1  in  those,  whom  we  have  never  seen,  and  what  is  more, 
even  in  our  enemies.  We  generally  follow  examples,  and  imi¬ 
tate  those  with  whom  we  are  intimately  connected,  and  gradu¬ 
ally  adopt  their  vices  or  virtues;  hence 2  it  is  that  children  are 
generally  such  as  their  parents.  When  M.  Livius  Drusus  was 
building  a  house  and  the  architect  promised  to  build  it  so,  that 
no  one  could  look  into  it,  he  said:  “If  you  possess  some  skill, 
build  my  house  in  such  a  manner,  that  whatever  I  may  do  within 
can  be  perceived  by  all.”  Tiberius  Gracchus  was  found  worthy 
of  marrying  Cornelia,  the  daughter  of  Scipio,  by  whom  Hanni¬ 
bal  had  been  conquered.  Roscius  was  so  great  an  artist,  that 
he  alone  seemed  fit  to  appear  on  the  stage.  Aristides  died  in 
such  poverty,  that  he  scarcely  left  enough  wherewith  to  be 
buried 3,  and  therefore  it  happened,  that  his  daughters  were 
brought  up  at  the  expense  of  the  state.  Caesar  dispatched  all 
the  horsemen  to  discover  whither  the  enemy  went,  and  these 
followed  the  rear  guard  too  closely  and  gave  battle  to  the  cavalry 
of  the  Helvetians  in  an  unfavorable  place.  Of  the  Roman  gen- 

1  vet.  2  relative.  3  efferre . 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES.  227 

erals,  Caesar,  so  far  as  I  could  hear  or  learn,  was  the  first  to 
lead  an  army  over  the  Rhine  against  the  Germans. 

465.  After  the  Samnites  had  been  conquered  by  the  Romans, 
the  Carthaginians  sent  ambassadors  to  Rome  to  congratulate 
the  Roman  senate  and  people,  and  to  present  them  with  a  golden 
garland,  to  be  placed  in  the  chapel  of  Jupiter  on  the  Capitol. 
Alexander  not  only  killed  Callisthenes,  but  also  tortured  him, 
an  act  of  cruelty1  of  which  he  repented  too  late.  May  death 
strike  me,  if  I  do  not  believe,  that  you,  in  accordance  with  your 
prudence,  will  attain  your  present  purpose2.  Those  who  govern 
the  state,  should  always  have  in  view3  the  welfare  of  their 
fellow-citizens  and  seek  it  in  whatever  they  may  do,  regardless 
of  their  own  advantage.  Dionysius  was  brave  and  skilled  in 
war,  and,  what  is  not  generally  found  in  a  tyrant,  not  luxuri¬ 
ous  nor  avaricious.  Oh  that  those  poems  were  yet  extant  of 
which  Cato  said,  that  were  formerly  sung  by  the  guests  at 
banquets  on  the  merits  of  distinguished  men!  Socrates,  of  whom 
we  know  how  well  he  deserved  of  mankind,  was  declared  the 
most  wise  amongst  men  by  the  Apollo  of  Delphi. 

1  one  word.  2  =  what  you  now  wish.  3  tueri. 

466.  Because  Themistocles  lived  too  licentiously  and  neg¬ 
lected  his  property,  he  was  disinherited  by  his  father;  but  this 
disgrace  did  not  dishearten  him  but  rather  aroused  him.  Skilled 
commanders  are  accustomed,  when  they  begin  a  battle,  to  station 
soldiers  near  the  place  to  which  in  their  opinion1  the  enemy 
will  retreat,  in  order  to  intercept  them.  The  fable,  that  Numa 
Pompilius  had  been  a  pupil  of  Pythagoras,  does  not  deserve2  to 
be  believed.  The  scholars  of  Socrates  did  not  without  reason 
weep  over  the  death  of  their  master,  since  he  taught  them  the 
most  important  things  for  so  many  years.  Alexander  the  Great 
had  Anaximenes  of  Lampascus  as  teacher  of  eloquence,  and  this 
circumstance  afterwards  secured  safety  for  the  city  of  Lampas¬ 
cus.  History  is  adapted  to  cultivate  the  mind  of  boys.  Men 
are  always  to  be  found,  who  complain  that  God  cares  less  for 
them  than  for  others.  Those  who  devote  themselves  to  the  study 
of  antiquity,  must  investigate  carefully  whatever  has  reference 
to  the  lives  of  the  celebrated  Greek  and  Roman  authors,  in  order 
that  they  may  the  more  easily  know  and  understand  what  is 
peculiar  to  each.  The  Sicilians  have  asked  me  for  assistance: 
even  if  I  had  not  this  reason,  who  is  there  that  could  censure  me? 

1  arbitrari.  2  indignum  esse. 


228 


INDIRECT  SPEECH. 


467.  Timoleon  fought  his  greatest  battles  on  his  very  birth¬ 
day,  and  therefore  the  whole  of  Sicily  solemnly  celebrated1  that 
day.  Nowhere  on  earth  will  he  be  happy,  who  is  not  satisfied 
with  the  lot  which  is  assigned  him  by  God;  for  wherever  he 
may  be  he  will  always  find  something,  which  will  cause  him 
more  or  less  dissatisfaction.  The  elder  Pliny  never  read  a  book, 
from  which  he  did  not  make  extracts2;  for  he  used  to  say  that 
there  was  no  book  so  bad,  that  it  was  not  useful  in  some  re¬ 
gard.3  Those  were  surely  excellent  men,  who  first  established 
societies  which  were  afterwards  called  states,  and  connected 
dwellings  which  we  now  call  cities.  I  am  not  disposed  to  bewail 
life,  what  many,  and  these  even  learned  men,  have  often  done. 

1  festum  habere.  2  excerpere  ex  re.  3  aliqua  parte. 

468.  L.  Tarquinius  killed  the  foremost1  of  the  senators,  who, 
he  believed,  have  favored  Servius  Tullius,  and  conscious  of  hav¬ 
ing  acquired  power  by  crime,  he  surrounded2  himself  with  armed 
soldiers.  O  that  miserable  old  man  who,  during  so  long  a  life, 
did  not  understand  that  we  must  despise  death!  Cicero  very  ap¬ 
propriately  says:  “If  there  is  no  one  who  would  not  rather  wish 
to  die  than  be  changed  into  the  form  of  beast,  even  though  he 
is  to  possess  human  reason,  how  much  more  pitiful  is  it  to  have 
a  savage3  soul  in  the  form  of  a  man.  To  me,  at  least,  this 
seems  the  more  pitiful,  the  nobler  the  soul  is  than  the  body. 

1  primores ,  um.  2  circumsaepire.  3  efferatus. 


INDIRECT  SPEECH. 

§  306. 

469.  Locutus  est  Divitiacus  Aeduus:  Galliae  totius  factiones 
esse  duas;  harum  alterius  principatum  tenere  Aeduos,  alterius 
Avernos.  Redditur  responsum:  Nondum  tempus  pugnae  esse; 
castris  se  tenerent  seque  ex  labore  reficerent.  Caesar  milites  hor¬ 
tatus  est:  Ne  ea  quae  accidissent  graviter  ferrent,  ne  ve  his  rebus 
terrerentur.  Caesar  milites  allocutus  est:  Quid  tandem  vererentur 
aut  cur  de  sua  virtute  desperarent?  Legati  dixerunt:  Quo  se  re¬ 
pulsos  a  Romanis  ituros  esse?  Quomodo  sine  classibus  Siciliam 
obtineri  posse?  Legati  cum  multa  dixerunt  tum  haec:  Inter  om¬ 
nes  constare  Attalum  amicitiam  populi  Romani  cupidissime  ex¬ 
petivisse;  cur  igitur  cuiquam  licere  judicare,  eum  tum  infesto  in 
Romanos  animo  esse?  Epaminondas,  cum  Diomedon  magnam 


INDIRECT  SPEECH. 


229 


pecuniam  obtulisset,  si  cum  rege  Artaxerxe  facere  vellet,  respon¬ 
dit:  si  Diomedon  vellet  quae  Thebanis  expedirent,  libenter  gratis 
se  esse  facturum;  sin  vellet  contrarium,  frustra  eum  venisse;  te¬ 
meritate  illius  se  ignoscere,  quod  sui  similem  se  esse  putasset; 
sed  quam  celerrime  abiret,  ne  alios  corrumperet. 

Apud  Hypanem  fluvium,  qui  ab  Europae  parte  in  Pontum 
influit,  Aristoteles  ait  bestiolas  quasdam  nasci  quae  unum  diem 
vivant.  Herennius  respondit:  Multos  annos  jam  inter  Romanum 
Nolahumque  populum  amicitiam  esse,  cuius  neutros  ad  cum  diem 
poenitere.  Lentulus  Volturcio  litteras  ad  Catilinam  dat,  quarum 
exemplum  infra  scriptum  est:  “Quis  sim,  ex  eo,  quem  ad  te  misi, 
cognosces.  Fac  cogites,  in  quanta  calamitate  sis,  et  memineris 
te  virum  esse;  consideres,  quid  tuae  rationes  postulent;  auxilium 
petas  ab  omnibus,  etiam  ab  infimis.”  Ad  hoc  mandata  verbis 
dat:  Quum  ab  senatu  hostis  judicatis  sit,  quo  consilio  servitia 
repudiet?  in  urbe  parata  esse,  quae  jusserit;  ne  cunctetur  ipse 
propius  accedere. 

470.  Regibus  Roma  expulsis,  Aequi  et  Volsci,  agrum  Lati¬ 
num  ferre  ignique  populati,  ad  urbis  portas  accesserunt.  Unde 
postquam  inalti  praedam  prae  se  agentes  domum  proficisci  coe¬ 
perunt,  P.  Quinctius  consul,  populo  ad  contionem  convocato,  ita 
locutus  est:  Etsi  nullius  criminis  sibi  conscius  esset,  tamen  cum 
summo  pudore  in  concionem  se  prodisse.  Nam  vereri  se,  ne 
posteris  traderetur  Aequos  et  Volscos  quartum  se  consule  ad 
moenia  urbis  armatos  venisse.  Eam  se  ignominam,  si  ei  potissi¬ 
mum  anno  imminere  scivisset,  vel  morte  vel  exilio  vitaturum 
fuisse.  Ignorare  sese,  utrum  hostes  se  consulem  an  populum 
contempsissent.  Si  culpa  in  ipso  esset,  auferrent  sibi  imperium; 
sin  in  illis,  neminem  illorum  peccata  punire  posse:  illos  tantum 
eorum  poeniteret.  Neque  vero  hostes  illorum  ignaviam  contem¬ 
psisse  nec  sua  virtute  confisos  esse.  Nam  nisi  discordia  intestina 
venenum  illius  urbis  esset,  futurum  non  fuisse  ut  agri  vastaren¬ 
tur.  An  quemquam  dubitare,  quin  ipse  hostes  fugaturus  fuerit, 
si  plebs  delectum  fieri  passa  esset?  Itaque  cur  inter  se  odisse 
perseverarent?  Quem  tandem  finem  discordiarum  fore?  Ne  tae¬ 
deret  in  posterum  aut  plebem  patriciorum  magistratuum  aut 
tribuniciae  potestatis  patres.  Quodsi  fecissent,  et  concordiam 
publicam  reconciliatum  iri  et  omnium  rerum  prosperitatem  fore. 

471.  Ariovistus  answered  Caesar,  that  he  did  not  wage  war 
against  the  Gauls,  but  that  the  Gauls  waged  war  against  him; 
that  all  tribes  of  Gaul  had  assembled  to  attach  him  and  had 


230 


indirect  speech. 


been  in  the  field1  against  him;  that  he  had  defeated  and  put  to 
flight  all  these  troops  in  a  single  engagement,  and  that  if  they 
wished  to  try  again,  he  was  willing  to  fight  them  a  second  time; 
that  if  Caesar  did  not  lead  his  army  out  of  that  country,  he 
would  consider  him  as  an  enemy;  but  that,  if  he  would  depart 
and  leave  him  in  the  possession  of  Gaul,  he  would  reward  him 
with  valuable  presents.  Tullius  called  loudly  to  his  cavalry  to 
return,  (saying),  that  there  was  no  necessity  for  fear,  that  the 
army  of  the  Albani  was  on  the  march2  to  attack  the  Fidenates. 
When  Regulus  was  sent  from  Carthage  to  Rome,  he  said  in  the 
senate,  that  the  Carthaginians,  discouraged  by  so  many  mishaps, 
had  no  hope;  that  he  was  not  of  such  value  that  so  many  thou¬ 
sand  captives  should  be  returned  in  exchange  for  him  and  the 
few  Romans  who  had  been  taken  prisoners.  Socrates  said  that 
he  went  walking  towards  evening  in  order  to  dine  the  better, 
that  namely3  the  seasoning  of  food  is  hunger  and  that  of  drink 
is  thirst. 

1  castra  habere .  2  circumduci.  3  nani. 

472.  Caesar  sent  ambassadors  to  Ariovistus  with  the  follow¬ 
ing  demands:  first,  that  he  should  not  any  more  lead  an  army 
across  the  Rhine  into  Gaul;  furthermore  that  he  should  return 
the  hostages  whom  he  had  received  from  the  Aedui,  and  also 
permit  the  Sequani  to  return  those  whom  they  held;  that  he 
should  not  provoke  the  Aedui  by  wrongs  nor  wage  war  against 
them  or  (ve)  their  allies;  that  if  he  would  comply  with  these 
demands,  he  and  the  Romans  would  always  maintain  friendship 
with  him.  Turnus  Herdonius  of  Aricia1,  in  a  meeting  of  the 
Latins,  sternly  inveighed  against  the  absent  Tarquinius,  saying, 
that  it  was  not  astonishing  that  at  Rome  they  had  given  him 
the  surname  of  Proud,  or  could  there  be  anything  more  haughty 
than  to  despise  the  whole  Latin  nation;  that  while  its  chiefs 
were  summoned  from  their  distant  homes,  he  who  called  the 
meeting  was  not  present.  That  their  patience  was  surely  tested, 
in  order  that  after  they  had  submitted  to  the  yoke,  he  might 
oppress  them  as  his  subjects;  for  to  whom  was  it  not  evident, 
that  he  aimed  at  the  supremacy  over  the  Latins?  That  if  they 
would  listen  to  his  advice,  each  one  would  return  to  his  home 
and  heed  the  day  of  the  meeting  as  little  as  he  who  had  an¬ 
nounced  it. 

1  Aricinus ,  a ,  um. 

473.  The  Aeduatici  sent  ambassadors  to  Caesar  concerning 


the  subjunctive  in  clauses. 


231 


peace,  who  spoke  as  follows1:  We  do  not  believe  that  you  wage 
war  without  divine  assistance,  since  you  can  move  machines  of 
such  size  with  so  much  ease  and  rapidity;  we  surrender  our  per¬ 
sons  and  all  our  possessions  to  you.  For  one  thing-  we  ask  and 
beseech  you:  if  perhaps  in  accordance  with  your  clemency  and 
mildness,  of  which  we  hear  from  others,  you  have  resolved  to 
spare  our  lives,  do  not  deprive  us  of  our  weapons;  nearly  all  our 
neighbors  are  our  enemies  and  are  jealous  of  our  valor;  hence, 
if  we  should  be  deprived  of  our  arms,  we  could  not  defend  our¬ 
selves  against  them.  It  is  better  for  us  to  suffer  any  calamity 
at  the  hands  of  the  Romans,  than  to  be  cruelly  killed  by  those 
over  whom  we  were  accustomed  to  rule.  To  this  Caesar  replied: 
I  will  preserve  your  nation  more  because  of  my  custom  than  of 
your  merits,  if  you  surrender  before  the  battering  ram  touches 
the  walls;  but  there  is  no  possibility  of  surrender  except  after 
delivering  up  your  weapons.  I  will  command  your  neighbors  not 
to  inflict  any  wrong  on  the  subjects2  of  the  Roman  people. 

1  Translate  the  discourse  in  direct  and  indirect  speech.  2  dedititius. 


THE  SUBJUNCTIVE  IN  CLAUSES. 

§  307. 

474.  Lysander  eos  qui  Atheniensium  rebus  studuissent,  ex 
urbe  ejecit.  Athenienses,  quod  honestum  non  esset,  id  ne  utile 
quidem  putaverunt.  Athenienses  Siciliae  amissum  et  Lacedae¬ 
moniorum  victores  culpae  suae  tribuebant,  quod  talem  virum  e 
civitate  expulissent.  Socrates  hoc  Periclem  ceteris  praestitisse 
oratoribus  dicit,  quod  is  Anaxagorae  fuisset  auditor.  Hortensius 
tanta  memoria  erat,  ut,  quae  secum  commentatus  esset,  ea  sine 
scripto,  verbis  eisdem  redderet,  quibus  cogitavisset.  Non  est  du¬ 
bium,  quin,  quod  animans  sit,  habeatque  sensum  et  rationem  et 
mentem,  id  sit  melius,  quam  id,  quod  his  careat.  Non  est  veri¬ 
simile,  ut  quem  in  otio  semper  secum  habuisset  Catilina,  hunc 
in  eo  tumultu,  quem  ipse  comparabat,  a  se  dimitteret.  Senatus 
decrevit,  ut,  quae  statuae  C.  Verris  essent,  eas  quaestores  demo¬ 
liendas  locarent.  Galli  exposuerunt  arma  sibi  et  omnia  alia  quae 
ferrent  agentque,  adempta  esse.  Consolans  filiam  Fabius  Ambu¬ 
stus  bonum  animum  habere  jussit,  pollicitus  eosdem  ipsam  pro- 
pediem  visuram  honores  quos  apud  sororem  vidisset.  Regulus 
senatui  scripsit  villicum  in  agello,  quem  septem  jugerum  habe* 


232 


THE  PARTICIPLE. 


bat,  mortuum  esse.  Nero  urbem  Romam  incendit,  ut  spectaculi 
eius  imaginem  cerneret,  quali  olim  Troja  capta  arserat.  Facile 
est  continere  eos  quibus  praesis,  si  te  ipse  contineas.  Alexander, 
ubi  confertissimos  hostes  acerrime  pugnare  conspexisset,  eo  se 
semper  immergebat.  Ignoti  faciem  Agesilai  cum  intuerentur, 
contemnebant,  qui  autem  virtutes  noverant,  non  poterant  admi¬ 
rari  satis.  Elephanti  quacunque  incederent,  tutum  ab  hostibus 
agmen  praebebant. 

475.  Caesar  was  informed  by  spies,  that  all  had  departed 
during  night  from  that  part  of  the  town  which  he  had  granted 
to  the  Gauls  for  winter  quarters.  Supper  was  daily  so  prepared 
for  Cimon,  that  he  could  invite  all  whom  he  found  uninvited 
on  the  forum.  Whenever  a  battle  would  be  fought,  the  near¬ 
ness  of  the  camp  afforded  a  speedy  refuge  to  the  vanquished. 
After  Codrus  had  died  for  his  country,  the  Athenians  abolished 
the  royal  power,  because  after  him  they  considered  no  one  worthy 
of  so  great  an  authority.  If  you  (indefinite)  wish  to  convince 
others  of  something,  you  must  first  be  convinced  of  it  yourself. 
Agesilaus  said  that  the  Lacedaemonians  were  more1  successful2 
than  other  nations,  because  they  were  accustomed  to  obey  more1 
than  other  nations.  If  in  ancient  times  one  would  come  upon 
the  body  of  a  dead  man,  it  was  considered  inhuman  not  to  bury 
it;  he  who  would  neglect3  this  duty  was  deemed  to  have  com¬ 
mitted  a  crime  which  the  gods  would  not  leave4  unavenged. 
When  the  legates  of  the  Romans  had  finished  speaking  before 
the  senators,  Hanno  conjured  the  fathers  by  the  gods,  not  to  do 
anything  of  which,  as  he  felt  sure5,  they  would  shortly  repent. 
When  Ulysses  heard  Thersites  reviling6  Agamemnon,  he  ordered 
him  to  bridle  his  tongue  and  threatened  to*  treat7  him  with  great 
severity,  if  he  dared  again  to  insult  the  Grecian  leader.  When 
Socrates  had  convinced  Alcibiades,  who  prided  himself  in  his 
wealth  and  the  nobility  of  his  birth,  that  there  was  no  differ¬ 
ence  between  his  nobility  and  the  lowliness  of  any  day-laborer8, 
Alcibiades  asked,  that  Socrates  show  him  the  road  to  virtue. 

1  praeter.  2  felix.  3  supersedere.  4  sinere.  5  confidere.  6  maledicere.  7  con¬ 
sulere.  8  bajulus. 


THE  PARTICIPLE. 

§308. 

476.  Sulla,  urbem  ingressus  et  dictator  creatus,  vel  in  eos 
qui  se  sponte  dediderant,  jussit  animadverti.  Caesarem  caput 


THE  PARTICIPLE. 


233 


Pompei  conspicatum,  lacrimasse  constat.  Adolescens  quidam, 
qui  Zenonis  scholam  diu  frequentaverat,  reversus,  patri  quam 
tandem  sapientiam  didicisset  interroganti,  re  declaraturum  se 
esse  ait.  Philippus  Olynthiorum  urbem  non  tam  vi  armorum 
quam  proditione  captam,  militibus  diripiendam  permisit.  Cloelia, 
deceptis  custodibus,  castris  egressa,  equo  quem  fors  dederat 
arrepto,  Tiberim  trajecit.  Divitiacus,  multis  cum  lacrimis  Cae¬ 
sarem  complexus,  obsecrare  coepit,  ne  quid  gravius  in  fratrem 
statueret.  Fateor,  me  quoque  in  adolescentia  diffisum  ingenio 
meo  quaesisse  adjumento  doctrinae.  Creon  Polynicen  condi  vetuit, 
eos  qui  arma  contra  patriam  tulissent  insepultos  jacere  fas  esse 
arbitratus.  Civitas,  incredibile  memoratu  est,  adepta  libertate, 
quantum  brevi  creverit.  Caesar,  partitis  copiis  cum  C.  Fabio 
legato  et  M.  Crasso  quaestore,  celeriterque  effectis  pontibus,  Mena- 
piam  adiit  tripertito  et  aedifica  vicosque  incendit.  Ubios,  quum 
Suevi  multis  saepe  bellis  experti  propter  amplitudinem  gravita¬ 
temque  civitatis  finibus  expellere  non  potuissent,  tamen  vectigales 
sibi  fecerunt.  Metellus  lacrimans  C.  Marium  obsecrat,  ne  quam 
contumeliam  remanere  in  exercitu  victore,  neve  hostes  inultos 
abire  sinat.  Demosthenem  aiunt,  cum  taurum  immolavisset,  exce¬ 
pisse  sanguinem  patera  et,  eo  poto,  mortuum  concidisse.  M. 
Scaevola,  juratus  se  regem  Porsennam  sua  manu  interempturum, 
in  castra  Etruscorum  se  contulit.  Nihil  avarum  juvant  opes 
quas  collectas  habent.  O  illos  stultos,  qui  alios  ea  velint  docere, 
quae  ne  ipsi  quidem  cognita  habeant. 

477.  The  Massilians,  having  left  the  harbor  with  a  favor¬ 
able  wind,  came  to  Taurois,  which  was  a  citadel  of  theirs.  Lu¬ 
cretius,  having  conquered  the  Aequi  and  Volsci,  celebrated  a 
triumph  with  his  legions.  Pompey,  frequently  defeated  by  the 
Numantines,  began  to  treat  secretly  with  them  about  peace, 
fearing  that  he  might  afterwards  be  accused  in  Rome.  Sulla, 
having  obtained1  the  victory,  rewarded  the  soldiers  who  served 
under  him  with  great  presents  and  honors.  Those  Grecian  colo¬ 
nists,  who  held  possession  of  the  western  coast  of  Asia,  were 
the  first  to  reach  a  very  high  degree2  of  learning  and  refine¬ 
ment.  Polyphemus,  having  drunk  the  wine  offered  him  by  Ulys¬ 
ses,  fell  into  a  deep3  sleep.  Lucullus,  trusting  in  the  valor  of 
his  soldiers,  attacked  the  by  far  greater  army  of  Mithridates 
and  put  it  to  flight.  Caesar,  having  quickly  crossed  the  Rhine, 
so  terrified  the  Germans  by  his  unexpected  arrival,  that  they 

hastily  withdrew  into  their  vast  forests.  Cicero,  having  dis- 
1  adipiscor,  2  summus,  3  arctus. 


234 


THE  PARTICIPLE. 


charged1  the  duties  of  the  consulship  with  great  credit2,  was 
sent  as  proconsul  into  Cilicia.  Tubero,  having  obtained  by  lot 
the  province  of  Africa,  set  out  for  that  country,  but  was  pre¬ 
vented  from  landing  by  P.  Attius  Varus,  who  had  come  as 
pretor  to  Africa  a  short  time  before.  If  we  wish  to  lead  a  good 
life,  we  must3  hold  our  passions  in  subjection4.  Minerva,  hav¬ 
ing  accompanied  Telemachus  to  Greece,  conducted  him  to  the 
court  of  Menelaus,  king  of  Sparta.  Philip,  having  called  to¬ 
gether  the  legates  of  the  Grecian  states  at  Corinth,  won  over 
the  Greeks  both  by  his  liberality  and  the  addresses5  of  the  ora¬ 
tors,  whom  he  had  bribed  with  gold,  so  that  he  was  chosen 
chief-commander  of  the  war  to  be  waged  with  the  Persians. 

1  Perfungor.  2  laus.  3  oportet.  4  domare.  5  contio. 

§309. 

478.  Nullum  vitium  taetrius  est  quam  avaritia,  praesertim 
in  principibus  rem  publicam  gubernantibus.  Scipio  moriens  ab 
uxore  petiit,  ne  corpus  suum  Romam  referretur.  Amicitia  res 
adversas  partiens  et  communicans  facit  leviores.  Dionysius,  cul¬ 
tros  metuens  tonsorios,  candenti  carbone  sibi  adurebat  capillum. 
Risus  interdum  ita  repente  erumpit,  ut  eum  cupientes  tenere 
nequeamus.  Quid  potest  improbis  esse  laetum,  exitus  suos  cogi¬ 
tantibus.  Pyrrhus,  Tarentinis  adversus  Romanos  laturus  auxi¬ 
lium,  ab  Antigono  naves  mutuo  petit.  Stultus  est  qui  equum 
empturus  non  ipsum  inspicit,  sed  stratum  eius  ac  frenos.  Pisi¬ 
stratus  primus  libros  Homeri  antea  confusos  ita  disposuisse  dici¬ 
tur,  ut  nunc  habemus.  Scipio,  interrogatus  in  contione  quid 
sentiret  de  morte  Tiberii  Gracchi,  qui  plebis  favorem  largitioni¬ 
bus  captaverat,  palam  respondit  eum  jure  sibi  caesum  videri. 
Athenienses  Alcibiaden  corruptum  a  rege  Persarum  capere  Cymen 
noluisse  arguebant.  Quaedam  serpentes  ortae  extra  aquam,  simul 
ac  primum  niti  possunt,  aquam  persequuntur.  Bruti  virtute 
regibus  exterminatis,  libertas  in  republica  restituta  est.  Xerxes, 
rex  Persarum,  terror  ante  gentium,  bello  in  Graeciam  infeliciter 
gesto,  etiam  suis  contemptui  esse  coepit.  Ea  res  Hannibalis 
audaciam  maxime  fregit,  quod  senatus  populusque  Romanus  rebus 
afflictis  tam  excelso  esset  animo.  Quaenam  sollicitudo  vexaret 
impios,  sublato  suppliciorum  metu? 

479.  Antonius,  repudiata  sorore  Caesaris  Augusti  Octaviani, 
Cleopatram,  reginam  Aegypti,  duxit  uxorem.  Audariatae,  pro¬ 
pter  ranarum  muriumque  multitudinem  relicto  patriae  solo,  sedes 


i 


THE  PARTICIPLE. 


235 


novas  quaerebant.  Demetrius  impulit  Philippum,  ut,  omissis 
Aetolis,  bellum  Romanis  inferret.  Darius,  rex  Persarum,  mori¬ 
tur,  Artaxerxe  et  Cyro  filiis  relictis.  Domitius  flumen  Albim 
transcendit,  longius  penetrata  Germania,  quam  quisquam  prio¬ 
rum.  Qui  diffidit  perpetuitati  bonorum  suorum,  timeat  necesse 
est,  ne  aliquando,  amissis  illis,  sit  miser.  Appii  cliens  Virginiae 
venienti  in  forum  injecit  manum,  affirmans  suam  esse  servam. 
Pittacus  fuit  in  numero  septem  qui  dicuntur  sapientium.  Sepul- 
chrum  Athenis  neque  opere  tectorio  exornari  nec  Hermas,  quos 
vocant,  licebat  imponi.  Qui  Nemea  vicerant,  coronis  ex  apio 
nexis  donabantur.  Ii  qui  audiebant  vehementer  commoti  sunt, 
cum  Demodocus  pronuntiaret  quae  Achaei  ad  Trojam  et  gessis-  . 
sent  et  perpessi  essent.  Te  et  pietatis  in  tuos  et  animi  in  rem 
publicam  et  clarissimi  atque  optimi  consulatus,  C.  Marcello  con¬ 
sule  facto,  fructum  cepisse  vehementer  gaudeo. 

480.  Many  use  eloquence,  which  has  been  given  by  nature 
for  man’s  benefit,  for  the  detriment  of  the  good.  Alexander 
the  Great  replied  to  Parmenio,  who  advised  him  to  acccept  the 
money  offered  by  Darius:  “I  also  would  prefer  money  to  glory, 
if  I  were  Parmenio.”  When  the  consul  hastened  to  Rome,  the 
enemies  overtook  his  army.  Pausanias  sent  the  noble  Persians, 
whom  he  had  taken  captive  at  Byzantium,  secretly  back  to  Xer¬ 
xes,  pretending  that  they  had  escaped  from  prison.  After  the 
philosopher  Antisthenes  had  in  vain  exhorted  his  scholars  to 
diligence,  he  dismissed  them  all.  After  the  Romans  had  heard 
the  Grecian  orators,  they  were  inflamed  with  an  almost1  incre¬ 
dible  zeal  for  speaking.  When  Cinna  ruled2  in  Italy,  the  greater 
part  of  the  nobility  fled  to  Sulla  in  Achaia.  Nothing  can  happen 
among  men,  if  God  does  not  either  will  or  permit  it.  “What 
will  the  mangling  by  wild  beasts  hurt  me,  if  I  do  not  feel  it,” 
says  Diogenes. 

1  by  a  pronoun.  2  dominari . 

481.  Although  Aemilius  Paulus  dissuaded,  Terentius  Varro, 

nevertheless,  attacked  the  Carthaginians  at  Cannae,  a  city  in 

Apulia,  but  suffered  so  disastrous  a  defeat,  that  he  escaped  with 

only  a  few  men;  among  the  fallen1  was  also  one  of  the  consuls. 

In  the  second  Punic  war  the  struggle  was  carried  on2  with  the 

greatest  bitterness,  since  the  Romans  were  indignant,  that  the 

conquered  were  of  their  accord  making  war  on  the  conquerors, 

the  Carthaginians,  because  they  believed  that  they  had  been 

governed  with  haughtiness.  After  the  consul  had  taken  posses- 
1  cadere .  *  pugnare » 


236 


THE  PARTlCIPtE. 


sion  of  an  enormous  amount  of  booty,  he  returned  to  his  camp. 
The  Athenians,  although  thej-  had  lost  many  fleets,  could  speed¬ 
ily  procure3  other  ships.  Your  so-called  parsimony  is,  it  seems 
to  me,  nothing-  else  than  avarice.  The  Latins  seized  the  Volsci 
and  led  them  to  Rome.  Alexander  cast  away  his  weapons  and 
plunged  into  the  cold  river.  The  Egyptians  surpassed  other 
nations  in  their  gratitude  towards  those  who  had  rendered  serv¬ 
ices  to  them,  and  they  believed4  that  the  greatest  protection  to 
life  is  for  all  men  a  grateful  remembrance  of  benefits  received. 

1  reparare.  2  reri. 

482.  When  Mutius  with  a  bloody  dagger  was  forcing  his  way 
through  the  multitude  of  the  enemies,  he  was  seized  by  the 
royal  satellites  and  led  to  the  king;  when  asked  who  he  was, 
he  answered  without  fear,  that  he  was  a  Roman  and  had  wished 
to  kill  the  enemy  of  his  country.  Cicero  set  out  on  a  journey 
to  Greece  in  the  month  of  July,  but  he  returned  to  Rome  in 
August.  While  Romulus  was  reigning,  the  inhabitants  of  Veji 
were  subdued,  and  sent  ambassadors  to  Rome  to  ask  for  peace. 
After  they  had  been  deprived  of  a  part  of  their  land,  a  truce  of 
100  years  was  granted  them.  Titus,  the  successor  of  Vespasian, 
took  the  city  of  Jerusalem  and  destroyed  it.  When  after  the 
battle  at  Trasimenus  Fabius  was  made  dictator,  Hannibal  did  not 
succeed1  in  defeating  the  Romans,  as  long  as  that  man  held  the 
dictatorship.  When  Milo  was  candidate  for  the  consulship,  Clodius 
and  his  followers  opposed  him  by  every  means.  In  his  book  entitled 
the  Orator,  Cicero  gives  many  precepts  which  enable2  the  speaker 
to  gain  the  good  will  of  his  hearers  and  render  them  attentive. 

1  efficere.  2  posse. 

§310. 

483.  Romani,  non  rogati  adversus  Nabim  tyrannum  Graecis 
auxilium  obtulerunt.  Quis  est,  qui  nullis  officii  praeceptis  tra¬ 
dendis,  philosophum  se  audeat  dicere.  Veteres  non  cenabant  nisi 
manibus  lotis.  Caesar  neque  diurno  neque  nocturno  itinere  inter¬ 
misso  in  Lingones  contendit.  Alexander  Magnus  cum  nullo  un¬ 
quam  hoste  congressus  est  quem  non  vinceret,  nec  ullum  oppi¬ 
dum  obsedit  quod  non  expugnaret.  Augustus  nunquam  filios  suos 
populo  commendavit,  ut  non  adiiceret,  si  merebuntur.  Titus  Pom¬ 
ponius  cum  partium  certamen  ita  exarsisse  vidisset  ut  facultas 
sibi  non  daretur  pro  dignitate  in  urbe  vivendi,  quin  alterutram 
partem  offenderet,  tempori  servire  optimum  sibi  esse  ratus  Athe¬ 
nas  se  contulit  Sisyphus  apud  inferos  saxum  adverso  monte  vol- 


THE  PARTICIPLE. 


237 


vit  nec  unquam  in  vertice  posuit.  Nemo  deum  amare  potest  nisi 
qui  idem  amet  homines.  Oedipus,  rex  Thebanorum,  Laium  patrem 
insciens  occidit.  Ignominiam  et  injurias  passi  sumus  impune. 
Alienas  calamitates  saepe  videmus  sine  dolore. 

484.  After  Caesar  had  collected  four  legions,  he  marched 
into  the  country  of  the  Nervii  without  awaiting  the  close  of 
winter.  Who  of  the  generals  is  so  presumptuous  as  to  believe 
that  the  victory  will  be  his  without  doing  anything?  The  earth 
of  its  own  accord  gives1  manifold  and  superfluous2  nourishment3 
to  animals,  without  them  laboring.  Pythagoras  advised  his 
scholars  seldom  to  take  an  oath,  but  to  show  themselves  worthy 
of  belief  by  the  integrity  of  their  lives  without  taking  an  oath. 
I  never  drink  without  being  thirsty.  Many  men  eat  without 
being  hungry.  He  who  acts  without  having  regard  for  God  and 
virtue,  will  rarely  act  well.  The  Stoics  changed  the  words  with¬ 
out  having  changed  the  things  themselves.  He  who  abuses  an¬ 
other,  without  being  provoked,  deserves  that  all  should  avoid 
him.  We  must  believe  that  no  one  became  a  distinguished  man 
without  the  assistance4  of  God. 

1  fundere.  2  abundans,  epastus,  us.  4  adjuvare. 

8311. 

485.  Auditus  semper  patet;  ejus  enim  sensus  etiam  dormien¬ 
tes  egemus.  Severus  fugiens  Ravennae  interfectus  est.  Augustus 
fere  nulli  invitanti  se  negabat.  Thales  Milesius  primus  defecti¬ 
onem  solis,  quae  Astyage  regnante,  facta  est,  praedixisse  fertur. 
Dux  magno  est  in  periculo,  si  quid  illo  imperante  adversi  acci¬ 
derit.  Mihi  ita  persuasi,  Romulum  auspiciis,  Numam  sacris 
constitutis  fundamenta  jecisse  civitatis  Romanae.  Scipio,  duabus 
urbibus  eversis,  non  modo  praesentia,  verum  etiam  futura  bella 
delevit1.  Antonius  ingens  bellum  civile  commovit,  cogente  uxore 
Cleopatra,  regina  Aegypti.  Charidemus  Athenis,  jubente  Ale¬ 
xandro,  fuerat  expulsus.  Illud  vitiosum  Athenis,  quod,  Epime¬ 
nide  suadente,  fecerunt  contumeliae  fanum  et  impudentiae.  Apertus 
Janus  in  armis  esse  civitatem,  clausus  pacatos  circa  omnes  popu¬ 
los  significabat.  Valerius,  quia  in  locum  Bruti  mortui  alterum 
consulem  non  subrogaverat,  in  suspicionem  allectati  regni  venit. 
Sabini  ob  virgines  raptas  bellum  adversus  Romanos  sumpserunt. 

1  render  impossible. 

486.  When  king  Servius  fled  towards  home,  he  was  slain 
at  the  command  of  Lucius  Tarquinius  by  those  who  had  over- 


238 


THE  PARTICIPLE. 


taken  him  in  his  flight1.  After  the  expulsion  of  the  kings,  the 
Romans  considered  Lucius  Junius  Brutus  the  worthiest  to  rule 
in  Rome.  After  the  taking  of  Thermopylae,  Xerxes  immediately 
set  out  for  Athens,  and  as  nobody  defended  it,  he  destroyed  it 
by  fire,  after  killing  the  priests  whom  he  had  found  in  the 
citadel.  In  the  year  628  after  the  building1  of  the  city  of  Rome, 
the  censors  cited  an  augur  before  court2,  because  he  had  rented 
a  house  for  6,000  sesterces.  Since  a  vehement  desire  had  seized 
Hannibal  to  take  possession  of  Tarentum,  he  spent3  a  summer 
in  the  district  of  Tarentum,  in  the  hope1  of  taking  the  city  by 
treachery.  The  Spartans  imputed  it  as  a  crime  to  Pausanias, 
that  he  had  sent  back  to  the  king  his  (the  king’s)  relatives, 
whom  he  had  captured  after  the  storming1  of  Byzantium. 

1  by  a  verb.  2  reum  facere.  3  consumere : 

487.  From  time  immemorial1  many  have  been  found  who, 
without  hope  of  reward,  exposed  their  lives  to  the  weapons  of 
the  enemies  of  their  country.  Caesar,  after  the  capture2  of  Ale¬ 
xandria,  gave  the  kingdom  to  Cleopatra;  on  his  return  thence 
he  defeated  Pharnaces,  the  son  of  Mithridates,  who  had  renewed 
the  war3  and  taken  possession  of  many  Roman  provinces.  At 
the  sight4  of  the  blossom  of  the  olive  tree,  the  farmer  hopes  to 
see  the  fruit5,  not  without  reason  indeed,  but  still  at  times  he 
is  deceived.  In  the  presence6  of  both  armies  T.  Manlius  killed 
a  certain  Gaul,  by  whom  he  had  been  challenged  to  a  single 
combat  and  despoiled  him  of  his  necklace.  G.  Marcius,  to  whom 
the  taking  of  the  city  of  Corioli  afterwards  gave  the  surname 
of  Coriolanus,  grew  up  under  the  care7  of  his  mother;  for  he 
had  lost  his  father  in  his  childhood.  It  is  worth  while8  to 
become  acquainted  with  the  strict  discipline  of  the  Romans  in 
the  training  and  instruction  of  their  children.  The  news  that 
the  city  of  Saguntum  was  taken  by  Hannibal,  made  all  the 
Romans  tremble.  The  gentleness  of  Pompey  was  so  great,  that 
it  is  difficult  to  say  whether  the  enemy  feared  more  his  bravery 
in  battle6,  or  loved  more  his  kindness  after  the  victory6. 

1  nasci  and  homo.  2 potiri.  3  rebellare.  4  inspicere.  5  baca.  6  verb.  7  tu¬ 
tela,  ae.  8  operae  pretium  est. 

§312. 

488.  Sapientia  est  una,  qua  praeceptrice  in  tranquillitate 
vivi  potest.  Natus  est  Augustus  Cicerone  et  Antonio  consulibus. 
Caninio  consule  scito  neminem  prandisse,  nihil  eo  consule  mali 
factum  est.  Pausania  duce,  Mardonius  cum  ducentis  millibus 


THE  PARTICIPLE. 


239 


peditum  et  viginti  millibus  equitum  Graecia  fugatus  est.  Quoties 
Augustus  in  Occidentem  atque  Orientem  meavit,  comite  Livia! 
Ampla  domus  dedecori  domino  saepe  fit,  si  est  in  ea  solitudo, 
et  maxime  si  aliquando  alio  domino  solita  est  frequentari.  Pater 
meus  Hamilcar,  puerulo  me,  utpote  non  amplius  novem  annos 
nato,  in  Hispaniam  imperator  profectus  est.  Papirius  dictator 
cum  adversis  ominibus  contra  Samnites  profectus  esset,  ad  aus¬ 
picia  repetenda  Romain  regressus  est.  Hasdrubal,  dux  Poenorum, 
inscia  uxore  ad  genua  Scipionis  supplex  procubuit.  Tranquillo 
mari,  quilibet  nauta  gubernare  potest;  ut  saeva  procella  orta  est, 
atque  turbato  mari  navis  vento  rapitur,  tum  viro  et  gubernatore 
opus  est.  Hannibal,  cognito  ducem  Romanorum,  ponte  in  Ticino 
facto,  exercitum  traduxisse,  quin  res  mox  ad  arma  atque  pugnam 
ventura  esset,  non  dubitavit. 

489.  At  Marathon,  a  hundred  thousand  infantry  and  ten 
thousand  cavalry  were  defeated  by  ten  thousand  Greeks  under 
the  leadership  of  Miltiades.  At  the  advice1  of  Hannibal,  the 
Carthaginians  surrounded  their  recently  built  harbor  with  a  triple 
wall,  so  that  it  equaled  the  city  itself  in  firmness.  The  war 
with  the  Gauls  was  carried  on  under  the  commandership  of  Cae¬ 
sar.  During  the  consulship  of  Scipio  and  Norbanus,  the  Capitol 
was  destroyed  by  fire  through  the  negligence  of  the  guards,  but 
it  was  afterwards  rebuilt  by  Q.  Catulus  during  the  consulate  of 
Hortensius  and  Metellus.  The  Romans  thought  that  they  would 
never  be  without  snares  during  the  lifetime  of  Hannibal.  Against 
your  will,  Piso  and  Gabinius  took  possession  of  the  provinces  of 
Syria  and  Macedonia,  as  a  reward  for  having  ruined  the  state. 
Navigation  was  very  difficult,  because  the  ocean  was  vast  and 
open,  the  tide  high2,  and  the  harbors  few.  Proculejus,  a  Roman 
knight,  had,  after  the  death3  of  his  father,  equally  divided  the 
inheritance  with  his  brothers;  but  when  he  had  heard4  that  they 
had  been  deprived  of  all  their  possessions  during  the  civil  war, 
he  again  divided  his  property  with  his  brothers. 

1  auctor.  2  magnus.  3  verb.  4  participle. 

§313. 

490.  Catonem  vidi  in  bibliotheca  sedentem,  multis  circum¬ 
fusum  libris.  Molo,  rhetor  Graecorum,  tum  disertissimus,  cum 
Ciceronem  dicentem  audivisset,  flevisse  dicitur,  quod  per  hunc 
Graecia  eloquentiae  laude  privaretur.  Medea  fugiens,  cum  Col¬ 
chos  Aeeta  patre  duce  appropinquantes  animadvertisset,  taetro 


240 


MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 


flagitio  cavit,  ne  quid  detrimenti  navi  Argonautarum  inferretur. 
Anus  paupercula,  cum  vidisset  Pyrrhum  in  filium,  a  quo  lancea 
vulneratis  erat,  magno  impetu  ferri,  periculo  filii  sui  commota, 
protinus  tegulam  corripuit,  et  utraque  manu  libratam  in  caput 
regis  dejecit.  Polyphemum  Homerus,  cum  immanem  ferumque 
finxerit,  cum  ariete  colloquentem  eiusque  fortunam  laudantem 
facit.  Horatius  Ulixem  cum  Tiresia  apud  inferos  colloquentem 
et  ex  eo  quibus  artibus  amissas  opes  recuperare  possit,  quaeren¬ 
tem  inducit.  Alexander  ad  Jovem  Hammonem  pergit,  consulturus 
et  de  eventu  futurorum  et  de  origine  sua.  Alexander  Hephae¬ 
stionem  in  regionem  Bactricianam  misit,  commeatus  in  hiemem 
paraturum.  Injuriam  a  senatu  acceptam  vindicaturus,  Caesar  in 
Italiam  rediit  et  bellandum  ratus  cum  exercitu  Rubiconem  flumen 
transiit. 

491.  The  general  led  his  soldiers  out  of  the  city  to  fight 
the  enemy,  but  he  fell  in  the  battle,  and  his  soldiers  were  forced 
to  retreat.  Many  have  often  seen  Hannibal,  wrapped  in  a  sol¬ 
dier’s  mantle,  lying  on  the  ground  between  the  guards  and 
sentinels.  Cicero,  in  his  book,  entitled  “Cato  Major,”  makes 
Cato  discourse  on  old  age,  because  no  person  seemed  to  him 
more  fit  to  speak  of  it.  King  Perseus,  when  himself  a  captive, 
saw  his  sons  led  as  captives  before  him.  Hasdrubal,  when  driven 
from  Spain,  landed  on  the  shore  of  Africa,  to  seek  the  friend¬ 
ship  of  Syphax.  Timoleon  lost  his  eyesight  and  bore  this  mis¬ 
fortune  so  patiently,  that  no  one  ever  heard  him  complain.  When 
Cicero,  at  a  session1  of  the  senate,  had  spoken  against2  Catiline 
in  his  presence,  the  latter  fled  from  Rome  and  set  out  for  the 
army  which  he  had  collected,  in  order  to  make  war  upon  the 
city. 

1  habere.  2  invehi. 

MISCELLANEOUS  EXERCISES. 

492.  Marcellus  who,  after  the  taking  of  Syracuse,  brought 
many  objects  of  art1  to  Rome  which  migdit  be  an  ornament  to 
the  city,  did  not  place  any  of  them  in  his  house  or  in  his  gar¬ 
dens.  Chilo  of  Lacedaemon,  one  of  the  so-called  seven  wise  men, 
taught2  that  we  should  restrain  the  tongue  and  not  revile  others. 
After  peace  had  been  made,  all  those  who  were  accused  and  con¬ 
victed  of  a  capital  crime,  for  example  of  treason,  were  condemned 
to  death,  and  three  days  after  the  pronouncing3  of  the  sentence 
led  to  execution.  The  Athenians  sent  Cimon  to  Asia  to  reconquer 

1  opus  artificiosum.  2  hortari.  3  dicere. 


miscellaneous  exercises. 


241 


the  cities  of  the  allies,  which  the  Persians  had  taken.  After  he 
had  stormed  many  cities,  he  defeated  the  fleet  which  fought 
bravely  under  the  command  of  Tithraustes.  When  Miltiades  had 
regulated  the  affairs  in  Chersonesus,  he  returned  to  Lemnus; 
the  Cari,  who  were  then  in  possession  of  the  islands,  dared  not 
resist  and  abandoned  the  island. 

493.  So  great  a  desire1  for  knowledge  is  innate  in  man, 
that  there  is  no  doubt,  that  human  nature,  without  being  induced 
by  any  advantage,  is  of  itself  drawn2  to  the  investigation  of 
things.  Conon  experienced8  more  grief  from  the  burning  and 
destruction  of  his  native  city,  than  joy  from  its  restoration.  It 
would  be  difficult  to  find  any  one,  who  suffered  innocently  under 
the  emperor  Vespasian,  unless  it  happened  in  his  absence  or 
without  his  knowledge4  and  against  his  will.  Artaxerxes  marched 
out  with  more  than  ten  thousand  foot-soldiers,  in  order  to  sub¬ 
ject  the  Satrap,  who  had  rebelled  against  him;  but  before  he 
gave  battle,  he  placed  guards  on  the  hill  near  the  camp,  whence 
the  enemy  could  be  surveyed.  The  poet  Euripides  makes  Her¬ 
cules  succumb  to  the  greatness  of  the  sorrow  which  he  felt  for 
the  murder6  of  his  wife  and  children. 

1  amor.  2  rapere.  3  capere  ex  re.  4  ignarus.  5  interjicere. 

494.  Without  the  knowledge  of  any  one,  Themistocles  at 
night  sent  a  message  by  one  of  his  slaves  to  Xerxes,  and  per¬ 
suaded  him,  to  attack  the  Greeks  on  the  following  day.  In  the 
year  681  after  the  building  of  Rome,  a  new  war  was  suddenly 
provoked1;  for  74  gladiators  fled  under  the  leadership  of  Spar¬ 
tacus,  Crixus  and  Oenomaus  after  breaking  open2  the  fencing- 
school  at  Capua,  and  marching  through  Italy,  brought  on  a  war 
which  was  not  less  serious  than  that  which  Hannibal  had  caused. 
After  the  Carthaginians  had  taken  Campania,  the  citizens  of 
almost  all  cities  of  lower  Italy  separated  into  two  parties;  one 
party  sided8  with  the  Romans,  the  other  with  Hannibal.  Gor¬ 
gias,  who  had  lived  107  years  without  ever  abating  in  his  zeal 
for  the  sciences,  said,  when  asked,  why  he  was  so  long  pleased 
with  life:  “I  have  no  reason  to  complain  of  old  age.”  I  heard 
Atticus  boast,  that  he  was  never  in  enmity  with  his  mother  or 
sister. 

1  movere.  2  effringere.  3  esse. 

495.  Agesilaus  did  not  reserve  for  himself  any  of  the  gold 
or  silver  found  among  the  booty  which  had  been  taken  from  the 
enemy,  but  ordered  it  to  be  sent  to  Lacedaemon,  which  up  to 

16 


242 


EXERCISES  FOR  REPETITION  OF  SYNTAX. 


that  time  possessed1  only  iron  coin.  The  Romans  fought  so 
bravely  against  the  Gauls,  that  they  killed  a  great  number  of 
them  and  gave  them  no  opportunity  to  rally2.  During  the  con¬ 
sulate  of  T.  Manlius  Torquatus  and3  G.  Attilius  Balbus,  the 
Romans  carried  on  no  war,  having  made  peace  with  all  their 
enemies;  and  this  had  happened  only  once  since  the  foundation 
of  the  city,  (namely)  under  the  reign  of  Numa  Pompilius.  When 
a  boy,  who  was  educated  by  Plato,  returned  to  his  parents  and 
frequently  heard  his  father  shout4,  he  said:  “I  have  never  seen 
this  with  Plato.”  What  the  Romans  accomplished  from  the 
time  of  the  foundation  of  Rome  to  the  taking  of  it  by  the  Gauls, 
first  under  kings,  then  under  consuls,  dictators,  decemvirs  and 
consular  tribunes,  as  well  as  the  wars  without  and  the  disturb¬ 
ances  within5,  T.  Livy  has  narrated  in6  the  first  five  books  of 
his  Roman  history. 

1  uti.  2  se  colligere.  3  see  Gr.  §  316,  3.  4  vociferari.  5  —  at  home.  *  see 

Gr.  §  193. 


EXERCISES  FOR  REPETITION  OF  SYNTAX. 

1.  —  After  the  death  of  his  father  Philip,  Alexander  suc¬ 
ceeded  to  the  throne1,  in  the  first  year  of  the  111th  Olympiad. 
His  first  military  expeditions  were  crowned2  with  victories  over 
several  nations,  who  upon  the  rumor  of  the  death  of  Philip, 
tried  to  shake  off  the  Macedonian  yoke.  The  Greeks  also  planned 
rebellion,  when  Philip  was  dead.  But  all  these3  commotions 
Alexander  suppressed  by  the  destruction  of  Thebes.  As  he  now 
believed  that  by  the  fall  of  Thebes  Greece  was  sufficiently  quieted, 
he  turned  his  thoughts  from  the  siege  of  Athens  to  the  war 
with  the  Persians.  To  undertake  this3,  he  was  not  only  urged 
on  by  the  desire  for  power  and  glory,  but  also  by  the  example 
of  his  father  who  had  entertained4  the  same  plan.  With  his 
troops  he  crossed  the  Hellespont  in  the  same  year  in  which  he 
took  Thebes.  At  the  head  of  the  Persians  was  Memnon  of  Rho¬ 
des,  a  man  distinguished  by  experience  and  knowledge  of  war, 
and  upon  his  counsel  they  had  arrayed  themselves  at  the  river 
Granicus  to  prevent  Alexander  from  crossing  it.  He,  however, 
crosses  the  river,  breaks  through  the  army  of  the  enemy  and 
puts  them  to  flight.  Thereupon  he  occupies  Ionia  and  Caria  and 


EXERCISES  FOR  REPETITION  OF  SYNTAX.  243 

takes  Halicarnassus,  which  Memnon  himself  defended,  and  in 
a  bold  march  crosses  the  foot5  of  Mount  Climax,  which  was  in¬ 
undated  by  the  Pamphilian  sea.  After  that  he  invaded  Phrygia 
and  subjected  these  regions,  at  the  same  time  also  Cappadocia. 
Then  he  made  a  descent6  upon  Cilicia,  which,  at  his  approach, 
Arsames,  the  governor  of  king  Darius,  abandoned.  Thereupon 
he  met  the  approaching  Darius,  and  defeated  him  at  Issus.  An 
author  has  related  that  Alexander  fought  with  Darius  in  single 
combat  and  was  wounded  by  him.  But  Plutarch  correctly  judges 
this8  to  be  erroneous,  since  Alexander  himself  did  not  mention 
it  in  the  letter  which  he  wrote  to  Antipater  concerning  this 
battle.  Disheartened  by  the  terror  of  this  victory,  the  adjoining 
nations  surrendered  to  Alexander,  Tyre  alone  would  not  receive 
him.  From  there  he  set  out  for  Gaza.  Thereupon  he  occupied 
Egypt,  and,  after  having  founded  Alexandria,  visited  the  oracle 
of  Ammon.  After  his  return  thence,  he  marches  against  Darius, 
who,  as  most7  authors  relate,  was  approaching  with  one  million 
armed  men.  Alexander  crossed  the  Euphrates  and  came  to  Gau¬ 
gamela,  a  village  close  by  the  city  of  Arbela,  where  Darius  had 
pitched  his  camp.  A  battle  is  fought,  the  Persians  are  defeated. 
Thereupon  having  taken  possession  of  the  cities  of  Babylon  and 
Susa,  he  hastens  to  Persepolis.  Shortly  after  this  Darius  is  killed 
by  Bessus,  in  the  ninth  month  after  the  battle  of  Arbela. 

1  rerum  potiri .  2  nobilitari.  3  relative.  4  agitare.  5  radices,  um.  6  des¬ 

cendere  7  plerique  omnes. 

Marcus  Antonius  Muretus  greets  Cornelius  Valerius. 

2.  —  Your  Lipsius  returns  to  you,  and,  indeed1,  to2  my  great 
sorrow.  For  he  has  so  bound8  me  to  himself  by  his  nobleness 
of  soul  and  learning,  by  the  purity  of  his  morals,  the  charm  of 
his  conversation  and  society,  that  at  his  departure  I  seemed  to 
be  torn  from  myself.  Oh  how  happy  are  you,  Cornelius,  from 
whose  school  a  youth  of  such  rare  example  has  gone  forth !  I 
esteemed  you  before  on  account  of  your  writings,  and  loved  you 
on  account  of  the  judgment  which  you  had  very  lovingly  given 
on  the  dramas  of  Terence  corrected  by  me.  But  now,  believe 
me,  on  account  of  Lipsius,  my  opinion  of  you  and  my  love  for 
you  have  so  increased,  that  I  desire  nothing  more  than  that  some 
opportunity  be  given  me  to  show  you  in  deed  how  much  you  are 
esteemed4  by  me.  If  you  wish  to  make5  a  trial  of  this6,  I  entreat 

1  seeGr.  §  241,  2.  2  see  Gr.  §  197.  3  devincire.  *  esse.  5  periculum  facere 

alicujus  rei.  6  relative. 


f 


244  EXERCISES  FOR  REPETITION  OF  SYNTAX. 

you  that  if  some  whom  you  love,  and  especially  such  as  have 
any  resemblance  to  Lipsius,  should  come  hither,  you  may  recom¬ 
mend  them  to  me.  Farewell!  Rome,  April  3,  1570. 

3.  —  When  the  destruction  of  Saguntum  had  been  announced 
at  Rome,  the  consuls  were  ordered  to  cast  lots  for  the  provinces 
which  had  already  previously  been  assigned1.  Spain  was  alloted* 
to  Cornelius;  Africa  tog-ether  with  Sicily,  to  Sempronius.  Six 
leg-ions  were  voted  for  this  year,  and  as  many  allies  as  they 
themselves  should  find  necessary3,  and  a  fleet  as  large  as  could 
be  equipped.  24,000  Roman  foot-soldiers  and  1,800  horsemen 
were  enlisted;  from  the  allies  40,000  foot  and  4,400  horsemen; 
of  ships  220  quinqueremes  and  20  yachts  were  launched.  The 
troops  were  distributed  between  the  consuls  in  the  following 
manner:  Sempronius  received4  two  legions,  each*  consisting  of 
4,000  foot-soldiers  and  300  horsemen,  and  16,000  allies  on  foot, 
1,800  mounted,  160  men  of  war  and  22  yachts.  With  this  land 
and  sea  force  Tiberius  Sempronius  was  sent  to  Sicily,  to  cross 
over  to  Africa,  in  case  the  other  consul  would  be  able5  to  keep 
the  Carthaginian®  out  of  Italy.  Cornelius  received  less  troops, 
because  also  the  praetor,  L.  Manlius,  was  sent  to  Ganl  with 
quite  a  strong7  force.  Especially  the  number  of  ships  was  less¬ 
ened  for  Cornelius:  sixty  quinqueremes  were  given  him,  and  two 
Roman  legions  with  the  proportionate8  cavalry,  and  14,000  allies 
on  foot  with  1,600  mounted.  The  province  of  Gaul  had  two 
Roman  legions  and  10,000  allies  on  foot,  1,000  allied  and  600 
Roman  cavalry.  From  this  it  can  be  seen9,  that  the  Romans 
did  not  doubt  that  a  serious  war  would  arise. 

1  nominare.  7  evenire.  3  videri ,  see  Gr.  §  274,  n.  2.  4  dare.  5  satis  esse 

ad.  6  Poenus.  7  haud  invalidus.  8  justus.  9  intelligere. 

4.  — You  judge  rightly  that  our  old  friendship  has  not  suf¬ 
fered1  any  thing  by  the  long  interruption2  of  correspondence5. 
For  I  never  ceased  to  love  you,  diligently  to  inquire  about  you 
of  all  who  came  from  you,  and  to  rejoice,  when  I  heard  what 
I  wished  and  hoped  for;  I  likewise  never  doubted  that  you  were 
always  similarly  disposed  towards  me.  Therefore  your  letter 
was  very  pleasing  to  me,  and  the  more  frequent  they  are,  the 
more  pleasing  will  they  be,  if  only  this  is  done  without  any 
inconvenience  to  you.  For  although  I  derive  great  pleasure 
from  reading  them,  still  I  wish  that  you  have  more  regard  for 
your  convenience  than  for  my  pleasure.  John  I  loved  for  many 
reasons4  so  much,  that  I  believed  hardly  any  thing  could  be 


EXERCISES  FOR  REPETITION  OF  SYNTAX. 


245 


added  to  my  affection;  yet  in  consequence  of  your  recommenda¬ 
tion  so  much  has  been  added  to  it,  as  I  never  had  thought.  And 
nothing  is  more  disagreeable  to  me  than  to  see,  that  I  shall 
soon  be  without  his  company.  For  he  intends5  to  go  to  Bologna, 
there  to  devote  himself  entirely  to  the  study  of  civil  law.  I 
shall  recommend  him  to  Sigonius  and  Amasaeus.  Also  you,  who 
have  many  old  friends  there,  will,  if  you  do  the  same,  do  what 
is  consistent  with  your  character  and  your  custom.  If  there  is 
anything  that  you  wish  to  be  attended  to  here  by  me,  for  your¬ 
self  or  any  of  yours,  I  beg  you  to  be  convinced  that  for  your 
sake  I  shall  always  do  every  thing  eagerly  and  diligently.  Fare¬ 
well!  Rome  April  8. 

1  detrahere  de  re.  7  intermissio.  3  litterae.  4  nomen.  5  cogitare. 

5.  — It  is  said  of  Simonides  of  Ceos,  that  he  discovered  the 
system  of  remembering1.  When  namely  he  once  dined  at  Cranon 
in  Thessaly  with  Scopas,  a  rich  and  noble  man,  and  had  sung 
the  poem  which  he  had  written  in  his  honor2,  wherein  much 
occurred  in  honor  of  Castor  and  Pollux,  Scopas,  altogether  too 
niggardly  told  Simonides,  that  he  would  give  him  for  this  poem 
the  half  of  what  he  had  stipulated;  the  rest  he  might  ask  of 
his  Tyndarides,  if  he  liked,  whom  he  had  equally  praised.  Shortly 
after,  word  was  brought  to  Simonides  to  come  outside3,  that 
there  were  at  the  door  two  strange4  young  men  who  urgently 
called  for  him.  He  arose,  went  out,  saw  nobody.  In  the  mean¬ 
time5  the  room  in  which  Scopas  was  dining  collapsed;  by  its 
fall  he  and  his  whole  family  were  crushed  to  death6.  When 
the  relatives7  wished  to  inter  them8  and  were  unable  to  distin¬ 
guish9  the  crushed  bodies,  it  is  related  that  Simonides  pointed 
out,  by  whom  each  one  was  to  be  buried,  because  he  remem¬ 
bered  the  exact  place  where  each  reclined.  His  attention  having 
been  drawn10  by  this,  he  is  said  to  have  discovered,  that  it  was 
principally  order  which  gave  clearness11  to  the  memory. 

1  ars  memoriae.  7  in  honor,  in  (acc.)  3  prodire.  4  quidam.  5  hoc  interim 
tempus.  6  opprimere.  7  sui.  8  relative.  9  internoscere.  10  admonere.  11  lumen 
afferre. 

6.  —  Among  the  Roman  laws  concerning  religion  were  also 
the  following:  men  shall  approach  God  with  a  pure 1  heart;  they 
shall  bring  along2  a  pious  disposition8;  if  an}7  any  one  does 
otherwise,  God  himself  will  punish4.  The  sanctuaries5  built  by 
the  fathers  shall  be  preserved.  The  sacred  customs  of  the  fam¬ 
ily  and  of  the  fathers  shall  be  kept.  On  holidays  quarrels  sh&lj 

i  castus,  1  adhibere.  *  pietas,,  4  vindicem  esse *  5  delubrum, 


246  EXERCISES  FOR  REPETITION  OF  SYNTAX. 

be  set  aside,  and  the  servants  also  shall  observe  them,  when 
they  have  finished  their  work.  Different1  Gods  shall  have  dif¬ 
ferent  priests.  The  Vestal  virgins  shall  guard  in  the  city  the 
perpetual  fire  of  the  public  hearth.  In  a  law  it  is  mentioned2, 
that  of  the  customs  of  the  fathers  the  best  shall  be  observed3. 
When  the  Athenians  asked  the  P}rthian  Apollo  for  advice,  as 
to  what  religious  customs  they  should  especially  retain,  the 
answer  of  the  oracle  was:  “Those  founded3  on  the  customs  of 
the  forefathers.”  And  as  they  came  there  a  second  time  and 
said,  that  the  customs  of  the  forefathers  had  often  changed, 
and  asked  which  of  the  different  (customs)  they  should  especially 
observe,  it  was  answered:  “The  best.”  And,  in  fact4,  so  it  is; 
that  is  to  be  held  as  the  most  ancient  and  closest  to  God,  which 
is  the  best. 

1  see  Gr.  §  248,  4.  2  esse.  3  colere.  4  profecto. 

M.  Ant.  Muretus  greets  Francis  Venierius. 

7.  —  You  do  well  daily  to  practice1  writing  Latin,  and  to 
make  every  endeavor  to  acquire  some  perfection2  in  it.  But 
what  has  until  now  deterred  you  from  writing  to  me,  I  can  not 
understand;  for,  on  the  one  hand,  I  have  no  such  authority, 
that  one  need  dread  my  opinion;  and,  on  the  other  hand,  if  I 
did  possess  it,  my  great  affection  for  you  could,  nevertheless, 
easily  rid  you  of  all  fear,  especially  since  you  write  so,  that 
you  may  rather  expect  praise  from  all,  than  fear  censure3  from 
any  one.  In  future,  therefore,  do  not  consider  it  anything  diffi¬ 
cult  to  write  to  Muretus!  Only  give  me  this  permission,  that 
I  may  answer  your  letters,  which  will  be  the  more  welcome,  the 
more  frequent  they  are,  in  a  somewhat  free4  and  careless  man¬ 
ner  i.  e .,  in  the  familiar  and  ordinary5  style6  of  speaking;  for  I 
do  nothing  with  greater  repugnance7  than  spend8  my  leisure 
time  in  filing9  ond  polishing  letters.  Moreover,  none  of  the 
rules  which  have  been  taught10  by  rhetoricians  do  I  like  more 
than  this  one,  that  we  must  take  pains  that  the  discourse  seems 
to  flow  spontaneously.  Yea11,  in  order  that  it  may  seem  to  do 
so  the  more,  I  let  it  flow  spontaneously  and  take12  the  excuse 
for  my  indolence  from  the  instructors  themselves.  You  also,  if 
you  love  me,  or  rather  because  you  love  me,  imitate  this  neg¬ 
ligence  of  mine,  when  you  write  to  me.  Farewell!  Rome,  March  2. 

1  se  exercere.  2  praestantia.  8  fastidium.  4  solutus.  5  cotidianus.  •  genus. 
7  invite.  8  abutor.  9  limare.  10  tradere.  11  ego  vero .  15  petere. 


EXERCISES  FOR  REPETITION  OF  SYNTAX.  24 7 

8.  — Lake  Curtius1,  on  the  Forum  at  Rome,  was,  as  is  known, 
called  after  Curtius,  and  there  is  in  regard  to  it  a  threefold  tra¬ 
dition2.  Procilius  related,  that  at  this  place  the  earth  opened*, 
and  that,  when  in  accordance  with  a  decree  of  the  senate,  this 
was  reported  to  the  soothsayers,  it  was  answered  that  the  deity 
desired  the  bravest  citizen  to  precipitate  himself  into  it.  That 
hereupon  a  certain  Curtius,  a  youth  distinguished  in  war,  offered 
himself  as  the  victim4,  and,  mounted  on  his  best  caparisoned 
horse,  plunged  into  the  abyss5  in  full  armor6,  and  that  the  mul¬ 
titude  of  men  and  women  threw7  upon8  him  presents  and  fruits; 
that  then9  the  place  closed10  up.  Piso  writes  in  his  annals 
(Indirect):  When  in  the  Sabine  war,  Romulus  with  his  men 
made  an  attack  from  a  more  elevated  place,  the  Sabine  Mettius 
Curtius,  his  horse  having  shied  at  the  noise  of  the  pursuers11, 
fell  into  a  marsh  which  was  then  on  the  Forum.  He,  however, 
escaped  from  it  and  returned  to  his  (comrades)  on  the  Capitol. 
From  him  the  lake  received  its  name.  Cornelius  writes  that 
the  place  was  struck  by  lightning,  and  fenced  in 12  in  consequence 
of  a  decree  of  the  senate;  and  that,  because  this  was  done  by 
the  consul  Curtius  whose  colleague  was  Marcus  Genucius,  it  was 
given  his  name.  We  need13  not  wonder  that  various  accounts 
are  handed  down,  since,  indeed,  we  find  that  different14  (stories) 

have  been  related  of  several  remarkable  places. 

1  Lacus  Curtius .  2  historia ,  fama.  3  discedere.  4  devovere.  5  specus ,  us. 

6  armatus.  7  congerere.  8  super.  9  quo  facto.  10  coire.  11  sequi.  12  saepire. 
18  non  est.  14  discrepans. 

9. — From  the  day  on  which  Hannibal  was  declared  com- 
mander-in-chief  of  the  Carthaginians,  he  determined  to  make 
war  upon  the  Saguntines,  just  as  if  Italy  had  been  assigned1  to 
him  as  his  field  of  operation2  and  the  war  against  the  Romans 
enjoined  on  him.  But  because  he  believed  that  an  attack*  upon 
these4  would  infallibly5  excite  the  Romans  to  war6,  he  previ¬ 
ously  led  his  army  into  a  district  which  was  adjacent  to  Sagun¬ 
tum  and  in  the  territory  of  the  Carthaginians,  so  as  to  appear 
not  to  have  aimed7  at  the  Saguntines,  but  to  have  been  drawn 
into  this  war  by  the  course8  of  events.  The  rich  capital  of  that 
country  he  conquered  and  plundered.  Frightened  by  this,  the 
smaller  towns  submitted.  Victorious  and  laden  with  booty,  the 
army  was  led  into  winter-quarters  at  New  Carthage.  After  Han¬ 
nibal,  by  a  liberal9  distribution  of  booty  and  by  the  punctual10 
payment  of  arrears11,  had  strengthened  the  attachment  of  the 

1  decernere.  2 provincia.  8  oppugnare.  4  by  a  relative.  5  haud  dubie.  *  Romana 
arma  moveri.  7  petere .  8  series,  ei.  9  large.  10  fides.  11  praeteritum  stipendium. 


248  EXERCISES  FOR  repetition  of  syntax. 

warriors  to  his  person1,  he  made  war  upon2  other  nations  in 

the  beginning  of  spring. 

1  pronoun.  2  bellum  promovere. 

10. — During  the  earlier  centuries  of  the  (existence  of)  their 
state,  the  Romans  had  no  other  division  of  the  day  than  that 
made  by  the  observation1  of  the  rising  and  setting  of  the  sun, 
and  afterwards  also  of  its  highest  position2.  Therefore,  they 
used  no  other  words  for  designating  the  time  of  day  than  those 
derived  from  these  three  points  of  time3.  Pliny  confirms  this: 
“Rome  received4  rather  late  the  division  into  hours5;  in  the 
laws  of  the  twelve  tables,  only  sunrise  and  sunset  are  mentioned; 
some  years  later  also  noon  was  added;  a  servant6  of  the  consuls 
called  out  the  time.”  Then  the  invention 7  of  the  Greeks  was 
added,  and  the  time  of  day  began  to  be  divided  into  equal  parts, 
which  were  regulated  and  fixed  by  the  rays  of  the  sun  on  a 

disk  having  hands8.  This  instrument  for  dividing9  the  time 

and  the  day  was  called  a  solarium,  sun-dial,  and  was  first 

brought10  to  Rome  at  the  time  of  the  first  Punic  war.  But 

beginners  must  be  very  careful  not  to  believe  that  the  Roman 
clock  was  similar  to  ours.  First  of  all  it  must  be  borne  in 
mind,  that  the  whole  of  the  time  which  elapses  from  sunrise  to 
sunset,  as  also  that  which  passes  from  that  time  to  the  return 
of  daylight,  was  divided  by  the  Romans  into  twelve  equal  parts. 
They,  however,  commenced  with  day-time,  because  it  only  could 
be  equally  divided  by  a  (is)  clock  which  uses  the  rays  of  the 
sun  for  the  division  of  time,  and  this  alone  they  possessed. 
Thus  it  happened u,  that  since  all  days,  the  longer  ones  of  sum¬ 
mer12  as  well  as  the  shorter  ones  of  winter,  were  divided  into 
(ad)  the  same  number,  the  hours  likewise  were  of  different 
length.  In  the  same  manner  night-time  also  was  divided,  as 
soon  as  the  art13  of  dividing  was  invented.  Ctesibius  invented 
another  kind  of  clock,  which  divided  the  time  by  means  of 
water,  and  exactly  showed  all  the  hours  of  day  and  night. 
Although  the  latter  was  unlike  the  former,  yet  the  name  sola¬ 
rium  adhered  to  it,  because  it  had  taken  its  place.  Censorinus 
plainly14  states:  “L.  Cornelius  Nascia,  while  censor,  ordered  an 
hour-clock  of  water  to  be  made,  which,  from  the  custom  of  not¬ 
ing  the  hours  by  the  sun,  also  began  to  be  called  solarium.” 
This  solarium  stood  on  the  Forum  under  a  roof.  Pliny  vouches 15 
for  this:  “Scipio  Nascia,  colleague  of  Laenas,  was  the  first  who 
caused  the  hours  of  the  night  as16  well  as  those  of  the  day  to 
fie  divided  by  water,  and  this  clock  he  dedicated  under  a  roof 


EXERCISES  FOR  REPETITION  OF  SYNTAX.  249 

in  the  year  of  the  city  595.”  Hence  we  conclude  also,  that  the 
solarium  which  is  said  to  have  been  in  the  Roman  Forum  at 
Cicero’s  time,  was  non  other  than  the  water  clock  mentioned  by 
Pliny  and  Censorinus. 

1  sensus,  us.  2  oriens — occidens — summus  sol.  3  tempus.  4  contingit  aliquid 
mihi.  5  horarum  observatio.  6  accensus ,  i.  7  ars.  8  gnomonicus  discus,  i. 
9  describere.  10  advehere.  11  quo  fit.  12  aestivus — hibernus.  13  artificium. 
14  luculenter;  ‘states’  may  be  omitted.  15  auctor  esse.  16  aeque. 

11.  — When  Hannibal  had  crossed  the  Pyrenees,  he  encamped1 
near  the  city  of  Iliberris.  Although  the  Gauls  heard  that  war 
was  made  upon  Italy,  yet,  as  it  was  rumored  that  beyond  the 
Pyrenees  the  Spaniards  had  been  subjected  by  force  and  strong 
garrisons  quartered  there,  several  nations  from  fear  of  bondage 
collected  in  arms  near  Ruscino.  As  soon  as  this  was  announced 
to  Hannibal,  he  feared  the  delay  more  than  the  war,  and,  there¬ 
fore,  sent  ambassadors2  to  their  princes3  with  this  message:  “I 
wish  to  speak  with  you  in  person;  either4  you  come  nearer  to 
Iliberris  or4  I  will  advance  to  Ruscino,  that  the  meeting  may  be 
easier;  on  the  one  hand,  I  shall  gladly  receive  you  within  my 
camp,  on  the  other,  I  shall  myself  come  to  you  without  hesita¬ 
tion6.  I  have  namely  come  as  the  guest  of  Gaul,  not  as  its 
enemy,  and  shall,  if  you  make  it  possible6,  not  draw  the  sword 
until  I  arrive  in  Italy.”  This  statement  he  made7  through  his 
ambassadors.  But  when  the  princes  of  the  Gauls  immediately 
moved8  into  the  neighborhood  of  Iliberris  and  without  any  re¬ 
luctance9  had  come  to  the  Carthaginian,  they  were  won  by^  pre¬ 
sents  and  permitted  the  army  to  march  without  molestation 10 
through  their  territory1  past11  the  city  of  Ruscino. 

1  castra  locare  or  ponere.  2  orator;  the  following  address  is  to  be  translated 
in  direct  and  indirect  speech.  3  regulus.  4  vel — vel.  6  cunctanter.  6  licet,  see 
Gr.  §  213,  4.  7  dicere.  8  castra  movere.  9  haud  gravanter.  10  cum  bona  pace. 

11  permit  to  march  through,  transmittere. 

12.  —  When  G.  Julius  Caesar  had  been  defeated  by  Pompey 
near  Dyrrhachium,  in  the  year  48  before  Christ,  he  hastened  to 
Thessaly,  united  his  army  near  Aeginium  with  his  lieutenant 
Gn.  Domitius,  and  then  arrived  at  Gomphi.  Since  the  prefect1 
of  this  city  would  sooner  be  the  associate  of  Pompey  in  victory, 
than  the  companion  of  Caesar  in  misfortune,  he  drove  all  the 
slaves  and  freemen  from  the  country2  into  the  city,  locked  the 
gates,  and  sent  messengers  to  Scipio  and  Pompey  to  come  to 
his  assistance,  (stating)  that  in  case3  of  speedy  relief4  he  would 
rely  on  the  fortifications  of  the  city,  that,  however,  he  could 

not  endure  a  longer  siege.  Caesar  exhorted  his  soldiers  and 

1  praefectus,  2  ager,  plural,  3  fi.  4  succurrere. 


250 


EXERCISES  FOR  REPETITION  OP  SYNTAX. 


showed,  how  advantageous  it  was  to  seize  the  rich  city  for  reliev¬ 
ing  their  want  of  everything,  and  at  the  same  time  to  terrify 
the  rest  of  the  cities  by  an  example.  He  attacked1  the  city  on 
the  day  of  his  arrival  after  the  ninth  hour,  took  it  before  sun¬ 
set,  and  gave  it  up  to  his  soldiers  to  plunder.  After  this  there 
was  no  city  in  Thessaly  that  did  not  obey  him  and  carry  out 
his  commands. 

1  participle. 

13.  —  Concerning  the  origin  of  the  Corinthian  bronze,  divers 
stories  are  transmitted  by  the  ancients.  Pliny  says,  that  it  was 
mixed  by  chance,  when  Corinth  at  its  capture1  was  set  on  fire. 
L.  Florus  also  is  of  the  same  opinion.  He  wrote  the  following 
concerning  it:  While  very  many  statues  and  pictures  were  burn¬ 
ing  in  that  fire,  veins  of  bronze,  gold  and  silver  flowed  together. 
But  others  say,  that  in  olden  times  only  one  house  was  burned 
in  Corinth,  and  that,  since  there  was  a  little  gold  and  silver  in 
it,  but  a  great  quantity  of  bronze,  these  metals  mixed  and 
melted  together  into  one  and  the  same  mass  and  thus  received 
the  name  of  Corinthian  bronze.  Others  also  mention,  and  this 
appears  to  be  more  probable2,  that  a  worker  in  bronze8  at  Cor¬ 
inth,  having  found  a  chest  full  of  gold  and  carried  it  away  for 
himself,  cut  the  gold  into  small 4  pieces  from  fear  of  being  dis¬ 
covered5,  gradually  mixed  it  with  bronze  and  produced  that 
marvellous  mixture,  by  which  he  afterwards  became  rich. 

1  verb.  2  probrius  accedere  ad  veri  similitudinem.  3  faber  aerarius.  4  mi¬ 
nutus.  6  palam  Jieri. 

M.  Ant.  Muretus  greets  his  Paul  Sacratus. 

14.  —  By  order  of  my  cardinal  I  recently  wrote  some  verses 
on  the  charming  site  of  Tibur;  but  I  was  commanded  to  write 
not  much  more  than  20  verses,  and  to  touch  upon  that  which 
was  noteworthy  and  pleasing  in  its  gardens.  In  about  two  hours 
I  composed  more  than  40  verses,  and  I  believe1  that  I  have 
hardly  touched2  any  thing  of  the  numberless  things  that  could 
be  mentioned.  These  verses,  of  whatever  kind  they  may  be,  I 
send  to  you  to  try,  if8  perchance  they  can  divert  your  mind 
from  troubles  for  a  while4.  For  it  is  an  old  adage  that  troubles 
are  alleviated  by  a  poem.  Communicate  them  to  Paludinus  and 
Canalius.  For  though  they  are  not  very  good,  yet  they  will 
please  you  three,  because  they  are  from  me  \  Please  send  them 
also  to  Antonius.  For  although  I  ought  to  fear  his  judgment, 
yet  his  approved  love  towards  me  frees  me  from  all  fear.  I 


exercises  for  repetition  of  syntax.  251 

bear  you  in  my  bosom6,  dearest  Sacratus,  and  all  of  you,  but 
not  to  tell  a  lie,  you  before  the  rest,  and,  although  I  write  to 
you  less  often  than  our  intimate7  relation  would  demand,  I, 
nevertheless,  think  of  you  very  often.  Farewell,  dearest  and 
tried  friend!  Tibur,  August  13th,  1571. 

1  videri.  2  delibari.  3  see  Gr.  §  278,  2,  n.  4  paulisper.  5  possessive.  6  in 
sinu  ferre .  7  summus. 

15.  —  The  death  of  your  brother  is  a  source  of  great  grief 
to  me,  both  because  I  loved  him,  as  also  because  I  easily  under¬ 
stood  how  severe  and  grievous  it  would  be  for  you.  Although 
it  may  seem  that  consolation  is  already  too  late,  I,  nevertheless, 
can  not  but  admonish  you  to  remember  that  we  must  bear  this 
with  the  greatest  equanimity,  as  the  will  of  God  and  a  necessity 
of  human  nature.  If  any  art  could  be  discovered  by  which  it 
would  be  possible  to  remain  forever  in  this  life,  we,  neverthe¬ 
less,  would  have  to1  reject  it,  since2  it  would  debar3  us  from 
admittance  to  a  better  life.  So,  however4,  by  the  will  of  God 
the  necessity  is  imposed  on  us  at  some  time  to  depart  from  this 
world;  and  between  the  foolish  and  wise  there  is  no  greater 
difference  than  this,  that  the  former  become  indignant  that  now 
their  dear  ones  undergo  what  they  likewise  will  undergo;  the 
latter,  on  the  contrary,  patiently  endure  the  common  fate  in 
their  friends  and  await  it  for  themselves.  We  are  surprised, 
Sacratus,  that  those  die  whom  we  love.  We  ourselves  die  daily. 
How  much 5  is  left  in  us  of  that  which  was  in  us  as  youths? 
My  teeth,  at  least,  have  already  died,  for  nearly  all  have  fallen 
out;  gradually  the  eyes  are  dying,  which  I  feel,  become  daily 
less  sharp-sighted;  the  memory  is  dying.  Believe  me,  Sacratus, 
my  old  age  is  hardly  more  pleasing  to  me  for  any  other  reason 6 
than  that  it  seems  to  pave  for  me  a  more  pleasant  road  to  death. 
Therefore  let  us  congratulate7  our  deceased  friends,  but  at  the 
same  time  let  us  daily  prepare  ourselves  for  a  good  death!  I 
would  already  have  sent  you  a  part  of  my  writings,  if  I  were 
not  intent  upon  the  simultaneous  publication8  of  all.  If,  how¬ 
ever,  it  should  seem  to  you  too  long  to  wait  until  this  is  done, 
I  do  not  refuse  to  send  you  something  in  the  meanwhile,  to 
have  it  printed  in  Venice.  If  you  give  me  a  hint  that  you  de¬ 
sire  this,  I  will  not  delay.9  Farewell!  Rome,  February  12,  1584. 

1  oportet.  2  relative.  3  intercludere.  4  nunc  autem.  5  quota  pars.  6  alio 
nomine.  1  bene  precari.  8  verb.  9  in  me  mora  est. 

16.  —  Dionysius  the  Elder  was  tyrant  of  the  Syracusans  dur- 


252 


EXERCISES  FOR  REPETITION  OF  SYNTAX. 


ing  thirty-eight  years,  having  assumed1  the  sovereign  authority2 
at  the  age  of  twenty-five.  In  his  manner  of  living  he  was  very 
temperate  and  in  his  management  of  affairs3  zealous  and  active, 
though  at  the  same  time  by  nature  wicked  and  unjust.  Though 
descended  from  good  parents  and  an  honorable  house,  enjoying 
the  familiar  intercourse  of  his  friends  and  the  frequent  company 
of  relatives,  he,  notwithstanding,  trusted  none  of  them,  but  en¬ 
trusted  the  protection4  of  his  person5  to  slaves  and  some  rude 
foreigners.  Thus,  on  account  of  his  unjust  desire  for  power,  he 
enclosed  himself,  as  it  were,  in  a  prison.  Nay,  not  to  entrust 
his  throat  to  any  barber,  he  instructed  his  own  daughters  in 
shaving.  And  even  from  these  he  took  away6  the  knife  when 
they  were  grown  up,  and  made  the  arrangement  that  they  should 
burn  away  his  beard  and  hair  with  glowing  walnut-shells.  When 
once  he  wished  to  play  ball  and  laid  aside  his  tunic,  he  gave 
his  sword  to  a  young  man  whom  he  loved.  When  one  of  his 
retinue7  jocosely  said:  “To  him,  at  least,  you  entrust  your  life,” 
and  the  youth  laughed8  at  this,  he  had  them  both  executed;  the 
one,  because  he  had  shown  the  way  to  kill  him;  the  other,  be¬ 
cause  by  laughing  he  had  approved  of  his  words.  And  this 
deed  so  grieved  him,  that  nothing  in  his  life  ever  seemed  to 
weigh  more  heavily9  upon  him;  for  he  had  killed  him  whom  he 
had  loved  ardently.  On  account  of  these  circumstances,  we  all 

must  deem  Dionysius  very  unhapp}7. 

1  occupare.  u  dominatus,  us.  3  res  gerere.  4  custodire.  5  corpus.  6  remo¬ 
vere.  7 familiaris .  6  arridere.  9  graviter  ferre. 

17. — The  same  Dionysius  himself  intimated,  how  little  hap¬ 
piness  he  enjoyed.  When  namely  one  of  his  flatterers,  Damocles, 
in  the  course  of  conversation1  had  made  mention  of  his  treasures, 
of  the  greatness  of  his  power,  of  the  abundance  of  his  posses¬ 
sions,  of  the  magnificence  of  the  royal  palaces,  and  declared  that 
no  one  was  ever  happier,  he  said:  “Do  37ou,  then,  O  Damocles, 
since  m37  life  pleases2  you  so  much,  wish  to  taste  the  same  things 
and  experience  my  happiness?”  When  the  former  expressed  his 
willingness3,  he  had  him  placed  on  a  golden  couch  and  had  sev¬ 
eral  tables  ornamented  with  embossed  gold  and  silver  vessels. 
He  then  ordered  servants4  to  approach5  the  table  and  serve  at- 
tentivehT.  Ointments  and  wreaths  were  at  hand,  incense  was 
burned,  and  the  table  was  laden6  with  the  choicest  viands7.  Da¬ 
mocles  deems8  himself  happy.  In  the  midst  of  this  splendor9, 
Dionysius  ordered  a  glittering  sword,  which  was  fastened10  to 
the  ceiling11  by  a  horsehair,  \o  be  suspended12  it*  sqcb  a  ijianner, 


EXERCISES  FOR  REPETITION  OF  SYNTAX. 


253 


that  it  threatened  to  fall13  upon  the  neck  of  the  unhappy  man. 
He,  therefore,  neither  looked  at  the  artistic  silverware  nor  did 
he  stretch  out  his  hand  to  the  table.  Finally  he  entreated  the 
tyrant  to  permit  him  to  leave,  since  he  no  longer  desired  to  be 
happy. 

1  tn  sermone.  2  delectare.  3  cupere.  4  puer.  5  consistere.  6  exstruere. 
7  epulae .  8  videri.  9  apparatus ,  us.  10  aptus  ex  re.  11  lacunar ,  aris.  12  demit¬ 

tere.  13  impendere. 

How  the  Athenians  honored1  homer,  and  the 
Lacedaemonians  Tyrtaeus. 

18. — How  highly  the  Athenians  esteemed  the  poems  of  Homer 
and  how  useful  they  thought  them  for  the  purpose  of  inflaming 
the  hearts  with  love  of  the  good  and  beautiful2,  may  easily  be 
seen  from  this,  that  they  passed  a  law  that  of  the  whole  num¬ 
ber  of  poets,  only  his  poems  should  every  five  years  be  declaimed 
in  the  name  of  the  state3  at  the  Panathanaea.  They  thought, 
namely,  that  the  laws  indeed  prescribe,  what  is  to  be  done  and 
what  is  to  be  omitted 4,  but  that,  on  account  of  their  brevity, 
they  do  not  instruct;  that  on  the  contrary,  the  poets  who,  imi¬ 
tating  the  life  of  men,  describe  minutely  brave  and  illustrious 
deeds  and  almost  present  them  to  the  eyes,  were  better  adapted 
to  convince.  The  Lacedaemonians  also  paid  a  similar  honor  to 
Tyrtaeus.  Although  they  were  otherwise3  averse  to  poetry,  and 
did  not  like  to  listen  to  the  songs  of  poets,  they,  nevertheless, 
had  decreed  by  law,  that  as  often  as  the  army  was  drawn  up, 
ready  to  engage  the  enemy,  the  soldiers,  by  listening  to  the 
poems  of  Tyrtaeus,  were  to  be  animated  to  sacrifice  their  lives 
for  their  native  country. 

1  afficere  and  honos.  2  honestas  ac  dignitas.  3  publice.  4  fugere.  3  ceteroqui. 

19.  —  In  the  year  260  after  the  founding  of  Rome,  the  ple¬ 
beians  at  the  instigation  of  a  certain  Sicinius,  withdrew  to  the 
sacred  mountain,  which  is  situated  beyond  the  river  Anio,  3,000 
paces  from  the  city.  There  without  any  leader,  they  entrenched 
themselves1  with  rampart  and  ditch,  and  remained  quiet  for 
some  days.  Great  terror  prevailed  in  the  city.  The  senate 
decreed  to  send  to  the  plebeians  as  spokesman2  Menenius  Ag¬ 
rippa,  a  man  of  eloquence,  and  in  favor  with3  the  patricians, 
as  well  as  with  the  plebeians.  When  he  had  been  admitted 
into  the  camp,  he  is  said  to  have  simply4  narrated  the  following 
(Indirect  speech):  At  a  time  wheu  all  the  members  of  the  body 
were  not  yet  in  harmony5,  the  other  parts  became  indignant, 

1  castra  communire.  2  orator.  3  carus.  4  =  nothing  else  than.  5  consentire. 


254  EXERCISES  FOR  REPETITION  OF  SYNTAX. 

that  by  their  care,  labor  and  services  every  thing*  was  procured 
for  the  stomach;  that,  however,  the  stomach  in  the  center  did 
nothing*  but1  quietly  enjoy  the  pleasures  prepared  for  it.  Then 
they  conspired,  that  the  hands  should  take  no  food  to  the  mouth, 
the  mouth  not  accept  the  food  offered,  and  the  teeth  not  masti¬ 
cate  it.  Whilst  they  thus  tried  to  subdue  the  stomach  by  hun¬ 
ger,  the  members  themselves  and  the  whole  body  wasted  away2 
at  the  same  time.  By  this  it  became  apparent,  that  the  service 
of  the  stomach  also  was  not  useless,  and  that  it  nourishes  as 
well3  as  is  nourished.  As  he  then  showed  by  comparison4,  how 
similar  the  internal 5  revolt  of  the  body  was  to  the  animosity 
of  the  plebeians  ag*ainst  the  patricians,  he  is  said  to  have 
changed6  the  minds  of  the  people. 
x  nisi .  2  ad  tabem  venire.  3  non  magis,  4  comparare.  5  intestinus .  6  flectere, 

\ 

Ancient  Syracuse. 

20.  —  The  celebrated  city  of  Syracuse,  of  which  the  histo¬ 
rian  Timaeus  writes  that  it  was  the  largest  among  the  Grecian 
cities  and  the  most  beautiful  of  all,  has  a  well  fortified  and 
admirable  position.  It  also  possesses  a  noteworthy  castle,  har¬ 
bors  which  extend1  to  the  middle  of  the  stronghold2  and  the 
piers  of  the  city,  broad  streets,  colonnades,  and  magnificent 
temples.  The  city  is  so  large,  that  it  is  said  to  consist  of  four 
very  large  cities:  the  one  of  these3  is  the  so-called  island;  on  this 
is  the  place  which  belonged  to  king  Hiero.  The  second  city  at 
Syracuse  is  called  Achradina;  in  this  there  is  a  very  extensive 
market-place,  most  beautiful  colonnades,  a  stately  prytaneum,  a 
very  spacious  city  hall,  and  the  gorgeous  temple  of  the  Olympic 
Jupiter;  the  remaining  parts  of  the  city,  which  are  divided  by 
a  wide,  continuous  street  and  many  cross-streets,  consist  of  pri¬ 
vate  residences.  The  third  city  is  that  which,  from  the  site  of 
an  old  temple  of  Fortuna,  was  called  Tycha;  here  is  a  very 
spacious  gymnasium  and  several  temples,  and  this  part  is  the 
most  densely  inhabited.  The  fourth  city  is  called  New  City4, 
because  it  was  built  last;  at  {ad)  the  highest  part5  of  it,  there 
is  a  very  large  theater;  moreover,  two  magnificent  temples,  the 
one  of  Ceres,  the  other  of  Libera,  and  a  very  handsome  and 
large  statue  of  Apollo. 

1  infusus.  2  oppidum.  3  here  and  to  the  end  of  this  exercise  use  relative 
connection  as  often  as  possible.  4  Neapolis.  5  see  Gr.  §  230,  2. 

21.  —  Though  all  vices  are  loathsome  and  unworthy  of  man, 
there  are,  nevertheless,  some1  which  we  abhor2  less;  others1,  on 


EXERCISES  FOR  REPETITION  OF  SYNTAX. 


255 


the  contrary,  are  so  detestable  that  they  excite  disgust5  in  all 
men.  As  a  proof  of  this,  covetousness  and  ambition  may  serve, 
the  former  of  which  is  filthy  and  low;  the  latter  is  generally 
joined  as  a  companion  to  great  and  noble  minds.  The  former 
thinks  of  nothing  great  and  sublime,  but  always  coveting, 
always  complaining4,  seeks  only  what  it  can  store  away5,  not 
what  it  can  enjoy,  and  is  read)'  to  sacrifice6  to  money7  friends, 
relations,  parents,  and  country,  if  circumstances  should  require8 
it.  The  latter  however,  strives  at  least  after  something  after 
which  also  great  and  brave  men  strive;  and  there  is  hardly  any 
other  difference,  than  that  a  good  man  strives  after  the  virtue 
itself,  but  at  the  same  time,  does  not  despise  glory  as  an  acces¬ 
sory9  and  as  a  public  testimony  of  his  virtue;  while  the  ambiti¬ 
ous  man  looks  to  glory  as  his  principal  aim10,  and  if  this  be 
taken  away11,  he  would  not  love  virtue  itself.  Yet  contempt  of 
money  always  deserves  praise,  contempt  of  glory  sometimes  cen¬ 
sure15.  Hence  we  read  of  the  Macedonian  Alexander,  of  Caesar 
and  other  like  men,  that  they  were  very  averse 13  to  covetousness, 
but  not  so14  to  ambition.  Alexander,  as  is  well  known,  said  on 
one  occasion,  that  he  would  have  killed  him  who15  would  have 
called  him  third  in  rank;  while  Caesar  was  fond  of  honor,  that 
when  he  passed  an  insignificant16  little  town17,  he  did  not  hesitate 
to  say  that  he  would  rather  be  the  first  there  than  second  in  Rome. 

1  quidam.  *  aversari  aliquid.  *  stomachum  movere  alicui.  4  querulus.  5  re¬ 
condere.  8  adicere.  7  nummi ,  orum.  8  ferre.  9  accessio.  10  praecipue  sibi  pro¬ 
ponere  rem.  11  detrahere ,  participle.  12  vitium.  18  alienus.  14  item.  15  si  quis. 
18  ignobilis.  17  oppidulum. 

22.  —  The  poems  of  Homer,  who  has  perhaps 1  been  the  great¬ 
est  poet  of  all  ages,  were,  as  is  believed,  brought2  from  Ionia 
by  Lycurgus.  For  this  fact  there  are  many  vouchers,  among 
whom  the  first  in  age  as  well  as  trustworthiness  is  Heraclides 
Ponticus,  who  testifies  that  Lycurgus  had  received  the  poems 
from  the  descendants  of  Creophylus.  Since  the  latter  is  num¬ 
bered  among  the  friends  of  Homer,  we  may  conjecture3  that  his 
descendants  were  a  family  of  bards,  who  either,  at  the  request 
of  Lycurgus,  taught  the  Lacedaemonians  the  poems,  or,  on  his 
return,  had  given  him  a  companion  who  knew  and  sang  them. 
For,  that  the  poems  were  written  by  that  family,  and  copied 
by  Lycurgus,  was  probably4  invented  by  Plutarch.  Such  mat¬ 
ters  historians  generally  add,  that  the  narration5  of  facts  may 
not  be  unadorned6  and  uninteresting7.  I  would  also  hesitate  to 

1  see  Gr.  §  278,  3.  n.  1.  2  inferre ,  transferre.  3  conjicere.  4  videri.  6  nar¬ 
rare.  8  nudus.  7  exilis. 


236  EXERCISES  FOR  REPETITION  OF  SYNTAX. 

believe  what  Aelian  relates,  namely,  that  Lycurgus  had  known 
all  the  materials 1  of  which  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey  later  consisted. 
How  could  Aelian  have  known  that? 

1  is,  ea,  id. 

23.  —  It  is  related  1  of  a  certain  T.  Caelius  of  Tarracina,  that 
when  after  supper  he  with  his  two  sons  had  gone  to  sleep  in 
the  same  chamber,  in  the  morning"  he  was  discovered  with  his 
throat  cut2.  As  no  one  was  found  upon  whom  suspicion  could 
rest3,  and  as  his  two  sons,  who  reposed  near  him,  said,  that 
they  heard  nothing,  they  were  accused  of  parricide.  What  could 
be  so  suspicious?  Neither  of  them  should  have  heard  anything? 
Some  one  should  have  been  so  bold4,  as  to  enter  the  chamber 
just  at  the  time,  when  the  two  young  sons  were  there,  who 
might  notice  it  and  offer  resistance6?  There  was,  however,  no 
one  who  could  be  suspected.  Nevertheless,  when  it  was  proven6 
to  the  judges  that  the  youths  were  sound  asleep,  when  the  door 
was  opened  in  the  morning,  they  were  acquitted  and  freed  from 
all  suspicion.  For  nobody  believed,  that  there  was  anyone,  who, 
after  having  by  an  atrocious  crime  violated  all  human  and  divine 
laws,  could  at  once  fall  asleep7;  for  the  reason  that  those  who 
have  committed  so  great  a  misdeed,  cannot  only  not  rest  with¬ 
out  anxiety,  but  not  even  breath  without  fear. 

1  ajunt.  2  jugulare.  3  pertinere.  4  audere .  5  defendere.  6  planum  facere. 
7  obdormiscere. 

24.  —  While 1  it  was  generally 2  believed  to  be  the  mark  of  a 
brave  man  rather  to  commit  suicide  than  endure  any  grievous 
and  bitter  misfortune,  Aristotle  wisely  observed,  that  this  opin¬ 
ion  is  false,  and  asserted,  that  those  who  act  in  this  manner 
must  be  considered  not  only  not  brave,  but  cowardly  and  men 
of  a  narrow  and  low3  mind.  For  they  show,  that  they  are  not 
able  either  to  endure  that  from  which  they  flee,  or  to  bear  the 
misfortune  on  account  of  which  they  quit  life.  This,  however* 
manifests4  rather  a  womanish  weakness  than  greatness  of  soul. 
Concerning  the  same  subject,  Augustine  also  has  spoken5,  very 
learnedly  and  wisely  in  his  first  book  “On  the  City  of  God,” 
and  has  shown  by  many  arguments,  that  Lucretia,  Cato  and  the 
other  men  of  that  kind,  are  groundlessly  commended  in  histories 
for  {ah')  their  bravery.  But  also  the  poet  Kuripides  had  taught 
this  before;  he  makes  Hercules  at  first  succumb  under  the  great¬ 
ness  of  the  grief  which  he  experienced6  over  the  murder  of  his 
wife  and  children,  which  he  himself  had  committed,  when  seized7 
by  superhuman  fury8,  and  therefore  meditate  to  quit  this  life, 


EXERCISES  FOR  REPETITION  OF  SYNTAX.  257 

then  again  return  to  his  senses9  and  change  his  resolution  for 
fear,  that  it  might  be  imputed  to  him  as  cowardice,  if  he  should 
abandon  life. 

1  cum.  2  vulgo.  3  abjectus.  4  arguere.  5  disputare.  6  capere  or  haurire  ex. 
7  corripere.  8  furor  divinitus  immissus.  9  ad  se  redire. 

25.  —  When  Antiochus  Epiphanes,  king  of  Syria,  besieged 
Alexandria  in  the  year  168  before  the  birth  of  Christ,  and  was 
very  near  taking  possession  of  all  Egypt,  G.  Popillius  Eaenas 
was  sent  to  him  as  ambassador  to  announce  to  him  in  the  name 
of  the  senate,  that  he  should  refrain  from  war  against  king 
Ptolemy  and  evacuate  Egypt.  When  the  king  had  greeted  the 
ambassador  upon  his  arrival  and  offered  him  his  hand,  Popillius 
delivered  to  him  the  tablets  which  contained  the  decree  of  the 
senate,  and  requested  him  first  to  read  it.  When  he  had  read 
it1  and  answered  that  he  would  consult  his  friends  and  consider 
what  he  should  do,  Popillius,  in  accordance  with  his  harsh  char¬ 
acter2,  drew  a  circle3  around  the  king  with  the  rod  which  he 
held  in  his  hand  and  said:  “Before  you  step  out  of  this  circle, 
give  me  an  answer,  that  I  may  bring  it  to  the  senate.”  You 
might  have  believed  that  not  an  ambassador  had  spoken,  but 
that  the  curia  itself  stood  before  the  king.  Amazed4  at  so  for¬ 
cible5  a  command,  Antiochus  said  that  he  would  fulfill  what  the 
senate  ordered.  Then  only6  did  Popillius  give  his  hand  to  the 
king  as  an  ally  and  a  friend.  How  effectual  is  not  earnestness 
of  character  and  of  speech!  At  the  same  time  he  terrified  Syria 
and  protected  Egypt. 

1  perlegere.  2  asperitas  a?iimi.  3  circumscribere  aliquem.  4  obstupefacere. 
5  violentus.  6  demum. 

26.  — It  is  related  of  the  poet  Philoxenus  that  he  endeavored 
to  live  sumptuously  and  splendidly1  himself,  and  also  took  pains 
that  his  fellow-citizens  took  well  seasoned  food.  Therefore  after 
the  bath2,  he  daily  went  around  the  city  accompanied  by  his 
servants3,  who  carried  wine,  oil,  vinegar,  and  other  things  neces¬ 
sary  for  seasoning  food,  and  entering  everyone’s  house,  looked4 
what  was  prepared  for  his  meal,  and  if  anything  was  not  suf¬ 
ficiently5  seasoned,  he  spiced  it  himself.  When  he  had  thus 
wandered  through  the  city,  he  returned  home  and  dined6.  Once 
he  came  to  Ephesus  and  found  the  market  for  delicacies7  empty. 
When  he  inquired  for  the  cause8  and  learned,  that  all  the  deli¬ 
cacies  had  been  carried  to  the  house  of  a  man  who  celebrated 

1  lauie  opipareque.  2  lavare .  3  puer.  4  inspicere .  5  minus  recte.  6  epulari. 
7  cupedinarius,  a,  um.  8  quid  est  rei? 

17 


258  EXERCISES  EOR  REPETITION  OE  SYNTAX. 

a  wedding*,  he  also,  though  a  stranger  and  not  invited1,  went 
there  to  the  feast  and  reclined  at  the  table  with  the  rest.  And 
when  the  host  was  pleased  with  his  cleverness2,  and  said:  “Phi¬ 
loxenus,  do  you  wish  to  dine  with  us  to-morrow  also?”  he  an¬ 
swered:  “Yes,  if,  as  to-day,  there  will  be  nothing  on  the  meat- 
market.”  When  at  one  time  he  was  invited  to  table3  by  the 
tyrant  Dionysius,  and  saw  that  a  large  mullet  was  served4  to 
Dionysius  and  a  much  smaller  one  to  himself,  he  lifted  his  off 
the  dish,  broug*ht  it  close  to  his  ear,  and  feigned  to  ask  it  some¬ 
thing.  When  Dionysius  asked  for  the  reason,  he  said  to  him: 
“King,  I  am  writing  a5  poem  on  Galatea,  the  daughter  of  the 
sea-god  Nereus;  therefore,  I  asked  this  fish  something5  about 
the  Nereids,  to  embellish  my  poem  with  it6,  but  it  said  that  it 
was  caught  too  young  to  be  able  to  know  it;  but  that  if  I  would 
ask  that  larger  one,  which  is  served  you,  it  would  state  fully7 
that  which  I  wish  to  know.”  Dionysius  laughed8  and  sent  the 
fish  served  to  himself  to  Philoxenus;  but  by  this  very  tyrant 
he  was  cast  into  the  quarries,  for  which  Plutarch  adduces9  the 
following  reasons.  Dionysius  also  wrote  poems,  and  though 
they  were  without  taste  or  eleg'ance10,  he,  nevertheless,  wished 
that  they  be  considered  the  best.  When,  therefore,  he  had  written 
a 5  tragedy,  he  gave  it  to  Philoxenus  for  inspection u,  to  correct 
it,  if  he  should  perhaps  find12  any  thing  to  be  improved.  The 
latter,  however,  corrected  it  entirely  by  a  single  stroke 13.  Dio¬ 
nysius  became  indignant,  and  had  him  brought14  to  the  above 
mentioned  prison,  from  which,  however,  he  was  afterwards  liber¬ 
ated.  When  a  second  time  he  heard  Dionysius  recite  his  poems, 
he  arose  while  the  rest  flattered  and  applauded,  and  said:  “Send 
me  again  to  the  quarries,  for  it  is  better  to  pass  one’s  life  there 
than  to  hear  such  wretched  poems.” 

1  invocatus.  2  ingenium.  3  adhibere  coenae.  4  apponere.  5  quidam.  6  re¬ 
lative.  7  explicare.  8  in  risum  convertere.  9  tradere.  10  inconcinnus  et  illepi¬ 
dus.  11  inspicere.  12  videri.  13  litura.  14  compingere. 

27.  —  The  question  has  often  been  raised1,  whether  it  would 
have  been  to  the  welfare  or  to  the  detriment  of  the  human  race, 
if  Hannibal  had  entirely  defeated  the  Romans,  and  had  estab¬ 
lished  a  Punic  empire  in  the  center  of  Europe.  Some  have  this 
opinion2,  others  another.  If  I  were  asked  my  opinion,  I  would 
answer  about3  the  following.  There  is  no  doubt  that,  though 
the  Romans,  by  ambition  and  cruelty,  drew  down4  upon  them¬ 
selves  the  hatred  of  antiquity,  they  were  nevertheless  great 
benefactors5  of  mankind.  I  do  not  say  this,  as  if  I  wished  to 


259 


/ 

T 

EXERCISES  FOR  REPETITION  OF  SYNTAX. 

defend  their  faults,  but  because  we  must  always  speak  the  truth. 
For  to  them  thanks  are  due  for  this6,  that  the  nations  subjected 
to  their  power,  which  previously  were  for  the  greatest  part  sav¬ 
age  and  barbarous,  received7  civilization;  unless  perhaps  we 
believe,  that  education  and  civilization  add  nothing  to  the  hap¬ 
piness  of  individuals,  as  well  as8  of  whole  nations.  The  Roman 
empire  was,  as  it  were,  the  bridge  over  which  Grecian9  art10 
and  science  reached11  the  other  nations.  But,  if  the  Carthagi¬ 
nians  had  remained  victors12,  who  were  then  as  yet  without13 
any  culture,  full  of  superstition,  perfidious  and  cruel,  and  who, 
being14  Africans,  were,  as  many  believe,  even  incapable15  of  a 
higher  training16,  I  am  convinced  that,  if  not  forever,  at  least 
for  many  centuries,  mankind  would  have  sunk  back17  into  bar¬ 
barism18.  This  was  averted  by  the  defeat  of  Hannibal.  How¬ 
ever  much  therefore  we  pity  Hannibal,  because  he  reaped19  no 
fruit  from  his  bravery,  we,  nevertheless,  owe  thanks  to  divine 
Providence,  that  it  has  so  well  provided  for  those  goods  which 
are  to  be  counted  among  the  highest  that  we  possess. 

1  quaerere.  2  videri.  3  fere.  4  conferre.  5  optime  mereri  de.  6  ea  gratia. 
7 imbuere .  8  cum— tum.  9  of  the  Greeks.  10  plural.  11  perferre.  12  superio¬ 

rem  discedere.  13  expers.  14  quippe  cum.  factus  ad.  16  humanior  cultus.  17  re¬ 
cidere.  18  immanitas.  19  capere. 

28.  —  During  the  war  against  the  Marsians,  the  temple  of 
Juno  Sospita  was  restored  by  the  senate  by  reason  of  a  dream. 
Although  the  historian  Sisenna  said,  that  this 1  dream  had  won¬ 
derfully  coincided2,  word  for  word,  with  the  issue3,  yet  he,  at 
the  same  time,  said,  that  we  ought  not  believe  in  dreams.  He 
also  relates  that,  in  the  beginning  of  that  war,  the  images  of 
the  gods  had  sweated  blood,  that  heaven  itself  opened,  and  that 
at  Banuvium  bucklers  had  been  gnawed  by  mice.  We  even  read 
that  in  the  war  against  the  Vejentes,  when  the  Alban  lake  had 
risen  extraordinarily  high4,  a  distinguished  man  of  Veji  fled  to 
the  Romans  and  said,  that,  according  to  the  oracles5  which  the 
Vejentes  possessed  in  writing6,  Veji  could  not  be  taken  as  long 
as  that  lake  was  overflowing;  that,  if  the  lake  were  drained7 
and  flowed  into  the  sea,  this  would  be  fatal  to  the  Roman  people; 
but  if  it  were  drained  in  such  a  manner,  that  it  could  not  reach 
the  sea,  this  would  be  propitious  for  the  Romans.  Therefore, 
the  draining  of  the  Alban  water  was  brought  about  by  the 
latter.  But  when  the  Vejentes,  tired  of  war,  sent  ambassadors 
to  the  senate,  one  of  these  is  said  to  have  stated,  that  that 

1  relative.  2  convenire.  3  res.  4  praeter  modum.  5  fatum.  6  scribere. 
7  emittere. 


260 


EXERCISES  EOR  REPETITION  OF  SYNTAX. 


deserter  had  not  dared  to  tell  the  senate  all;  that  in  the  same 
oracles  it  was  written,  that  in  a  short  time  Rome  would  be  taken 
by  the  Gauls.  And  this  took  place  six  years  after  the  taking' 
of  Veji. 

29.  —  Seg-esta  was  a  very  ancient  town  of  Sicily,  which  is 
said  to  have  been  built  by  Aeneas,  when  he  fled  from  Troy  and 
came  into  that  region.  When  at  a  certain  time  this  town  car¬ 
ried  on  war  alone1  with  the  Carthaginians,  it  was  taken  and 
destroyed  by  them,  and  all  that  could  be  an  ornament  to  the 
city  was  brought2  from  this  place  to  Carthag-e.  The  Seg-cstans 
possessed  a  bronze  imag-e  of  Diana,  which  was  an  object3  of  the 
most  sacred  devotion4  and  exquisitely5  finished.6  By  its  removal 
to  Carthage  this  image  changed  only  its  place  and  surroundings7, 
but  retained  its  former  sacredness;  for  on  account  of  its  extra¬ 
ordinary  beauty,  also  the  enemy  deemed  it  worthy  of  the  high¬ 
est  veneration8.  Some  centuries  later,  in  the  third  Punic  war, 
P.  Scipio  took  Carthage.  He  called  together  all  the  Sicilians 
and  promised  that  he  would  take  great  care  that  to  each  com¬ 
monalty  its  former  possessions9  would  be  restored,  Then,  that 
which  was  formerly  taken  away  by  Himera,  was  restored  to  the 
Thermitanians,  other  (things)  to  the  inhabitants  of  Gela  10,  others 
to  those  of  Agrig'entum;  among  them11  was  also  the  celebrated12 
bull  which  the  most  cruel  of  all  tyrants,  Phalaris,  is  said  to 
have  had;  and  down  into  which  13  he  used  to  lower  people  alive 
for  the  purpose  of  torture14  and  to  light  a  fire15  underneath.  At 
that  time  that  same  Diana  was  restored  to  the  inhabitants  of 
Segesta  with  the  greatest  care;  it  was  brought  back  to  Segesta 
and  again  returned  to  its  place10  to  the  greatest  joy  of  the  citi¬ 
zens.  It  stood  at  Segesta  on  a  high  pedestal,  upon  which  the 
name  of  P.  Africanus  was  engraved  in  large  letters,  and  on 
which  was  inscribed  that  he  restored  it17  after  the  taking  of 
Carthage.  It  was  venerated  by  the  citizens  and  visited  by  all 
strangers.  The  statue  was  of  large  circumference 18  and  high, 
with  a  flowing  robe19;  besides20  it  had21  the  age  and  bearing  of 
a  maiden22.  Arrows  hung  from  her  shoulder;  in  the  left  hand 
she  held  a  bow,  and  in  the  rig'ht  she  carried23  a  burning  torch. 

1  sua  sponte.  2  deportare.  3  praeditus.  4  summa  religio.  5  summus.  6  ar¬ 
tificio  perficere.  7  homines.  8  colere.  9  esse.  10  Gelenses.  11  in  quibus .  12  no¬ 

bilis.  13  adverb.  14  supplicium.  15  flammam  subjicere.  10  sedes.  17  is  omitted. 
18  amplus.  19  stola.  20  sed.  21  inesse.  22  habitus  virginalis.  23  praeferre. 

30.  —  In  the  year  113  before  Christ,  a  fierce  and  unknown 
people,  which  had  crossed  the  Danube,  came  as  far  as  the  Alps. 


261 


EXERCISES  for  repetition  of  syntax. 

The  Romans  who,  under  the  leadership  of  the  consul  Papirius 
Carbo,  endeavored  to  prevent  them  from  invading*  Italy,  were  in 
the  same  year  defeated  at  Noreja,  in  the  mountains  of  Noricum. 
Carbo  would  have  perished  with  all  his  soldiers,  had  not  a  heavy 
thunder-storm  accidentally  arisen  and  made  flight  possible  to  the 
Romans.  Hereupon  the  Cimbrians  traversed  the  fruitful  fields, 
which  lie  between  the  Danube  and  the  Alps,  towards  southern1 
Gaul,  which,  it  seems,  was  originally2  the  object  of  their  desire3, 
and  reinforced  themselves  by  receiving*  other  nations  from  Ger¬ 
many  and  Switzerland.  They  petitioned3  the  Romans  for  land; 
for  this  favor4  they  promised  to  render  them  assistance  and  carry 
on  all  wars  for  them.  When  the  Romans  refused5  this,  they 
resolved  to  g*aiu  by  force  of  arms  what  they  could  not  obtain 
by  agreements.6  At  that  time  the  Romans  placed  all  their  hope 
in  one  man,  Gaius  Marius.  He  was  of  low  descent,  and  had 
risen  by  his  bravery  alone.  He  crossed  the  Alps,  and  after  he 
had  pitched  a  camp  on  the  Rhone,  he  made  use  of  an  opportun¬ 
ity  for  a  successful  operation7  and  vanquished  the  enemy. 

1  qua  ad  meridiem  spectat.  2  primo.  3  petere.  4  i.  e.,  if  they  would  grant 
(dare)  them  this  (relat.).  5  denegare.  6  conditio.  7  rem  bene  gerere. 

31. — Nothing  is  so  terrible  by  nature  as  death.  But  sweet 
and  glorious1  it  is,  as  Horace  says,  to  die  for  one’s  country. 
Therefore  all  the  eloquence  of  the  ancient  orators  exhausted2 
itself  in  the  praise  of  those  three  hundred  Lacedaemonians. 
When  these3,  under  the  leadership  of  Leonidas,  had  dared  to 
oppose  the  vast  army  of  Xerxes,  they  fell  for  their  country,  and 
were  the  first  who  taught  Xerxes,  that  with  soldiers  we  must 
not  look  to  numbers,  but  to  valor.  How  much  their3  leader 
himself  deemed  it  preferable  to  encounter4  death  for  the  country 
than  to  flee,  is  shown  by  the  following  words:  “Advance5  cour¬ 
ageously,  ye  Lacedaemonians;  to-day  perhaps  we  will  sup  in  the 
lower  regions6.”  Kpaminondas  likewise  will  never7  be  forgotten. 
When  fighting  bravety  at  Mantinea  he  had  received  a  mortal 
wound,  it  was  only  when  he  had  heard  that  the  victory  was  in 
the  hands  of  his  men,  that  he  permitted  the  missile  to  be  drawn 
out  of  his  body,  and  declared  that  he  died  with  the  greatest 
equanimity,  because  his  country  held  sway  over  the  Lacedaemo¬ 
nians,  while  formerly  it8  had  been  subject  to  them.  Also  Codrus, 
the  king  of  the  Athenians,  should  not  be  passed  over.  When 
in  the  war9  between  the  Athenians  and  Peloponnesians,  the 

1  decorus.  2  consumi.  3  relative.  4  oppetere.  5  pergere .  6  apud  infero$x 

7  neque  unquqm.  8  relative,  9  pugnare  inter  se, 


262 


EXERCISES  FOR  REPETITION  OF  SYNTAX. 


answer  was  given  by  the  oracle,  that  those  would  remain  vic¬ 
tors,  whose  king-  would  fall,  he  rushed  upon1  the  enemy  in  the 
dress2  of  a  common  soldier  in  order  not  to  be  recognized,  and 
by  a  voluntary  death  g-ained  the  victory  for  his  people.  If,  fur¬ 
thermore,  I  look  in  thougiit  upon 3  the  brave  men  dying-  for 
their  country,  whom  Rome  once  brought  forth4,  the  larg-e  num¬ 
ber  appalls  nie,  and  time5,  voice  and  breath6  would  fail  me, 
were  I  to  count  up  the  Romans  who  distinguished  themselves 
by  their  bravery,  and  to  say  only  a  little7  of  the  virtues  of 
each  one.  And,  in  fact,  why  is  it  necessary8  to  count  up  for 
you  those  Decii,  or  the  two  Scipios,  or  L.  Aemilius  Paullus,  or 
M.  Claudius  Marcellus,  or  innumerable  others  whose  glory  is 
bounded9  by  the  same  limits  as  the  course  of  the  sun,  since  M. 
Cicero  writes  that  frequently  whole  leg-ions  had  moved  to  places 
from  which,  they  were  certain,  they  would  never  return. 

1  inferre.  2  ornatus ,  us.  3  cogitatione  intueri.  4  ferre.  5  dies.  6  latera , 
um.  7  aliquis.  8  attinet.  9  contineri. 

t 

32. — When  the  Romans  ascertained1  that  Hannibal  had  fled 
to  Prusias,  king-  of  Bithynia,  they,  even  then2  fearing  that  he 
might  be  able  to  harm  them,  sent  ambassadors  to  the  king,  to 
demand3  that  he  be  given  up.  But  whether  Prusias  despaired 
of  the  possibility4  of  saving  his  guest,  or  was  unwilling  to  save 
him,  he  complied  with  the  wishes  of  the  Romans,  and  pointed 
out  to  them  the  dwelling  in  which  they  could  seize  the  man 
whom  of  all  men  they  hated  most5.  Though  Hannibal  had  fore¬ 
seen  that  the  appearance6  of  the  Roman  ambassadors  in  Bithynia 
would  be  fatal7  to  him,  he,  nevertheless,  hoped  to  be  able  to 
escape  through  a  back-door.  But  when  he  saw  that  all  doors  were 
bolted  and  that  no  hope  of  escape  was  left,  in  order  not  to  fall 
into  the  hands  of  those  by  whom  he  was  pursued,  he  determined 
to  take  poison,  which  he  was  accustomed  to  carry  with  him. 
“Let  us  free  the  Roman  people  from  its  continual  fear,”  he  said, 
“for  it  would  be  too  long  to  wait  until  an  old  man,  worn  out 
by  years  and  hardships,  will  close  his  eyes8.  The  fathers  of 
the  present9  Romans  have  once  warned  Pyrrhus,  an  armed  enemy, 
to  beware  of  the  poison  of  a  traitor;  these  have,  by  their  ambas¬ 
sadors,  enticed  Prusias  to  kill  his  guest,  a  defenceless  old  man.” 
Scarcely  had  he  said  this  and  emptied  the  cup,  amid  curses 
upon10  the  head  and  realm  of  Prusias,  when  the  Romans  came; 
they11  found  him  in  his  last  agony12.  This  was  the  end  of  the 
greatest  Punic13  general,  who  deserved  to  be  more  favored  by 


EXERCISES  FOR  REPETITION  OF  SYNTAX. 


263 


fortune.  We  can  not  but  deplore  him;  but  for  the  Romans  it 
will  be  ( evenio )  an  everlasting'  disgrace,  that  they  have  thus 
made  away14  with  a  man,  whom,  although  he  was  their  enemy, 
the}7  should  have  respected  for  his  bravery.  I  do  not  doubt  that 
the  most  virtuous13  of  the  Romans,  then  living16,  were  ashamed 
of  the  action 17  of  their  fellow-citizens. 

1  certiorem  facere.  2  etiam  tum.  3  jubere.  4  posse.  5  comparative  degree. 

6  adventus ,  us.  7  exitium ,  i.  8  mori.  9  pronoun.  10  ex  cerare  in  aliquid.  11  re¬ 
lative.  12  emori.  13  i.  e of  the  Punies.  14  tollere.  15  optimus  quisque.  16  use 
a  relative  clause.  17  facinus. 

33.  —  When  in  the  year  361  after  the  foundation  of  Rome, 
M.  Furius  Camillus  besieged  Falerii,  the  capital  of  the  Falis- 
cans,  fortune  gave  him  an  early  victory.  For  a  teacher  who 
instructed  the  sons  of  the  people  of  rank 1  and  was  accustomed 
to  lead2  them  outside  of  the  city  for  play3  and  exercise3,'  once 
went4  farther  than  usual  with  his  pupils,  and  led  them  into 
the  tent  of  Camillus.  Here  to  the  detestable  deed  he  added 
words  still  more  detestable,  (saying),  that  he  had  delivered  Fale¬ 
rii  into  the  hands  of  the  Romans  by  delivering  these  boys, 
whose  fathers  were  the  chief  men5  there.  When  Camillus  heard 
this,  he  said:  “Not  to  a  people  and  to  a  commander-in-chief  of 
your  stamp6  have  you,  abominable  wretch,  come  with  an  abomi¬ 
nable  present.  We  have  learned  to  carry  on  the  war  no  less 
justly  than  bravely.  We  have  arms,  not  against  age,  which  is 
also  spared  after  the  taking  of  cities,  but  against  men  likewise 
armed,  who,  without  having'  been  injured  or  provoked  by  us, 
have  attacked  the  Roman  camp  at  Veji.  You  have  conquered 
these,  as  far  as  it  lay  in  your  power7  by  a  new  outrage;  I  will 
conquer  them  by  Roman  arts,  by  bravery,  intrenchments  and 
arms.”  Then  he  delivered  him  to  the  boys,  his  hands  tied8 
behind  his  back,  to  be  led  back  to  Falerii,  and  gave  them  rods 
with  which  to  drive  the  traitor  into  the  city  under  lashes9.  This 
spectacle  produced  such  a  change  in  their  minds,  that  all  the 
citizens  demanded  peace.  Roman  probity  and  the  justice  of  the 
commander  were  commended  on  the  Forum  and  at  the  Curia; 
and  upon  unanimous  resolve10  ambassadors  went  to  Camillus  in 
the  camp,  and  from  there,  with  the  permission  of  Camillus,  to 
the  senate,  at  Rome  to  surrender  Falerii.  Introduced  into  the 
senate,  they  are  said  to  have  spoken  thus:  “Conscript  fathers, 
conquered  by  you  and  by  your  commander,  we  surrender  to  you, 
because  we  believe  to  be  able  to  live  better  under  your  rule 

1  proceres.  2  producere.  3  by  a  verb.  4  progredi.  5  capita  rerum.  6  similis. 

7  see  Gr.  §  217,  II.  6.  8  illigare.  9  verberare .  10  consensus. 


264  EXERCISES  FOR  repetition  of  syntax. 

than  under  our  own  laws.  By  the  issue  of  this  war  two  salu¬ 
tary  examples  have  been  given1  to  the  human  race:  you  have 
preferred  probity  in  war  to  an  immediate2  victory;  wre,  chal¬ 
lenged  by  probity,  have  conceded3  the  victory  of  our  own  accord4. 
We  are  under  your  sway.  Send  men  to  receive  the  arms,  host¬ 
ages,  and  the  city  with  open  gates.  Neither  will  you  be  dis¬ 
satisfied5  with  our  allegiance,  nor  we  with  your  government.” 
Thanks  were  bestowed  upon  Camillus  by  enemies  and  fellow- 
citizens.  The  peace  was  granted,  and  the  army  was  led  back 
to  Rome. 

1  prodere.  2  praesens.  3  deferre.  4  ultro.  5  poenitet. 

34.  - —  In  olden  times  there  was  on  the  isle  of  Malta  a  city 
of  the  same  name.  Not  far  from  this  city,  on  a  promontory, 
stood1  an  old  temple  of  Juno,  which  always  enjoyed  so  great  a 
veneration,  that  not  only  in  the  Punic  wars,  but  also,  when 
many  pirates  roamed 2  over  the  Mediterranean  sea,  it  always 
remained  inviolate  and  sacred.  Nay,  it  is  even  related3  that, 
when  once  a  fleet  of  the  Numidian  king  Massinissa  had  landed 
at  that  place,  the  royal  commander  had  taken  away  from  the 
temple  ivory  teeth  of  incredible  size,  brought  them  to  Africa 
and  presented  them  to  Massinissa;  that  the  king  at  first  rejoiced 
over  the  present,  but  that  afterwards,  when  he  had  heard  whence 
they  came,  he  immediately  sent  trustworthy  messengers  in  a 
quinquereme  to  restore4  them.  Therefore,  it  was  written  on 
them  in  Punic  characters,  that  king  Massinissa  had  received 
them  without  knowing  whence  they  came,  but  that,  after  he 
had  learned  this,  he  had  them  brought  back  and  restored. 

1  esse.  2  versari.  3  memoriae  prodere.  4  reponere. 

35.  —  In  the  year  60  before  Christ,  Cicero  wrote1  the  follow¬ 
ing  letter  to  Atticus:  Not  only  if  I  had  as  much  leisure  as  you 
have,  but  also  if  I  would  wish  to  write  as  short  letters  as  you 
generally  do2,  I  would  excel  you  and  be  much  more  diligent3  in 
writing  than  you;  yet  to  my  many  occupations  the  circumstance 
is  added,  that  I  permit  no  letter  void  of  important  contents4  to 
reach  you.  In  political  circles5  the  fear  of  a  war  with  Gaul 
mostly  prevails6  at  present.  The  Haedui,  namely,  our  brethren, 
are  engaged  in  war;  the  Sequani  have  fought  very  unfortunately; 
and  the  Helvetians,  without  doubt,  are  in  arms  and  make  inva¬ 
sions  into  our  province.  The  senate  has  decreed,  that  the  con¬ 
suls  draw  lots  for  the  two  Gauls,  that  a  levy  be  held,  that  no 
exemption1  be  v&Hd8,  apd  that  the  legates  be  sent  off  with 


Exercises  for  repetition  of  syntax.  265 

authority  to  travel  through  the  states  of  Gaul  and  to  prevent9 
a  union10  of  these  with  the  Helvetians.  Cossinius,  to  whom  I 
give  the  letter  for  delivery,  seems  to  me  to  be  a  good  man, 
sober11,  attached  12  to  you,  and  of  such  character13  as  }Tour  letter 

has  described  him  to  me.  March  15th. 

1  dare ,  Gr.  §  178,  5.  2  by  a  verb.  3  creber.  4  argumentum  et  sententia. 

5  res  publica.  6  versari.  7  vacatio.  8  valere.  9  operam  dare.  10  jungere. 
11  non  levis.  12  amans.  13  talis. 

36.  —  G.  Verres  was  pretor  in  Sicily  for  three  years.  At 
that  time  nothing  was  decided  there,  except  according  to  his 
will  and  pleasure1.  Innumerable  sums  of  money  were  exacted 
from  the  possessions  of  the  tithe-paying  renters2  by  a  new  and 
execrable  system3;  the  most  faithful  allies  were  considered  as 
enemies4;  Roman  citizens  were  tortured  like  slaves5  and  cruelly 
put  to  death;  the  greatest  criminals  were  acquitted  by  the  court 
of  justice;  the  most  upright  and  irreproachable  men,  accused  in 
their  absence,  were  sentenced  without  trial 6  and  exiled7;  the 
best  fortified  seaports,  the  largest  and  securest  cities  were  opened 
to  pirates  and  robbers;  the  sailors  and  soldiers  of  the  Sicilians 
were  abandoned  to  starvation8;  the  best  fleets  were  lost  and 
destroyed  to9  the  great  disgrace  of  the  Roman  people.  This 
same  pretor  robbed  the  oldest  monuments  which  the  king  had 
designed  to  be10  ornaments  for  the  cities;  and  this  he  did  not 
only  with  the  public  monuments  and  works  of  art,  but  he  also 
desecrated  the  most  sacred  11  temples.  The  truth12  of  what  has 
been  said  I  could  prove  by  many  examples;  but  I  am  content13 
to  adduce  only  a  few.  A  certain  Dio  of  Halesium,  whose  son 
under  the  pretorship  of  Sacerdos  had  received  a  considerable  in¬ 
heritance  from  a  relative,  had  at  that  time  neither  any  difficulty14 
nor  quarrel.  As  soon  as  Verres  had  entered  15  the  province,  he 
immediately  wrote  a  letter  from  Messana,  summoned  Dio  and 
appointed  false  accusers16,  who  were  to  say  that  the  inheritance 
fell17  to  the  Erycinian  Venus.  Dio  was  forced  to  count  down18 
one  million  sestertia19  in  order  not  to  lose  the  suit20;  besides 
this,  Verres  ordered  his  herds  of  mares  to  be  driven  away,  and 
whatever  he  had  in  silver  and  tapestry  to  be  seized.  —  Polemar- 
chus  of  Murgentia  was  an  upright  and  honorable  man.  When 
a  tithe21  of  seven  hundred  medimna  was  asked22  of  him  for  fifty 
acres  of  land,  he  was  brought  to  court23  in  the  house  of  Verres, 

1  nutus ,  us.  2  arator.  3  institutum.  4  Gr.  §  163,  n.  1.  5  Gr.  §  217,  I.  6.  6  in¬ 

dicta  causa.  7  ejicere.  8  fame  necare.  9  consecutive  clause.  10  volo  esse.  11  re¬ 
ligiosus.  12  verum  esse.  13  satis  habeo.  14  negotium.  15  tangere.  16  calumnia¬ 
tor.  17  venire.  18  numerare.  19  sestertium  decies.  20  causam  obtinere , 

decuma.  22  imperare f  23  in  jus  educere  x 


266 


EXERCISES  FOR  REPETITION  OF  SYNTAX. 


because  he  had  refused,  and  was  led  into  his  room,  since  that 
man  lay  yet1  in  bed.  When  he  had  been  beaten2  with  fists 
and  heels,  he  promised  a  thousand  medimna,  while3  before  he 
would  not  settle4  for  seven  hundred.  — When  three  brothers,  who 
possessed  their  inheritance  in  common5,  had  left  their  possession, 
because  they  had  been  commanded  to  supply  more  grain  than 
they  had  raised6,  Apronius,  who  was  the  associate  of  Verres 
and  his  truest  likeness7  in  wickedness,  debauchery  and  licenti¬ 
ousness,  gathered8  men,  came  to  their  estate9,  took10  all  imple¬ 
ments11,  led  away  their  domestics,  and  drove  away  their  cattle. 
When  hereupon  one  of  them  came  to  him  to  the  city  of  Aetna 
and  begged  that  his  property  be  restored  to  him,  he  ordered  him 
to  be  seized  and  hanged  on  a  wild  olive-tree  which  stood  on 
the  Forum  at  Aetna.  The  ally  of  the  Roman  people  hung;  on 
the  tree,  as  long-  as  it  pleased12  Apronius.  —  G.  Hejus  was  in 
every  respect  a  most  respected  man  at  Messana.  His  house  was 
certainly13  the  noblest,  and  before  the  arrival  of  Verres,  so  deco¬ 
rated,  that  it  was  an  ornament  also  for  the  city.  There  was  in 
it  a  very  ancient  chapel,  inherited14  from  the  forefathers,  in 
which  there  were  four  very  beautiful  statues  of  great  excellence15, 
which  could  attract16  not  only  the  connoisseur,  but  also  any 
lay  man17:  the  one  was  a  statue  of  Cupid  in  marble;  on  the 
other  side  was  Hercules,  admirably  executed18  in  metal;  before 
these  g-ods  were  little  altars,  which  could  intimate  the  sacrcd- 
ness19  of  the  chapel  to  every  one.  Besides  these  there  were  in 
it  two  bronze  statues,  not  very  large,  but  of  surpassing  grace, 
in  the  bearing  and  dress  of  a  maiden,  which,  with  uplifted 
hands,  after  the  custom  of  Athenian  virgins,  carried20  certain 
sacred  objects  upon  their  head.  As  often  as  anybody  came  to 
Messana,  he  inspected  these  statues;  they  all  were  daily  open  to 
inspection.  The  house  was  an  ornament  to  the  city  just  as  much21 
as  to  its  owner.  All  these  statues  mentioned  by  me,  Verres 
took  away  from  the  chapel  of  Hejus. 

1  etiam.  2  concidere.  3  relative.  4  decidere.  5  consors ,  possessing-  property 
in  common.  6  exarare.  7  similis.  8  cogere ,  participle.  9  aratio.  10  diripere. 
11  instrumentum.  12  libido  or  voluntas.  13  vel.  14  tradere.  15  nobilitas.  16  de¬ 
lectare.  17  idiota.  18  facere.  19  religio.  20  repositum  sustinere.  21  non 
magis. 

37.  — Who  would  deny  that  Hannibal  is  to  be  counted  among 
the  greatest  commanders,  not  only  of  his  age1,  but  of  all  times? 
Kven  if  he  has  not,  like  Alexander,  subjected  the  whole  uni¬ 
verse,  nor  like  many  others,  gained  possession  of  a  throne,  how 
few  are  there  who  equal  him  in  fortitude  and  endurance3  of 


exercises  for  repetition  of  syntax. 


267 


hardships?  Even  if  we  knew  nothing  of  the  battles3  at  the 
Ticinus,  at  the  Trebia,  at  Trasimenus,  and  at  Cannae,  in  which 
he  inflicted  upon  the  Romans,  who  were  considered  unconquer¬ 
able,  such  defeats,  as  no  one  either  before  or  after  him,  his 
passage  over  the  Alps  alone  would  make  him  worthy  of  immortal 
renown.  I  could  say  much  of  the  almost  incredible  difficulties 
which  he  had  to  undergo  on  his  route4  over  a  still  unknown  and 
pathless  mountain  district,  but  it  would  be  an  endless  task5  to 
enumerate  everything,  and  besides  I  fear  to  become  tiresome6  to 
3rou  by  relating  well-known  facts.  Moreover,  Hannibal  did  not 
enjoy7  the  fruits  of  his  victories;  for  his  enemies,  of  whom  he 
had  many  at  Carthage,  effected,  that,  left  without  support8  by 
his  fellow-citizens,  he  was  forced  not  only  to  evacuate  Italy  and 
cross  over  into  Africa,  but  even  to  take  refuge  with  a  foreign 
king,  and,  not  to  fall  into  the  power  of  the  Romans  by  whom 
he  was  pursued,  to  take  his  own  life.  The  Carthaginians  suf¬ 
fered9  severely  for  their  blindness. 

1  aetas.  2  patientia.  3  the  participle  of  committere  is  to  be  joined  to  the 
substantive.  4  transire.  5  infinitum  est.  6  fastidium.  7  percipere.  8  desti¬ 
tuere.  9  poenas  dare. 

38. — A  certain  Sextus  Roscius  from  the  municipal  town  of 
Ameria,  in  Umbria,  was  assassinated  in  Rome  oil  his  return  from 
a  supper,  an  act,  whose  perpetrators,  it  seems,  were  T.  Roscius 
Magnus  and  T.  Roscius  Capito,  his  relatives  and  at  the  same 
time  his  most  bitter  enemies.  They  were,  probably  in  the  hope 
of  large  booty,  induced1  to  commit  this  murder  by  Chrysogonus, 
a  very  influential  freed-man  of  the  dictator  Sulla  who,  at  that 
time,  held2  the  supreme  power  alone  already  for  the  third  year. 
S.  Roscius  possessed  in  Ameria  thirteen  very  profitable  estates, 
possession  of  which  Ch^sogonus  hoped  to  obtain  by  this,  that 
he  entered  the  assassinated  man  into  the  list  of  the  proscribed 
without  the  knowledge  of  Sulla.  For  the  possessions  of  the  pro¬ 
scribed  were  confiscated  by  the  state3  and  sold.  In  this  manner 
he  purchased  at  auction  the  estates  which  were  worth  six  mil¬ 
lions  of  sesterces  for  2000  sesterces.  To  Capito  he  gave  three 
estates  as  a  present;  Magnus  he  appointed4  administrator 5  over 
the  rest.  But  when  the  inhabitants  of  Ameria,  indignant  at  this 
action,  sent  a  deputation  .to  Sulla,  to  entreat  him  to  strike6  the 
name  of  the  assassinated  man  from  the  list  of  the  proscribed, 
and  to  order  the  patrimony  to  be  restored  to  his  only  son,  who 
also  was  named  S.  Roscius,  the  robbers  feared  for  the  property 7 

1  impellere.  2  potiri.  3  publicare.  *  praeficere .  5  procurator .  6  tollere y 

eximere.  7  pecunia. 


268  exercises  eor  repetition  of  syntax. 

obtained  by  criminal  means1,  and  sought  the  life  of  the  younger2 
Roscius,  who  was  already  over  forty  years  of  age.  When  flee¬ 
ing  from  his  home  to  Rome,  he  found  a  kind  reception3  in  the 
house  of  Caecilia,  with  whom  his  father  had  been  on  intimate 
terms4,  a  circumstance  which  prevented  his  enemies  from  assas¬ 
sinating  him.  What  scheme5  do  you  think  they  now  contrived?6 
Incredible  to  hear,  they  accused  him  of  parricide  through  a  cer¬ 
tain  Erucius,  and  hoped  to  see  him  removed  by  a  judicial 7  sen¬ 
tence.  But  therein  they  were  disappointed8.  Cicero,  at  the  age 
of  26  years,  undertook  his  defense9,  and  effected  that  he  was 
acquitted  of  the  charge  of  parricide  raised  against  him.  This 
took  place  in  the  year  80  before  Christ,  two  years  before  the 
death  of  Sulla. 

1  scelus .  2  filius.  3  recipere.  4  familiariter  uti.  3  consilium.  6  capere. 

7  judex.  8  res  fallit  aliquem.  9  causa. 

39.  —  You  all  know1,  that  Demosthenes  of  Athens  was  the 
greatest 2  orator  among  the  ancients,  but  how  sad  the  end  of  his 
life  was,  is  perhaps3  less  known  to  you.  Since  he  was  the  most 
devoted  friend  of  his  country,  whose  liberty  the  Macedonians 
wished  to  take  away,  he  was  persecuted  with  the  most  bitter4 
hatred  by  Antipater,  who  ruled  over  Macedonia  after  the  death 
of  Alexander  the  Great.  Burning5  with  the  desire  to  remove 
the  man  who  stood  so  much  in  the  wa}^  of  the  entire  subjuga¬ 
tion  of  Greece,  he  commanded  the  Athenians  to  deliver  him  up. 
Instead  of  refusing  to  do  this,  the  Athenians,  unmindful  of  the 
great  benefits  which  they  had  received  from  Demosthenes,  were 
ready  to  }deld  to  Antipater.  The  former,  therefore,  fled  to  the 
island  of  Calauria,  to  the  altar  of  Neptune,  in  the  hope  of  be¬ 
ing  saved  through  his  protection6.  But  he  was  disappointed  in 
his  hope.  A  certain  Archias,  the  most  worthless  man  that  ever 
existed,  came  to  the  temple  at  the  command  of  Antipater  with 
a  band  of  slaves  and,  by  promising  forgiveness  from  his  master, 
tried  to  induce  him  to  leave  the  temple.  But  Demosthenes  said: 
“If  my  fellow-citizens  would  spare  my  life7  in  consideration  of 
my  services,  I  would  accept  it  without  hesitation8;  but  more 
than  death  I  fear  the  forgiveness  of  Antipater.”  When,  after 
{sub)  these  words,  Archias  wished  to  lay  hands  on  Demosthenes, 
this  one  cried  out:  “Do  not  touch  me  with  your  villainous  hand, 
I  will  follow  of  my  own  accord.”  Having  turned  aside  from 
Archias  and  taken  poison  from  a  reed,  which  he  was  accustomed 

1  ignorare.  2  summus.  3  see  Gr.  §  278,  3.  n,  1.  4  acer,  5  incendere ,  *  re’ 
ligio,  7  parcere ,  8  dubitare , 


r 

FXFRCISFS  FOR  REPETITION  OF  SYNTAX.  269 

to  carry  with  him,  he  delivered  himself  expiring*  into  the  hands 
of  his  enemies. 

40.  —  When  P.  Horatius  Codes  alone  had  withstood  the 
assault  of  the  enemy  on  the  wooden  bridg-e1,  and  after  its  de¬ 
struction2  had  swum  uninjured  to  his  own  men,  the  Roman 
people  were  grateful  for  such  heroism,  and  besides  a  brazen 
statue  erected  in  the  Comitium,  gave  him  as  much  land  as  he 
could  surround  with  a  furrow2  in  one  day.  But  he  would  not 
accept  this  reward,  not  because  he  despised  it  as  too  small,  but 
because  he  considered  him  a  useless  citizen,  who,  because  of  a 
service  rendered  to  the  state,  wished  to  be  wealthier  than  the 
other  citizens,  and  who  would  not  rather  find4  a  sufficiently 
great  reward  in  the  very  consciousness  of  the  noble  deed,  and 
in  the  love  and  favor  of  his  fellow-citizens.  Glorious  deeds  were 
once  honored  with  trifling  rewards,  not  because  ability  was  less 
esteemed,  but  because  men  were  then  more  desirous  of  glory 
and  less  desirous  of  money.  So  in  ancient  times  the  conquerors 
in  the  sacred  games  did  not  wear  a  crown  glittering  with  gold 
and  precious  stones,  but  one  made  of  pine  and  olive-twigs5,  that 
it  might  be  not  a  reward  for,  but  a  mark  of  ability. 

1  pons  sublicius.  2  rescindere.  3  circumarare.  4 ponere .  spineus  — 

oleaginus ,  a ,  um. 

41.  —  When  Cyrus  was  about  to  give  battle  to  Croesus,  he 
said1  to  his  soldiers:  “The  king  of  Lydia,  induced  by  pride  and 
insatiable  ambition,  has  unjustly  made  war  upon  us,  and,  rely¬ 
ing2  on  his  power,  did  not  doubt  that  he  would  overcome  us  in 
a  short  time.  What  he  would  then  have  done3  with  us,  is  evi¬ 
dent;  you  all  know4  that  he  would  have  imposed  on  us  a  most 
galling  yoke.  But,  although  he  led5  innumerable  forces  against 
us,  you  need6  not  yield  to  despondency;  for  the  enemies  are 
cowardly  and  unwarlike,  whilst  you  are  brave  and  trained  in 
warfare,  and,  trusting  in  your  bravery,  I  do  not  doubt  that  Croe¬ 
sus  will  soon  be  convinced  in  what  vain  hope  he  has  placed  his 
confidence7.  When  we  set  out  for  war,  many  indeed  doubted 
not  that  we  would  easily  conquer  the  enemy  in  an  open  battle; 
but  they  were  in  fear  on  account  of  the  strongholds,  of  which 
the  enemy  had  many,  and  in  which  they  could  easily  defend 
themselves.  But  do  not  be  deterred  by  this,  for  there  is  no 
place  secure  enough  for  cowards,  and  I  do  not  doubt  that  in  a 
few  days  all  the  strongholds  will  be  in  our  power.”  When  the 

1  contionari.  2  fretus.  3  see  Gr.  §  168,  n.  5.  4  ignorans.  5  deducere  in 

aciem.  6  non  est  quod.  7  confidere. 


270 


exercises  for  repetition  of  syntax. 


battle  took  place1,  the  Egyptians  alone  offered  a  brave  resist¬ 
ance,  but  in  vain.  Therefore  Cyrus,  admiring  their  bravery, 
send  them  word*,  that,  if  they  would  make  peace  with  him  he 
would  treat  them  honorably  and,  as  much  as  he  could,  care  for 
their  welfare,  that  if  they  rendered  good  services3  to  him,  he 
would,  after  finishing  the  war,  send  them  home  richly  rewarded. 

1  committere.  2  denuntiare.  3  opera  (singular). 

42.  — Cicero  in  his  book  which  bears  the  title1  “Tusculan 
Disputations,”  says  the  following  about  death:  If  any  thing  of 
such  a  nature2  happens  to  us,  that  God  seems  to  have  inti¬ 
mated3  to  us,  that  we  should  depart  this  life,  let  us  obey  joy¬ 
fully  and  give  thanks,  and  let  us  believe  that  we  are  released 
from  prison  and  freed  from  chains  in  order  either  to  return  to 
our  eternal  and  proper  home,  or  to  lay  aside4  all  feeling  and 
suffering5.  If,  however,  no  intimation •  be  given3  to  us,  let  us 
nevertheless  be  so  disposed6,  that  we  consider  that  day,  so  dread¬ 
ful  to  others,  a  happy7  one  for  us,  and  deem  nothing  an  evil 
which  has  been  ordained  by  the  immortal  gods  or  by  nature, 
our  common  mother.  For  we  are  not  born  and  created8  by  mere 
chance9,  but  it  was  certainly  a10  higher  power11  which  took  the 
human  race  under  its  protection12.  It  could  by  no  means  call13 
anything  into  existence13  and  sustain14  it,  which,  after  having 
exhausted15  all  sufferings,  should  sink  back16  into  the  eternal 
night  of  death.  Let  us  rather  believe  that  a  harbor  and  refuge 
is  prepared  for  us  which  we  shall,  sooner  or  later17,  enter18.  Can 
that  be  a  misfortune19  for  one,  which  is  inevitable  for  all? 

1  inscribere.  2  talis.  3  denuntiare.  4  carere.  5  ?nolestia.  6  eo  animo  esse. 
7  faustus.  8  serere  et  creare.  9  temere  aut  fortuito.  10  quidam.  11  vis.  12  con¬ 
sulere.  13  gignere.  14  alere.  15  exanclare.  16  incidere.  17  serius  ocius. 
18  pervehi .  19  miser ,  a,  um. 

43.  — We  left1  you,  as  you  know,  on  the  second  of  Novem¬ 
ber.  We  came  to  Leukas  on  the  6th  of  November,  to  Actium 
on  the  7th,  there  on  account  of  a  storm  we  delayed  to  the  8th. 
From  there  we  sailed  most  pleasantly2  to  Corcyra.  At  Corcyra 
we  were  detained  by  storms  until  November  the  17th.  On  the 
18th  we  sailed  120  stadia  further3  from  the  harbor  of  Corcyra 
to  Cassiope.  There  we  were  detained  by  winds  till  the  23rd. 
On  this  day  we  sailed  away4,  after  having  taken  our  meal5. 
From  here  we  came  with  a  very  gentle  south  wind,  and  under 
a  serene  sky  during*  that  night  and  the  following  day,  to  Italy 
at  Hydrus,  and  with  the  same  wind  we  came  to  Brundusium  at 
4  o’clock  on  the  following  day.  On  the  27th  of  November  at 


EXERCISES  FOR  RFPFJTlTlOtf  OF  SYNTAX. 


271 


last6  was  your  ardently  desired  letter,  dated7  November  the  13th, 
handed  to  me,  which  greatly  alleviated  my  anxiety;  oh  that  it 
had  freed  me  from  it  altogether.  But  the  physician  assures8 
me,  that  you  will  recover9  within  the  next  (few)  days.  Why 
should  I  now  exhort  you  to  be  intent  upon  your  recovery10?  I 
know  your  prudence,  moderation  and  love  towards  me;  I  know 
that  you  will  use  all  means  to  be  with  us  as  soon  as  possible. 
But  I  wish  this  under  the  condition11  that  you  do  nothing  with 
haste12.  I  would  that  you  had  not  visited13  the  concert  of  Lyso. 
I  leave  a  horse  and  a  mule  for  you  at  Brundusium.  At  Rome 
I  fear  great  disturbances 14  will  occur  from  the  1st  of  January 
on.  For  the  rest15,  I  beseech  you  not  to  undertake  the  journey16 
inconsiderately17.  The  sailors  frequently  hurry  for  the  sake  of 
gain.  If  you  can,  travel  with  my  questor,  if  not,  with  any 
respectable  man.  If  you  employ  all  care  in  this  regard  and 
arrive18  safely,  I  shall  have  you  entirely.  Farewell! 

1  discedere .  2  bellus.  3  procedere.  4  solvere.  5  cenare.  6  tandem  aliquando. 
7  dare.  8  plane  confirmare.  3  valentem  esse.  10  convalescere.  11  see  Gr.  §285, 
1.  n.  1.  12  properare.  13  vitare.  14  tumultus.  15  reliquum  est.  16  navigare. 

17  temere,  is  se  praestare. 

44.  —  M.  Agrippa  was,  indeed,  of  ignoble  birth,  and,  as 
Plinius  says,  rather1  of  rustic  than  refined  demeanor2;  but  he 
was  an  able  soldier3,  and  in  obtaining  his  victories  Augustus 
found4  nobody  better  and  more  daring  in  his  services5.  For 
Agrippa  had  manned  and  trained  the  fleet  with  which  S.  Pom- 
pey  was  defeated  between  Mylae  and  Naulochus,  and  under  his 
own  command,  battles  were  fought  successfully.  Antony  re¬ 
proached  Augustus,  that  perplexed  and  half  asleep6  he  did  not 
rise  and  show  himself7  to  the  soldiers,  before  Agrippa  had  de¬ 
feated  the  hostile  navy.  Thus  in  this  war  he  merited8  by  his 
excellent  bravery  a  naval  crown,  with  which  no  Roman  was 
ever  presented  before  or  after,  and  a  sea-colored  banner9.  But 
also  in  the  war  against  Antony  he  had  taken  Leucas  in  the 
presence10  of  the  hostile  fleet,  captured  Patra,  occupied  Corinth, 
and  twice  conquered  the  hostile  fleet  before  the  last  decisive 
engagement u.  And  in  this  battle  itself,  in  which  the  power  of 
Antony  was  broken,  the  whole  decision12  of  the  brilliant  battle 
rested  with13  Agrippa.  Augustus,  therefore,  honored14  him,  the 
able  soldier  and  companion  of  his  victory,  with  a  double  consu¬ 
late15.  During  his  third  consulate,  Agrippa  erected  those  many 

1  propiorem  esse.  2  rusticitas  —  urbanitas.  3  bonus  militia.  4  uti.  5  opera, 
sing.  6  stupens  et  semisomnus.  7  in  conspectum  prodire.  8  merere.  3  coeruleum 
vexillum.  10  in  ore  atque  oculis.  11  discrimen.  12  arbitrium.  13  esse  penes 
14  efferre.  75  geminatis  consulatibus. 


272 


EXERCISES  FOR  REPETITION  OF  SYNTAX, 


great  buildings  which,  as  Seneca  says,  surpassed  the  former 
grandeur  and  were  never  surpassed  by  any  afterwards;  the  col¬ 
onnade  of  Neptune,  the  Laconian  sweating-bath,  and  that  cele¬ 
brated  Pantheon.  On  this  he  wished  to  inscribe  the  name  of 
Augustus,  but,  as  the  latter  refused  to  permit  it,  he  had  his 
own  name  inscribed.  As  soon  as  Agrippa  had  come  to  Campa¬ 
nia  on  his  return  from  Pannonia,  whither  Augustus  had  sent 
him  with  the  highest  civil  and  military  authority1,  he  fell2 
sick  and  died,  under  the  consulate  of  Messalla  and  Omirinus, 
in  the  year  742  after  the  foundation  of  the  city,  in  51st  year  of 
his  age.  His  death  caused3  the  greatest  grief  to  both  Augu¬ 
stus  and  the  people;  for  he  was  universally  loved  during  his 
life4.  Vellejus  says  that  he  was  a  man  of  the  noblest  virtue, 
invincible  amid  hardships,  night-watches  and  dangers;  and  that 
he  understood 5  very  well  how  to  obey,  but  only  one  person;  that 
he  was  fond6  of  commanding  the  others.  He  also  attributes  to 
him  that  excellence7,  whereby  Alexander  maintained  to  have 
executed  man}^  great  designs,  that  namely,  he  deferred  and  post¬ 
poned8  nothing,  but  always  combined  execution  with  resolution9. 
Seneca  gives10  him  a  beautifnl  testimony  in  the  following  words: 
M.  Agrippa,  a  man  of  great  soul,  who  alone  was  a  blesssng  to 
the  commonwealth 11  among  those  who  became  famous  and  pow¬ 
erful  b}^  the  civil  wars.  Pliny  says  of  him,  that  he  sometimes 
liked12  wine  too  much. 

1  imperium.  2  corripere.  3  inurere.  4  carum  omnibos  vivere.  5  scientem 
esse.  6  cupidum  esse.  7  virtus.  8  differre  ac  procrastinare.  9  consultis  facta 
conjungere.  10  reddere.  11  felicem  esse  in  publicum.  12  indulgentem  esse. 

45.  —  In  Africa  there  is  a  colony  called1  Hippo,  lying  very 
near  the  sea;  close  by  is2  a  navigable  lake,  which  is  connected 
with  the  sea.  Here  young  and  old3  enjoy  themselves4  with  fish¬ 
ing,  rowing,  and  also  swimming,  especially  the  boys,  whom 
leisure  and  sport  entice.  For  these  it  is  fame  and  merit5  to 
swim6  very  far;  he  is  winner  who  leaves7  shore  and  campanions8 
farthest  behind  him.  In  this  contest  a  boy,  who  was  bolder 
than  the  rest,  attempted  to  swim  farther  out9.  A  dolphin  comes 
towards  him,  and  swims10  now  before,  now  behind,  and  now 
around  him.  At  last  it  takes  him  upon  its  back11,  and  then 
lets  him  down12  again,  takes  him  a  second  time  upon  its  back, 
and  first  carries  the  trembling'13  boy  far  out  to  the  open  sea, 
then  turns 14  toward  the  shore  and  brings  him  back  to  the  land 
and  his  companions.  The  rumor  of  this  spreads15  through  the 
whole  colony.  All  run  together,  look  at  the  boy  as  at  a  wonder, 


exercises  for  repetition  of  syntax. 


273 


question  him,  listen,  and  relate.  On  the  following-  day  they 
fill 16  the  shore  and  look 17  at  the  sea.  The  boys  are  swimming-, 
and  among-  them  also  that  lad,  but  with  more  caution.  The 
dolphin  comes  again  to  the  boy  at  the  same  time.  He  flees 
with  the  others.  The  dolphin,  as  if  it  would  invite  and  call 
him  back,  leaps  up,  dives,  and  describes  manifold  circles18.  It 
does  the  same  on  the  second  day,  on  the  third,  and  on  several 
days,  until  the  lads,  reared19  near  the  sea,  were  ashamed  of  their 
fear.  They  approach  it,  playing  with  it20,  call  out  its  name21, 
touch,  and  even  handle22  it.  The  experiment  increases23  their 
boldness.  The  boy  who  made  the  first  trial  leaps24  on  its  back, 
as  it  is  swimming  near,  and  is  carried  to  and  fro25,  believes 
that  he  is  recognized  and  loved,  and  loves  it  too:  neither  fears 
the  other26;  the  boy  becomes  bolder,  the  dolphin  tamer27.  Also 
other  boys  swim  encouragingly 28  at  the  right  and  left.  At  the 
same  time  another  dolphin  swims  along,  but  only  as  a  spectator 
and  companion;  for  it  did  and  permitted  nothing  like  the  other, 
but  simply  accompanies  it  to  and  fro29  as  the  other  boys  their 
companion.  It  is  incredible,  yet  as  true  as  the  preceding,  that 
the  dolphin,  the  playmate  of  the  lads,  was  often  also  dragged 
to  the  land,  and  there  having  become  dry  and  warm  in  the  sand 
rolled  itself  back  into  the  sea.  All  rushed  to  the  spectacle.  At 
length  the  place  itself  lost  its  quietness  and  privacy80.  There¬ 
fore,  it  was  determined31  secretly  to  kill  the  animal,  which 
caused  this  concourse  of  people32. 

1  see  Gr.  §  175  2.  2  adjacere.  3  omnis  aetas.  4  studio  teneri.  6  virtus. 

6  provehi.  7  relinquere.  8  simul  natare.  9  tendere  in  ulteriora.  10  historical 
infinitive.  11  subire.  12  deponere.  13  trepidare.  14  jiectere.  15  serpere.  16  obsi¬ 
dere.  17  prospectare.  18  orbes  implicare  et  expedire.  19  innutrire.  20  alludere. 
21  appellare.  22  pertredare.  28  crescere.  24  insilire.  25  ferri  referrique.  26  neuter 
timet,  neuter  timetur.  27  fiducia  —  mansuetudo  augetur.  28  participle.  29  ducere 
et  reducere.  80  secretum.  31  placet.  32  ad  quem  coitur. 

46.  —  Lysias,  a  very  prudent  and  sagacious  orator,  very  em¬ 
phatically  and  justly  criticises  what  Teucer,  Telamon’s  son,  is 
said  to  have  asserted  in  an  old  tragedy,  namely,  that  each  one’s 
native  country  is  where  he  fares  well1,  and  shows,  that  this  is 
the  opinion  of  a  man  who  seeks  only  his  own  interest  and  is 
unfit  for  civil  society.  For  he  who  is  thus  disposed  to  measure 
the  love  of  his  country  according  to  his  own  interests2,  will 
not  care  to  any  great3  extent  what  becomes  of  it.  He  who  would 
be  esteemed  as  a  good  citizen  must  bear  in  mind,  that,  if  the 
country  does  not  fare  well,  he  also  can  not  fare  well;  nay,  he 

1  bene  esse.  2  opportunitas.  3  see  Gr.  §  264,  n.  3. 

18 


274 


EXERCISES  FOR  REPETITION  OP  SYNTAX. 


even  must  love  the  soil1  on  which  he  first  stepped,  the  sky 
under  which  he  first  drew  breath.  Ulysses,  therefore,  as  the 
fables  relate8,  although  he  could  have  lived  amid  all  pleasures 
with  the  nymph  Calypso,  nevertheless,  preferred  his  rough  and 
stony  country  even  to  immortality;  he  would  not  have  done  this, 
if  he  had  approved  of  the  above  mentioned  opinion  of  Teucer. 
Hence,  that  expression3  of  Teucer  does  not  become  a  good  citizen. 

1  solum.  2  ut  est  in  fabulis.  3  vox,  dictum. 

47.  —  The  Romans  allowed  their  beard  to  grow  until  the 
year  454  after  the  founding  of  the  city,  in  which  P.  Ticinius 
Mena  first  brought  barbers  from  Sicily  to  Rome,  as  we  read1 
in  the  8th  book  of  Pliny.  Cicero,  therefore,  so  frequently  called 
those  ancient  Romans  bearded,  for  example2,  in  the  oration  for 
Murena:  “Among  those  bearded  men;”  for  Caelius:  “I  must 
recall  one  of  those  bearded  men  from  the  lower  regions.”  At 
that  time  they  commenced  to  have  themselves  shaved.  Long, 
therefore,  before  the  age  of  Scipio  Africanus,  and  even  in  the 
age  of  Scipio,  not  only  old,  but  also  young  men  were  shaved. 
But  Scipio  himself,  as  Pliny  narrates,  first  began  to  have  him¬ 
self  shaved  daily,  on  account  of  a  certain  effeminacy,  I  believe. 
Nay,  although  it  was  the  custom  of  those  accused  to  let  the 
beard  grow,  still  he  did  not  cease  to  have  himself  shaved,  when 
he  was  summoned3  before  the  people  by  one  of  the  tribunes. 
Afterwards,  the  custom  became  general4  for  the  younger  to  let 
the  beard  grow,  for  the  older  to  shave  it  off,  as  we  see  in  A. 
Gellius.  When  Cicero,  therefore,  in  a6  passage  of  his  second 
oration  against  Catiline  says,  bene  barbatos ,  he  means6  young 
men. 

1  est  or  scriptum  est.  2  is  omitted.  3  diem  dicere.  4  increbrescere.  5  quidam 
6  significare. 

48.  — To  travel  for  a  time1  is,  especially  for  a  young  man, 
neither  disagreeable  nor  useless;  for  novelty  and2  variety  have 
an  extraordinary  attraction3,  and  he  who  knows  the  customs  of 
many  nations  has  acquired  for  himself  a  great  help 4  to  prudence. 
But  at  the  present  day6,  most  young  men  who  undertake  long® 
journeys  and  visit  many  countries,  commonly  only7  strive8  after 
this:  that,  after  their  return9  they  can  relate  to  their  friends 
where  every  city  is  situated,  what10  buildings  it  has,  what  sup¬ 
ply11  of  goods  and  other  things  which  serve  to  satisfy12  the 
passions  there  is  in  each;  but  they  do  not  think  at  all,  by  what 
laws  and  regulations  it  is  governed13,  what  magistrates  it  has14, 
how  it  acquires  what  is  useful15  for  its  preservation16,  and  averts17 


EXERCISES  EOR  REPETITION  OE  SYNTAX.  275 

the  contrary;  of  all  that  they  do  not  even  think.  Moreover,  it 
is  of  little  avail  to  have  seen  many  places,  if  we  do  not  acquire 
knowledge  of  these  things.  Fitly  says  Homer  about  Ulysses: 
“He  saw  the  cities  of  many  men  and  learned  their  spirit  and 
character.  But  although  a  well-ordered  journey  is  useful  as  well 
as  agreeable,  nevertheless,  for  those  who  like  a  calm  and  quiet 
life,  it  is  most  agreeable  to  live  at  home.  Hence,  if  the  poets 
deserve  credit18,  nobody  used  to  travel  in  the  golden  age.”  And 
men19  were  aquainted  only20  with  their  own  shores. 

1  peregrinatio  ad  tempus.  2  et — et.  3  oblectatio.  4  instrumentum.  6  hodie 
quoque  or  hodie.  6  longinquus.  7  unus.  8  studere.  9  redire  domum.  10  genus . 
11  copia.  12  explere.  13  temperare.  14  uti.  15  relative  clause.  16  verb.  17  decli¬ 
nare.  18  si  qua  poetis  fides.  19  mortales.  20  nullus  praeter. 

49.  —  It  is  said  that  there  were  once  many  laws  among  the 
Persians,  from  which  it  may  easily  be  perceived  that  this  people 
possessed  a  truly 1  extraordinary  prudence.  And  since  I  recently 
found2  one  of  them,  which  on  the  one  hand3,  if  I  do  not  mis¬ 
take4,  is  unknown  to  many,  on  the  other  deserves  to  be  known 
by  all,  I  thought  it  would  not  be  disagreeable  to  my  readers, 
if  I  would  relate5  it  here.  It  was  a  custom  among  them,  that, 
if  some  one  was  accused  before  court  of  any  breach  of  law6, 
the  judges  did  not  condemn  him  immediately,  even  if  his  parti¬ 
cipation7  in  the  guilt  was  certain8,  but  inquired  very  acurately 
into  his  whole  life,  and  computed9  whether  he  had  done10  more 
bad  and  shameful,  or  more  good  and  laudable  acts.  Then  if 
the  number  of  evil  actions  predominated,  he  was  condemned;  if, 
however,  the  evil  was  outweighed 11  by  the  morally  good,  he 
was  acquitted.  For  they  thought,  that  it  was  not  possible11  to 
human  nature  to  keep  the  right  course  continually,  that  we  ought 
to  consider  as  good  men  not  those  who  never  fail,  but  those 
who  oftener  act  well. 

1  see  Gr.  §246.  1.  2  incidere.  3  neque  —  et.  4  animus  me  fallit.  5  proponere . 
6  aliquid  conira  leges  facere.  7  affinem  esse.  8  liquido  constare.  9  rationem 
inire.  10  gerere ,  with  the  adverb.  11  praeponderare.  12  esse. 

50.  —  Brevity  of  expression 1  and  obscurity  of  speech 2  have 
something  domineering3,  and  are,  therefore,  very  suitable  for 
those  who  threaten,  and  extraordinarily 4  useful  to  terrify6  those 
with  whom  we  have  to  deal6.  For  as  in  the  darkness  every 
thing  is  feared  more  than  in  the  light,  so  obscurity  of  speech 
renders,  as  it  were,  that  more  terrible  which  is  spoken7.  And 
this,  I  think,  the  Lacedaemonians  followed,  when  they  wrote 
thus  to  Philip:  “The  Lacedaemonians  to  Philip.  Dionysius  in 

1  loqui.  2  obscuritas,  atis;  sermo.  3  imperiosus.  4  mirifice.  6  perterre¬ 
facere  animum  alicujus.  6  agere .  7  proponere. 


276  EXERCISES  for  repetition  of  syntax. 

Corinth.”  For  far  stronger1,  and,  to  make  use  of  a  word  of 
Lucretius,  more  penetrating2  was  that  shortness,  than  if  they 
had  said  thus:  “Although  Dionysius  was  once  a  very  powerful 
tyrant,  nevertheless,  he  now  lives,  deprived  of  his  throne,  as  a 
private  man  at  Corinth.  Take  care,  that  while  you  try  to  sup¬ 
press  the  liberty  of  others,  the  same  may  not  happen  to  you.” 
That  would  have  been  the  language  of  such  as  wished  not  to 
terrify,  but  to  warn.  And  not  dissimilar  is  what  Dionysius  wrote 
to  the  Locrians:  “I  will  effect  that  the  locust3  will  sing 
on  the  ground  among  you,”  indicating  that  he  was  going  to 
devastate  their  whole  country.  Also  Atoeas,  a  king  of  the 
Scythians,  is  said  to  have  once  written  the  following  letter  to 
the  Byzantines:  “Do  not  diminish4  my  income6,  that  my  mares 
may  not  go  to  you  to  drink6.”  Idanthuras,  who  also  ruled7 
with  royal  power8  over  the  Scythians,  expressed9  himself  still 
more  obscurely.  For  he  did  not  send  a  threatening  letter  indeed 
to  Darius,  who  had  crossed  the  Ister,  but  instead  of  the  letter, 
the  following  symbols10:  a  mouse,  a  frog,  a  bird,  an  arrow  and 
a  plough.  When  in  the  camp  of  Darius  different  persons  ex¬ 
plained  it  in  different  ways,  a  military  tribune  thought  that  it 
intimated  that  they  would  give  over  all  their  property;  their 
houses,  which  are  signified  by  the  mouse;  the  waters,  the  air, 
the  arms,  the  land;  the  symbols  of  which  were  the  frog,  the 
bird,  the  arrow  and  the  plough.  Xiphodres,  however,  explained 
it  in  a  quite  different  way,  and  said:  If11  we  do  not  go12  under 
the  ground  like  mice,  or  under  the  water  like  frogs,  or  fly 
up  like  birds,  we  shall  not  escape  their  weapons.  For  we  are 
not  masters  of  the  land  which  they  themselves  plough. 

1  fortis.  2  penetralis.  3  cicada,  ae.  4  esse  atid  detrimenium.  6  vectigal. 
6  aquari.  7  praeesse.  8  imperium.  9  omitted.  10  symbolum  or  signum .  11  nos 

vero ,  inquit S  nisi,  etc.  12  subire. 

51.  —  The  deeds  of  Caesar  in  Gaul  have  been  described  by 
himself  in  the  first  seven  books  of  his  Commentaries  on  the 
Gallic  war.  The  eigth  book  has  another  author,  whether  it  be 
Hirtius  or  another.  It  is  difficult  to  decide  whether  his  bravery 
in  conquering  so  many  warlike  tribes,  or  his  ability1  in  the 
statement  of  his  deeds  deserves  more  admiration.  As  regards 
the  authority  and  truthfulness  of  the  Commentaries  we  must,  it 
seems,  admit2  in  accordance  with  Ceasar’s  character  and  mode 
of  thinking3,  that  he  informed  us  carefully  and  truthfully  about 
the  origin  and  institutions  of  the  tribes,  the  nature  of  the  coun¬ 
tries,  and  about  other  things  of  that  kind;  for  the  most  of  that 


exercises  for  repetition  of  syntax. 


277 


which  he  himself  saw  is  described  so  acurately  and  plainly4  that 
we  can  not  doubt  the  faithful  tradition5  of  that  which  he  saw; 
but  that  which  he  found  out  by  inquiries  and  repeats6  must 
partly  on  account  of  his  own  sagacity7,  partly  according  to  the 
judgment  of  the  historian  Tacitus,  who  points  him  out  as  the 
best  source 8  in  these  things,  be  looked  upon  as  sufficiently  estab¬ 
lished9.  Just  as  reliable,  it  seems,  is  the  statement10  of  his 
plans,  as  also  of  the  principal  results11  of  his  undertakings, 
which,  on  the  one  hand  could  not  easily  be  falsified12,  and  on 
the  other  did  not  need  falsification12.  But,  as  regards  the  cause 
of  the  wars,  which,  according  to  his  statement13,  were  all  as 
just  as  they  were  inevitable14  the  wonderful  bravery  of  his  lieu¬ 
tenants  and  legions,  the  temperate  and  humane15  behavior16  of 
himself  and  his  soldiers  towards  the  vanquished,  in  short,  every 
thing  that  refers  to  the  preservation  of  his  fame  and  esteem 
among  men;  on  this,  perhaps,  he  did  not  write  with  the  same 
truthfulness.  For  Caesar  was  by  no  means  the  man  to  prefer 
truth  to  utility.  Opinions  of  contemporaries  also  are  not  want¬ 
ing,  which,  if  compared  with  the  commentaries,  can  raise  doubts17 
about  their  truth.  The  language18  and  style  of  Caesar,  however, 
are  so  excellent  that  even  if  the  commentaries  would  recommend 
themselves  by  no  other  merit19,  they  would  on  this  account  alone 
deserve  to  be  read  with  the  greatest  diligence.  Instead  of  many 
testimonies,  I  will  here  mention  only  the  one  of  Cicero,  certainly 
the  best  authority.  He  says  that  they  are  simple20,  natural21 
and  charming22,  and  therefore  deserve  all  praise. 

1 facultas .  2 statuere .  *  ingenium.  4  perspicuitas.  5  verb.  *  referre* 
7  ingenii  acumen.  8  auctor.  9  probatus.  10  explicare.  11  summa.  12  vitiare. 
15  verb.  14  necessarius.  15  humanitas.  16  agendi  ratio.  17  movere  dubitationem. 
18  oratio.  19  laus.  20  nudus.  21  rectus.  22  venustus. 

52.  —  If  we  consider  all  the  sicknesses  to  which  the  human 
race  is  exposed,  we  shall  find  that  by  far  the  greatest  part  is 
caused1  by  intemperance  in  eating  and  drinking.  From  this 
arise2,  as  from  an  inexhaustible 3  fountain  of  all  evils,  indi¬ 
gestion4,  catarrh5,  weakness6  of  all  the  senses,  at  times  contrac¬ 
tion,  sometimes  weakness7  of  the  nerves,  quinsy8,  gout9.  The 
Persians,  therefore,  of  whom  Xenophon  says  that  they  used  to 
take10  nothing  but  cress 11  along  with  bread  enjoyed12  the  best 
of  health  and  lived  to  be  very  old13.  Those  however,  whose  god 
is  their  belly,  are  as  we  see,  visited 14  by  the  most  serious  and 

1  gignere.  2  manare.  3  perennis.  4  cruditas.  6  gravedo.  8  debilitas . 
7  resolutio.  8  angina ,  ae.  9  articulorum  dolor.  10  adhibere.  11  nasturtium. 
12  uti ,  not  frui .  13  lived  very  long.  14  conflictari . 


278  exercises  FOR  repetition  of  syntax. 

dangerous  sicknesses,  and  scarcely  ever  attain  an  old  age.  And 
Theognis  correctly  maintains,  that  by  far  more  men  perish  by 
gluttony1  than  by  famine,  while  temperance  and  abstinence,  as 
regards  food,  is  followed2  by  a  robust  and  unweakened  health3. 
Justly  therefore  says  Timotheus  of  Athens,  that  the  Platonic 
meals  are  agreeable  even  the  day  after.  The  meals  of  the 
gluttons,  on  the  other  hand,  are  often  disagreeable  for  the 
whole  life-time.  Furthermore,  those  whose  body  is  filled  with 
food  and  drink,  can  not  use  their  right  reason.  The  ancients, 
therefore,  said,  that  drunkenness  is  a  voluntary  madness.  As 
an  example,  Alexander  may  serve,  who  is  great  by  surname  as 
well  as  by  his  excellent4  deeds;  of  him  it  is  said,  that  he  killed 
his  dearest  friends6  in  the  state  of  drunkenness6.  The  ancient 
law-givers,  therefore,  thought  themselves  obliged  to  forbid 7  wine, 
partly8  to  any  age,  partly  to  a  certain  sex,  partly  to  a  certain 
station  in  life9.  Plato  forbids  the  use  of  wine  to  youths  until 
the  eighteenth  year.  Among  the  ancient  Romans  females  were 
not  allowed10  to  taste  wine;  therefore11,  it  is  said  that  a  certain 
man  who  had  killed  his  wife  because  she  had  drunk  wine,  was 
not  only  freed12  from  accusation13  but  even  from  blame.  Among 
the  Carthaginians  it  was  also  provided14  by  law:  first,  that 
nobody  in  the  army  should  touch  wine,  but  that  all  as  long  as 
they  were  under  arms,  should  be  satisfied15  with  water;  secondly, 
that  in  the  city  neither  a  male  nor  a  female  slave  should  ever 
drink  wine;  thirdly,  neither  the  praetor  in  the  year  in  which 
he  administered  justice16,  nor  the  judge  as  long  as  he  was  hold¬ 
ing  office,  and  lastty,  nobody17  who  was  to  come  into  the  sen¬ 
ate,  whenever  something  of  importance  18  was  treated.  According 
to  some19,  Romulus  abstained  from  wine;  according  to  others, 
he  took  it  as  a  rule  very  moderately.  Why  shall  I  further  men¬ 
tion  that  which  in  the  writings  of  all,  is  said  in  praise  of 20  the 
temperance  and  parsimony  of  Curius,  of  Fabricius,  and  of  others 
who  lived  in  those  times?  The  Roman  empire  lasted  as  long  as 
it  cherished  these  customs,  Rome  ruled  over  foreign  nations  as 
long  as  it  controlled  its  passions.  As  soon  as  that  old21  rigor 
relaxed22  every  thing  began  to  grow  worse25. 

1  ingluvies,  ei.  2  consequi.  3  siccitas  et  integritas  valetudinis.  3  praestantia, 
ae.  5  quos  habeo  carissimos.  6  per  ebrietatem.  7  amovere  ab  aliquo.  8  alii 
—  alii.  9  ordo.  10  nefas  est.  11  ita  ut.  12  carere.  13  accusator,  reprehensor. 
14  cavere.  15  conte7itum  esse.  16  jus  dicere.  17  ne  is  quidem.  18  ?nomentum. 
19  alii  tradunt.  20  celebrare.  21  priscus.  22  remitti.  23  in  deterius  ferri. 

53. — From  your  letter  I  learned  how  you  are1  and  where 
you  are  staying;  but,  when  I  shall  get  a  chance  to  see  you,  I 


EXERCISES  FOR  REPETITION  OF  SYNTAX. 


279 


could  absolutely  not2  ascertain3  from  that  letter.  Still  I  have 
hopes4  that  your  arrival  is  near,  may  it5  be  a  consolation  for 
me!  Know,  that  since  my  arrival  in  the  city,  I  have  become 
reconciled6  again  to  my  old  friends,  i.  e.,  to  my  books,  although 

I  had  not  given  up  their  company 7  because  I  bore  ill-will  against 
them,  but  because  I  was  a  little  ashamed8  before  them.  For  it 
seemed  to  me,  that  I  did  not  duly  follow  their  advices.  They 
pardon  me,  invite9  me  again  to  their  former  intercourse  and 
say,  that  you  were  wiser  than  I,  because  you  never  interrupted10 
it.  On  this  account  then,  because  I  find 11  them  reconciled,  it 
seems  to  me,  that  I  ought  to  hope  to  pass  easily  over  the  pres¬ 
ent12  and  future13  fates,  if  I  have  seen  you  again.  May  it 
therefore  please  you  to  meet  me  at  the  Tusculan  or  at  your 
Cumanian  villa,  or  what  I  would  wish  least,  at  Rome;  I  will 
see,  if  only  we  are  together,  that  this  will  appear  very  agree¬ 
able  to  both  of  us. 

1  agere.  2  nihil  sane.  3  suspicari.  4  in  spetn  venire.  6  relative.  6  in 
gratiam  redire.  7  usum  dimittere.  8  suppudet.  9  revocare.  10  permanere. 

II  uti.  12  quae  premunt.  13  quae  insta?it. 

54.  —  I  could  enumerate  many  learned  men  who  distinguished 
themselves  by  merits  in  war,  as  also  brave  generals  who  ex¬ 
celled  in  refinement  and  learning.  For  we  know  from  history1 
that  Archytas  of  Tarentum  commanded  an  army  six  times,  that 
Melissus  distinguished  himself  by  several  naval  victories,  that 
Socrates  took  part  in  three  campaigns2,  that  Plato  and  Xeno¬ 
phon  rendered  great  services3  in  war  to  their  fellow-citizens. 
Why  shall  I  mention4  those  well  known  bulwarks5  of  Greece, 
Pericles,  Themistocles  and  Epaminondas?  Why  shall  I  adduce 
those  pillars  of  the  Roman  empire,  the  Scipios,  the  Luculli,  the 
Fabii,  the  Marcelli  and  innumerable  others?  All  these,  as  his¬ 
tory  loudly  proclaims6,  were  not  only  renowned  because  of  merits 
in  war,  but  also  distinguished  for  their  literary  pursuits.  Of 
Caesar,  I  need  not  speak;  for  who  does  not  know,  that  posterity 
is  in  doubt  by  what  merit  he  excelled.  But  the  great  enthusi¬ 
asm7  of  Brutus  for  the  sciences  can  already  be  seen  from  this, 
that  in  the  night  before  his  death  he  is  said  to  have  read  sev¬ 
eral  times  the  diologue  of  Plato  on  the  immortality  of  the  soul. 

</ 

The  Mytileneans  well  understood  that  the  sciences  have  a 
superior  influence8  in  a  state;  for  they  imposed9  on  the  nations 
conquered  by  them  in  war  no  other  penalty,  than  not  to  give 

1  comperire.  2  stipendia  facere.  3  apera ,  ae.  4  dicere  aliquem.  5  propu¬ 
gnaculum.  6  loqui ,  proclaim  loudly.  7  ardore  flagrare;  take  an  interrogative 
sentence,  8  vis .  9  irrogare . 


280 


EXERCISES  FOR  REPETITION  OF  SYNTAX. 


their  children  any  scientific  education1.  For  they  knew  that 
only  those  states  can  flourish  in  which  the  study  of  sciences 
is  cultivated. 

1  litteras  docere . 

55.  —  In  what  manner  M.  Claudius  Marcellus,  who  had  been 
consul  in  the  year  703  after  the  founding  of  Rome,  but  later  in 
exile  at  Mytilene,  had  buried  himself  in  studies1,  met2  his  death 
at  Athens  on  his  return  to  Rome,  one  of  his  friends  relates  in 
the  following  letter:  Although  I  know  that  I  shall  give  you  no 
joyful  news,  I  nevertheless  apprise  you  of  the  occurrence,  how¬ 
ever  it  may  be.  When  on  the  23rd  of  May,  I  had  traveled  on 
board  a  ship  from  Epidaurus  to  Piraeus,  I  there  visited  M.  Mar¬ 
cellus  and  spent  that  day  there  in  order  to  be  with  him.  On 
the  next  day,  after  I  had  left3  him  with  the  intention4  of  going 
from  Athens  to  Boeotia,  he  was  willing  to  travel  to  Italy.  The 
day  following,  about  the  10th  hour  of  the  night  his  intimate 
friend  P.  Postumius  came  to  me  to  Athens,  and  informed  me 
that  M.  Marcellus  had  after  supper  been  stabbed 5  with  a  dagger 
by  his  friend  P.  Magius  Cilo  and  received  two  wounds,  one  in 
the  stomach,  the  other  in  the  head,  next  to6  the  ear;  that,  how¬ 
ever,  he  hoped  he  might  live,  that  Magius  had  killed  himself; 
that  he  himself  was  afterwards  sent  to  me  by  Marcellus  to  report 
the  occurrence  and  to  ask  to  send  him  physicians.  I  looked  for7 
physicians,  and  immediately  at  daybreak  I  set  out.  When  I 
was  not  far  from  Pyraeus,  a  servant  came  to  me  with  a  note8 
in  which  it  was  written  that  Marcellus  had  died9  a  short  time 
before  daybreak.  Thus  the  illustrious  man  died  a  most  miser¬ 
able  death10  by  the  hand  of  a  most  wicked  man,  and  a  friend 
inflicted11  death  on  a  man  whom  even  his  enemies  had  spared 
on  account  of  his  noble  character12.  Nevertheless  I  went  on  to 
his  tent.  There  I  found  onty  two  freed-men  and  some  few  slaves; 
the  others,  they  said,  had  run  away  on  account  of  fear,  because 
their  master  had  been  killed  in  front  of  the  tent.  I  was  obliged 
to  bring13  Marcellus  into  the  eity  by  my  carriers14  in  the  same 
litter  on  which  I  had  come15.  There  I  celebrated16  magnificent17 
funeral  rites  over18  him.  Though  I  could  not  obtain  from  the 
Athenians  to  grant  him  a  burial  place  within  the  city,  yet  they 
gave  me  free  choice19  in  which  of  their  gymnasiums  I  wished 
to  have  him  interred.  I  selected  a  place  in  the  noblest  gym¬ 
nasium  on  earth,  in  that  of  the  academy,  cremated  him  there, 
and  provided  afterwards  that  the  same  Athenians  contracted  for 


EXERCISES  FOR  REPETITION  OF  SYNTAX . 


281 


the  erection  of  a  monument  of  marble  at  the  same  place.  Thus 
we  all  satisfied20  our  duties  towards  our  friend  during-  life  and 
in  death.  After  Cicero  had  received  word  of  the  murder  of 
Marcellus,  he  wrote  to  one  of  his  friends:  “I  do  not  wonder  at 
all  that  you  take  the  fate  of  Marcellus  so  very  much  to  heart21. 
Who  should  have  anticipated22  this  crime?  Marcellus  g-ave  secu¬ 
rity13  for  Magius  at  Sunium,  because  this  one  was  unable  to 
pay.  I  believe  that  he  demanded  something  of  Marcellus,  and 
that  this  one  answered  with  some  hesitation24. 

1  abdere  se  liter  is.  2  occumbere.  3  digredi.  4  see  Gr.  §196,  n.  2.  5  percu¬ 

tere.  6  secundum.  7  cogere.  8  codicilli  9  diem  suum  obire.  10  acerba  morte 
afficere.  11  offerre.  12  dignitas.  13  referre.  14  lecticarius.  15  deferre.  16  facere.. 

17  amplus.  18  dative.  19  optionem  dare.  20  praestare.  21  graviter ,  moleste  ferre. 
22  timere.  23  sponsorem  fieri.  24  cunctanter. 

56.  —  You  consider  my  villa  in  Tuscia  unhealthy1,  and  there¬ 
fore  advise  me  not  to  go  there.  But  in  order  to  rid2  you  of 
all  uneasiness  about  me,  allow3  me  to  tell  you  about  the  moder¬ 
ate  climate4  and  the  nature  of  the  country.  The  climate  in 
winter  is  cold  and  chilly:  myrtles,  olive-trees  and  other 
plants  fond5  of  constant  warmth,  it  docs  not  produce;  }^et  the 
laurel-tree  grows  very  luxuriantly6.  The  mildness  of  the  sum¬ 
mer  is  extraordinary;  the  atmosphere  is  always  fanned  by  some 
breath  of  air7,  but  more  frequently  by  a  gentle  breeze8.  Hence 
the  many  old  people.  The  appearance9  of  the  country  is  very 
beautiful.  Imagine10  an  immense  amphitheatre,  just  as  only 
nature11  can  shape  it.  A  wide12  and  extensive  plain  is  sur¬ 
rounded  on  all  sides13  by  mountains;  the  mountains  themselves 
are  capped  14  by  tall  and  old  forests.  There  is  an  abundance  of 
various  kinds15  of  game16.  Woods  of  timber  fit  for  cutting17 
slope  with  the  mountains  themselves;  between  lie  rich  hills, 
which  in  fertility  are  not  inferior  to  the  most  level  plain,  and 
produce  a  good  harvest.  Below  these  the  vine-vaads  extend 
over  their  whole  sides  and  form  a  wide  panorama18,  at  their  end 
and  lowest  border  orchards  appear19.  Beyond  them  are  meadows 
and  fields,  fields  which  only  the  largest  oxen  and  strongest20 
ploughs  can  furrow21.  The  meadows,  decked  with  many  colored 
flowers22,  produce  clover  and  other  herbs,  which  are  always 
tender,  soft  and,  as  it  were,  ever  young23;  for  they  are  nourished 
by  never-failing24  brooks;  but  notwithstanding  the  abundance  of 

1  insaluber.  2  ponere.  3  accipere.  4  temperies  coeli.  6  lactari.  6  nitidus. 
7  spiritus.  8  aura,  ae.  9  forma.  10  imaginari.  11  natura  rerum.  12  diffusus. 
13  cingere.  14  in  cacumine.  15  frequens  and  varius.  16  venatio.  17  silva  caedua. 

18  facies.  orior.  20  fortis.  21  perfringere.  22  floridus  and  gemmeus.  25  novus. 
24  perennis. 


282  exercises  for  repetition  of  syntax. 

water1  there  are  no  swamps,  because  the  sloping*2  ground  con¬ 
ducts3  into  the  Tiber  all  the  moisture,  which  it  receives  and 
can  not  absorb.  This  navig*able  river  intersects  the  fields  and 
carries4  all  the  produce  to  the  city,  only  during  the  winter  and 
spring,  but  in  summer  it  falls5  and  on  account  of  its  shallow6  bed 
lays  aside7  the  name  of  a  large  river,  and  in  winter  it  resumes  it. 
It  will  give 8  you  great  pleasure  to  view  this  part  of  the  country 
from  a  mountain;  for  you  will  imagine9  to  see  an  exceedingly 
beautiful  picture10,  because  the  eyes  wherever  they  rest  will  be 
charmed  by  so  great  a  variety,  and  so  regular  a  distribution11. 

1  ubi  aquae  plurimum.  2  devexus.  8  effundere.  4  devehere.  5  summitti. 
6  arens.  7  deserere.  8  capere.  9  videri.  10  forma  ad  eximiam  pulchritudinem 
picta.  11  descriptio. 

57.  —  P.  Scipio,  the  younger,  possessed 1  so  many  eminent 
virtues,  that,  even  if  we  overlook2  his  great  merits  in  war,  we 
must  consider  him  a  man  of  distinction  and  an  excellent  citizen. 
For  firstly  he  loved  the  fine  arts3  to  such  a  degree,  that  nobody 
made  better  use  than  he  of  the  leisure  time  allowed  by  his  pub¬ 
lic  duties4.  As  proof  of  this  the  following  will  serve:  In  spite6 
of  the  important  and  difficult  war  which  he  waged  in  Africa, 
he  sent  out  Polybius,  whom  he  never  allowed  to  leave  him  at 
other  times6,  with7  a  fleet,  in  order  to  explore  that  country  and 
to  investigate  the  customs  of  the  inhabitants.  Nay  more,  he 
often  left  Rome  and  lived  in  the  country8  to  devote  himself 
more  undisturbed9  to  scientific  studies,  and  with  his  friend  Lae¬ 
lius  to  rest10  for  a  while11  from  the  heavy  cares  of  the  public 
administration12.  Cicero  narrates,  that  both  together  often  played 
like  children13  so  much,  that  they  collected14  shells  and  sea 
snails  at  Cajeta  and  on  lake  Lucrinus.  But  he  distinguished 
himself  so  much  as  an  orator  that  he  surpassed  all  his  fellow- 
citizens.  Furthermore,  he  formed  and  preserved  friendship  so 
assiduously15,  that  he  never  left  the  forum  without  having  gained 
the  good  will  of  one  of  his  fellow-citizens.  One  day  he  had 
resolved  to  be  a  candidate  for  the  consulate.  But  hearing  that 
a  friend  of  his  sought16  it  for  another,  he  gave  up17  all  thought 
of  the  candidacy,  because  he  thought,  that  the  office  would  be 
no  honor  to  him  if  a  friend  oppose18  him  and  not  vote19  for  him. 
Laelius  in  Cicero  praises  his  very  great  affection20  for  his  mother 
and  his  exceeding  liberality  towards  his  sisters.  He  himself 
openly  showed  his  disposition 21  towards  his  brother  Fabius,  by 
being  content  with  the  inheritance  of  Africanus  and  surrender¬ 
ing  to  him  the  whole  patrimony.  During  his  whole  life  he  did 


EXERCISES  FOR  REPETITION  OF  SYNTAX. 


283 


not  buy,  sell  or  build  any  thing  for  himself,  and  at  his  death 
he  left  only  22  pounds  of  silver  and  2/4  pounds  of  gold.  Finally, 
he  was  so  pious  and  religious22,  that  he  not  only  ordered  the 
temple  of  Castor  to  be  rebuilt,  but  also  wished  to  dedicate  the 
one  of  Hercules  and  of  Virtue. 

1  florere .  2  discedere .  3  bonae  littei'ae.  4  intervalla  negotiorum.  5  cum 

(conjunction).  6  consuescere.  7  tradere.  8  rusticari.  9  =  freer.  10  relaxare. 
11  paulisper.  12  only  respublica.  13  repuerascere.  14  legere.  15  diligentem  esse 
in  re.  16  prehensare.  17  abjicere.  18  repugnare.  19  suffragere.  20  pietas. 
21  interrogative  clause.  22  religio. 

58. — I  am  convinced  that  there  is  none  among  you  to  whom 
are  not  known1  the  words2  of  Christ:  “Many  are  called,  but 
few  are  chosen.”  What  is  there  said  about  the  kingdom  of 
heaven,  the  same,  it  seems  to  me,  I  can  say  with  all  justice 
about  science  and  about  the  institutions3  in  which  youths  are 
instructed.  When  you,  five  years  ago,  applied4  for  admission5 
to  this  school,  there  were  many  more  of  you  than  there  are 
to-day,  when  you  are  about  to  leave6  it.  And  if,  after  the  lapse 
of  five  more  years7  you  look  about  you8  you  will  find,  I  fear, 
that  the  small  number  has  grown  still  smaller9.  Many  a  one10 
will  in  this  time  find  himself  compelled  to  give  up  his  career, 
perhaps  even  life.  For  how  many  has  not  a  sudden11  death 
already  taken  away!  May  I  then  not  say  that  many  are  called, 
but  few  are  chosen;  i.  e.y  that  many  strive  to  climb  the  difficult 
path  of  science,  but  few  succeed? 

When  we  ask  whence  it  comes,  that  by  far  the  greatest 
number  of  those  who  wish  to  devote  themselves  to  the  so-called 
liberal12  arts,  do  not  reach  their  aim13,  we  might  find  two  causes 
pre-eminent.  To  the  one  the  means  necessary14  for  the  acquisition 
of  knowledge  are  wanting;  to  the  other  the  good  will.  The  former 
we  are  not  allowed15  to  reproach,  if  they  miss16  their  aim;  on 
the  contrary  we  should  give  them  credit  for  their  good  will,  and 
it  is  to  be  hoped  that,  provided  they  choose  another  more  suit¬ 
able  vocation 17  and  properly  use  their  zeal,  they  may  eventually 
become  very  happy.  But  those  who  so  misuse18  the  faculties 
given  to  them  by  God,  as  to  squander19  in  idleness  their  youth, 
the  most  precious  part  of  human  life,  I  can  not  but  reproach  sharply. 
Be  convinced  that  they  will  once  bitterly  regret  their  negligence. 

1  cognoscere  and  habere.  2  illud.  3  schola.  4  velle.  5  verb.  6  excedere. 
7  alter — quinquenniicm.  8  circumspicere.  9  minuere.  10  non  nemo.  11 prae¬ 
maturus, .  12  liberalis.  13  propositum.  14  opus  esse.  15  est  quod.  16  aberrare. 

17  vitae  genus .  18  male  uti.  19  perdere. 


VOCABULARY. 


I 


A. 

Abandon,  to,  relinquere;  deserere. 
abate,  to,  se  remittere. 
ability,  virtus ,  utis;  facultas,  alis;  nat¬ 
ural  — ,  indoles,  is. 
able,  bonus;  strenuus ,  a,  uni. 
abode,  sedes ,  is. 

abominable,  detestabilis,  e;  nefarius,  a, 
um. 

Aborigines,  Aborigines,  um. 
absent,  to  be,  abesse. 
absorb,  to,  absorbere. 
abstain,  to,  abstinere. 
abstemious,  abstinens,  tis . 
abstemiousness,  abstinentia,  ae. 
abstinence,  abstinentia,  ae. 
abundance,  copia,  ae. 
abuse,  to,  abuti. 
academy,  academia ,  ae. 
accept,  to,  accipere;  suscipere. 
access,  aditus,  us. 
accidentally,  casu. 
accompany,  to,  comitari. 
accomplice,  conscius;  socius,  i. 
accomplish,  efficere;  conficere. 
account,  an,  to  hand  down  — ,  tradere. 
accuser,  accusator,  oris. 
accustomed,  to  be,  solere. 
accustom  one’s  self,  assuescere. 
achieve,  to,  parere. 

Achilles,  Achilles,  is. 

Achradina,  Achradina,  ae. 

acquainted,  to  become,  cognoscere. 

acquire,  adipisci;  consequi;  conciliare. 

acre,  jugerum ,  i. 

act,  an,  factum,  i;  facinus,  oris. 

act,  to,  agere. 

active,  industrius ,  a,  um. 

actually,  re  vera. 

acute,  acer,  cris;  c. 

acuteness,  acies,  ei;  acumen,  inis. 

adage,  an,  proverbium,  i. 

adapted,  idoneus;  aptus,  a,  um. 

add,  to,  addere;  adjicere;  jungere. 

address,  an,  oratio ,  onis. 

Adherbal,  Adherbal,  is. 
adhere,  to,  manere;  adhaerere. 
adjacent,  propinquus,  a,  um. 
adjoining,  finitimus;  contiguus,  a,  um. 
administration,  regnum;  imperium,  i. 
admirable,  admirabilis,  e. 


admiral,  prefectus  classis. 
admittance,  aditus,  us. 
adopt,  to,  imbui;  capere;  assumere. 
adorn,  to,  ornare. 

Adriatic,  Adriaticus,  a,  um. 
advance,  to,  progredi. 
advanced,  provectus ,  a,  um. 
advantage,  commodum,  i;  utilitas ,  tis. 
advantageous,  commodus ,  a,  um;  uti¬ 
lis,  e. 

adversary,  adversarius ,  i. 
adversity,  res  adversae. 
advice,  an,  consilium ,  i. 

Aegean,  Aegaeus,  a,  um. 

Aelian,  Aelius,  Aelianus,  a,  um. 
Aeschines,  Aeschines,  is. 

Aetna,  Aetna,  ae. 
affair,  res,  rei. 
affection,  amor,  is. 
afflict,  to,  afficere. 
afford,  to,  praebere. 
age,  aetas,  tis;  tempus ,  oris. 

Agenor,  Agenor,  is. 
agrarian,  agrarius ,  a,  um. 
agree,  convenire. 
agreement,  pactum ,  i. 
agreement,  to  come  to,  convenire. 
agriculture,  agricultura,  ae. 
Agrigentum,  Agrigentum,  i. 
aim,  at,  to,  petere. 
air,  aer,  is. 

alarm,  to,  perturbare;  terrere. 

Alban,  Albanus ,  a,  um. 

Albanians,  Albani,  orum. 

alight,  to,  descendere. 

alike  (adv.),  aeque. 

alive,  vivus,  a,  um. 

allegiance,  fides,  ei. 

alleviate,  to,  levare. 

allied,  foederatus,  a,  um. 

allot,  to,  destinare;  tribuere;  sortiri. 

allow,  to,  sinere;  permittere. 

allowed,  to  be,  licere. 

allure,  to,  allicere. 

allurement,  illecebra,  ae. 

Alps,  Alpes,  ium. 
ambassador,  legatus ,  i. 
ambition,  ambitio,  onis. 
ambitious,  ambitiosus,  a,  um;  honorum 
cupidus,  a,  um. 
ambuscade,  insidiae,  arum. 


VOCABULARY. 


285 


Ammon,  Ammon ,  onis. 
amount,  an,  vis;  pondus ,  iris. 
amphitheatre,  amphitheatrum,  i. 
amusement,  delectatio ,  onis. 
Anaximenes,  Anaximenes ,  is. 
ancestors,  majores ,  um. 
ancient,  antiquus ,  a,  ww. 

Andes,  Andes ,  rww. 
angered,  iratus,  a,  um. 
animate,  to,  incitare. 
animosity,  odium,  i. 

Anio,  Anio,  mis. 
annals,  annales,  ium. 
announce,  nuntiare. 
annoying,  molestus,  a,  um. 
annual,  annuus,  a,  um. 

Anthony,  Antonius ,  i. 
anticipate,  praevenire. 
antidote,  antidotum,  i. 

Antipater,  Antipater ,  tri. 
anxiety,  cura,  ae. 
appal,  to,  terrere. 
appeal,  to,  appellare;  provocare. 
appear,  to,  apparere;  videri. 
appearance,  species;  forma,  ae;  aspec¬ 
tus,  us. 

appease,  to,  placare. 

Appelles,  Appelles,  is. 

Appian,  Appius,  a,  um. 
applause,  plausus,  us. 
apply,  to,  adhibere;  uti;  impendere ;  ro¬ 
gare;  —  one’s  self  to,  incumbere. 
appoint,  to,  constituere;  destinare. 
appreciate,  to,  aestimare. 
apprise,  to,  certiorem  facere. 
approbation,  to  find,  probari. 
appropriately,  apte;  praeclare. 
approval,  approbatio,  onis;  laus,  dis. 
approve,  to,  probare. 

Arar,  Arar,  is. 

Arbela,  Arbela,  orum. 
archer,  sagittarius,  i. 
architect,  architectus ,  i. 
archon,  archon,  tis. 

Archytas,  Archytas,  ae. 

Ardea,  Ardea,  ae. 
ardent,  vehemens ,  tis. 

Argonaut,  Argonauta,  ae. 
argument,  argumentum ,  i. 

Ariopagite,  Ariopagita,  ae. 
arise,  to,  oriri. 

Aristander,  Aristander,  dri. 
aristocrats,  optimates ,  ium. 

Aristotle,  Aristoteles,  is. 
arm,  to,  armare. 
armistice,  induciae,  arum. 
armor,  arma,  orum;  in  full  — ,  arma¬ 
tus,  a,  um. 

army,  exercitus ,  us;  acies,  ei;  agmen, 
inis. 

arouse,  to,  excitare. 

arrange,  to,  constituere;  componere. 

array  oneself,  to,  consistere . 


arrival,  adventus,  us. 

arrive,  to,  advenire;  pervenire. 

arrow,  sagitta,  ae. 

artist,  artifex,  icis. 

artistic,  artificiosus,  a,  um. 

ascertain,  to,  cognoscere. 

ascertained,  it  is,  constat. 

ascribe,  to,  tribuere. 

asleep,  dormiens,  tis. 

assassinate,  to,  interficere. 

assault,  an,  impetus,  us. 

assault,  to,  oppugnare. 

assembly,  concilium,  i;  comitia,  orum. 

assert,  to,  affirmare. 

assign,  to,  dare;  assignare. 

assistance,  auxilium ,  i. 

associate,  an,  socius,  i. 

assure  oneself,  to,  persuaderi. 

Assyrian,  Assyrius,  a,  um. 

astonishing,  mirus ,  a,  um. 

Athenians,  Athenienses,  ium. 
atmosphere,  aer,  aeris. 
atrocius,  nefarius;  scelestus ,  a,  um. 
attack,  an,  impetus ,  us. 
attack,  to,  aggredi. 
attain,  to,  adipisci. 

attempt,  an,  conatus,  us;  tentamen,  inis. 

attend,  to,  curare. 

attendant,  satelles,  itis. 

attention,  attentus  animus. 

attentive,  attentus,  a,  um. 

attire,  vestis,  is. 

attract  to,  trahere. 

auction,  audio,  onis. 

Augustus,  Augustus,  i. 

Aurelian,  Aurelius ,  a,  um. 
auspice,  auspicium ,  i. 
austere,  severus,  a,  um. 
autumn,  autumnus,  i. 

Aventine,  Aventinus ,  a,  um. 

avert,  to,  avertere;  abducere ; propulsare. 

avoid,  to,  fugere;  vitare. 

await,  to,  expectare. 

awaken,  to,  suscitare. 

award,  to,  adjudicare. 

aware,  to  be,  sentire. 

B. 

Babylon,  Babylon ,  onis. 
back,  tergum,  i. 
back-door,  posticum,  i. 

Bactria,  Bactria,  orum. 

Bactrians,  Bactriani,  orum. 
baggage,  impedimenta ,  orum. 

Bagrada,  Bagrada,  ae  (m.). 
ball,  pila,  ae. 

banish,  to,  relegare,  pellere. 
bank,  ripa ,  ae. 
banquet,  epulum,  i. 
barbarian,  barbarus,  a,  um. 
barber,  tonsor,  oris. 
bard,  cantor ,  oris. 


286 


VOCABULARY. 


bare,  nudus,  a ,  ton, 
base,  turpis ,  e. 
battering-ram,  aries,  etis. 
battle,  pugna ,  ae;  proelium,  i. 
battle-field,  proelium,  i. 
battle-line,  acies ,  ei. 
bear,  to,  ferre,  afferre. 
beard,  barba ,  ae. 
bearded,  barbatus,  a,  um. 
bearing-,  a,  habitus,  us. 
beat,  to,  caedere,  verberare. 
beauty,  pulchritudo,  inis;  amoenitas , 
atis. 

become  acquainted,  to,  cognoscere. 

bed,  of  a  river,  alveus ,  i. 

bee,  apis,  is. 
beg,  to,  orare. 
beget,  to,  gignere. 
begin,  to,  incipere. 
beginner,  tiro,  onis. 
beginning,  initium,  i. 
begrudge,  to,  invidere. 
behead,  to,  securi  percutere. 
behold,  to,  conspicere. 
belief,  fides,  ei;  opinio ,  onis. 
beneficence,  beneficentia,  ae. 
beneficent,  beneficus,  a,  um. 
beneficial,  salutaris,  e. 
benefit,  beneficium,  i. 
benevolence,  benevolentia,  ae. 
benevolent,  benevolus ,  a,  um. 
bereave,  to,  orbare. 

bereft,  orbatus;  orbus,  a,  um. 
beseech,  to,  precari. 
besiege,  to,  obsidere. 
betray,  to,  prodere. 
bewail,  to,  deplorare. 
beware,  to,  cavere. 
bid,  to,  jubere. 

bill  (a  law  proposed),  lex,  gis. 
birth,  nativitas,  atis;  genus,  eris. 
birthday,  dies  natalis. 

Biton,  Bito,  onis. 

bitter,  acerbus,  a,  um. 

blame,  culpa,  ae. 

blessing,  bonum;  beneficium,  i. 

blind,  caecus,  a,  um. 

block,  to,  intercludere. 

blockade,  to,  obsidere. 

bloody,  cruentus,  a,  um. 

blossom,  fios,  oris. 

blot  out,  to,  delere. 

blow,  ictus,  us. 

boar  (wild),  aper,  pri. 

body,  corpus,  oris;  (band)  manus,  us. 

body-guard,  custos  corporis. 

Boeotians,  Boeotii,  orum. 

bold,  audax,  acis. 

Bologna,  Bononia,  ae. 
bolt,  to,  occludere. 
bond,  vinculum,  i. 
bondage,  servitus,  iis. 
booty,  praeda ,  ae. 


border,  fi?iis  is. 
border,  to,  tangere. 
born,  to  be,  nasci. 
bosom,  pectus,  oris. 

Bostar,  Bostar,  is. 

bow,  arcus,  us. 

boxer,  pugil,  is. 

brave,  fortis,  e. 

brazen,  aeneus,  a,  um. 

break  one’s  word,  to,  fidem  frangere. 

break  out,  to,  exoriri. 

break  up  camp,  to,  castra  movere. 

break  through,  to,  perrumpere. 

breath,  spiritus,  us. 

breathe,  to,  spirare. 

bred,  nutritus,  a,  um. 

brevity,  brevitas ,  atis. 

bribe,  to,  corrumpere. 

brick,  later ,  eris. 

brilliant,  splendidus,  a,  um. 

bring  close,  to,  admovere. 

bring  to,  to,  afferre. 

Britain,  Britannia,  ae. 

bronze,  of,  aeneus,  a,  um. 

brook,  rivus,  i. 

buckler,  clipeus,  i. 

build,  to,  aedificare;  exstruere. 

building,  aedificium ,  i. 

bull,  bullock,  taurus,  i. 

burial,  funus,  eris. 

burn,  to  (trans.),  incendere. 

bury,  to,  sepelire. 

bushel,  modius,  i. 

C. 

Cable,  funis,  is. 

Caere,  Caere  (indecl.). 

Calauria,  Calauria,  ae. 

Calchas,  Calchas,  ntis. 

call,  to,  appellare;  convocare;  —  down, 
devocare;  — out,  pronuntiare. 

Callisthenes,  Callisthenes ,  is. 

calm,  placidus,  a,  um. 
calmness,  of  mind,  aequus  animus. 
Campanians,  Campani,  orum. 
camel,  camelus,  i. 

candidacy,  petitio,  onis. 
cane,  baculus,  i. 
caparison,  to,  ornare. 
capitol,  capitolium,  i. 
capture,  to,  capere. 
cardinal,  a,  cardinalis,  is. 
career,  cursus,  us. 
cargo,  onus,  eris. 

carry,  to,  ferre;  — off,  auferre;  — on, 
gerere. 

Carthage,  Carthago,  inis. 

Cassiope,  Cassiope,  es. 

cast,  to,  to,  conjicere;  —  off,  abjicere; 

—  lots,  sortiri. 
cat,  felis,  is. 

cattle,  pecus,  oris;  bos,  bovis. 


VOCABULARY. 


287 


Caudine,  Caudinus ,  a , 
cause,  to,  efficere;  inferre;  facere. 
cause  (of  persons),  auctor ,  0W.9. 
cautious,  cautus,  a,  um. 
cavalry,  equitatus ,  ws. 
cave,  antrum,  i;  specus,  us. 
cease,  to,  cessare;  desinere. 
celebrate,  to,  celebrare. 
celebrated,  clarus,  a,  um;  nobilis,  e. 
celerity,  celeritas,  atis. 
celestial,  coelestis,  e. 
censorship,  censura,  ae. 
censure,  a,  vituperatio,  oms. 
censure,  to,  reprehendere ;  vituperare. 
center,  medium ,  i. 
centurion,  centurio,  onis. 
century,  saeculum,  i;  (division  of  Ro¬ 
man  people),  centuria,  ae. 

Ceos,  Ceos,  i;  of  — ,  Ceus,  a,  um. 
ceremony,  ceremonia ,  ae. 

Ceres,  Ceres,  eris. 

Chabeias,  Chabeias,  ae. 
chair,  sella,  ae. 

Chaldeans,  Chaldaei,  orum. 
challenge,  to,  provocare. 
chamber,  conclave ,  is. 
change,  to,  mutare. 
changeable,  ?nobilis,  e. 
chapel,  sacellum,  i. 
character,  mores,  um;  (letter),  litera,ae. 
charge,  to  (attack),  aggredi. 
chariot,  currus,  us. 

Charlemagne,  Carolus  Magnus. 
charm,  a,  oblectamentum,  i;  suavitas, 
atis. 

charm,  to,  capere. 
chase,  venatio,  onis. 
check,  to,  arcere;  coercere. 
cheer,  good,  bonus  animus. 
cheese,  caseus ,  i. 

Cheops,  Cheops,  pis. 
cherish,  to,  colere. 
chest,  a  (box),  cista,  ae. 
chieftain,  princeps,  ipis. 
childhood,  pueritia,  ae. 
chilly,  gelidus ,  a,  um. 
chin,  mentum ,  i. 
choice,  exquisitus,  a,  um. 
choose,  eligere. 

Cimbrians,  Cimbri,  orum. 
circle,  circulus ,  i. 
circumspect,  consideratus,  a,  um. 
circumstance,  res,  rei. 

Cirta,  Cirta,  ae. 

Cisalpine,  Cisalpinus,  a,  um. 
citadel,  arx,  cis;  castrum,  i. 
city  (adj.),  urbanus,  a,  um. 
city-hall,  curia,  ae. 
civilization,  humanitas,  atis. 
clasp,  to,  complecti. 
class,  to,  numerare. 
clear,  purus ,  a,  um. 
client,  cliens ,  entis. 


cliff,  scopulus,  i. 

climate,  coelum,  i;  temperies ,  ei. 
climax,  climax,  acis. 
climb,  to,  ascendere. 
cloak,  amiculum ,  i;  pallium ,  i. 
clock,  horologium,  i. 

Clodian,  Clodius,  a,  um. 
close,  exitus ,  us. 
clothing,  vestis,  is. 
clover,  trifolium,  i. 
coast,  ora,  ae. 
cock,  gallus,  i. 

Coelian,  Coelius ,  a,  um. 
cohort,  cohors,  tis. 
coin,  nummus,  i. 
cold,  frigidus,  a,  um. 
collapse,  to,  corruere. 
colleague,  collega ,  ae. 
collect  (intr.),  to,  congregare. 
colonnade,  porticus,  us. 
colonist,  colonus,  i. 

Colonus,  Colonus,  i. 
combat,  certamen,  inis. 
combat  single,  certamen  singulare. 
comet,  cometa,  ae. 
command-in-chief,  imperimn ,  i. 
commander-in-chief,  imperator,  oris. 
commandment,  mandatum,  i. 
commence,  to,  incipere. 
commentary,  commentarium ,  i. 
commerce,  mercatura,  ae. 
commission,  mandatum,  i. 
commit,  to,  committere;  perpetrare. 
commotion,  motus,  us. 
communalty,  civitas,  atis. 
communicate,  to,  communicare. 
companion,  socius,  i;  sodalis,  is;  co¬ 
mes,  itis. 

company,  societas,  atis. 

compassion,  misericordia ,  ae. 

compel,  to,  cogere. 

complain,  to,  queri. 

comply,  to,  satisfacere;  respondere; 

—  with  the  wishes  of,  obsequi. 
compose,  to,  componere. 
composed,  to  be,  constare. 
concert,  symphonia,  ae. 
conciseness,  brevitas ,  atis. 
conclude,  to,  conficere;  conjungere. 
concord,  concordia,  ae. 
condition,  cotiditio,  onis;  status,  us. 
conducive,  utilis,  e. 
confer,  to,  tribuere. 
confess,  to,  confiteri. 
confidant,  familiaris,  is. 
confide,  to,  confidere. 
confidence,  fiducia,  ae;  fides,  ei. 
confiscate,  to,  publicare;  confiscare. 
congratulate,  to,  gratulari. 
conjure,  to,  obtestari. 
connect,  to,  conjungere. 
connection,  societas,  atis. 
connoisseur,  homo  intelligens,  tis . 


288 


VOCABULARY 


Conon,  Conon,  onis. 
conscience,  conscientia ,  ae. 
conscientious,  diligens,  tis. 
consecrated,  sacer,  era,  erum. 
consent,  consensus,  us. 
consider,  to,  reputare;  ducere. 
considerable,  bonus,  a,  unt. 
considerate,  consideratus ,  a ,  um. 
consistent,  consentaneus ,  a,  um;  con¬ 
stans,  tis;  to  be  — ,  consentire;  con¬ 
sentaneum  esse. 
console,  to,  consolari. 
consort,  conjux ,  gis;  uxor,  oris. 
conspiracy,  conjuratio,  onis. 
conspirator,  conjurator,  oris. 
conspire,  to,  conjurare. 
constant,  firmus,  a,  um; perfectus,  a,  um 
consulship,  consulatus ,  us. 
consult,  to,  consulere  aliquem. 
contagious,  contagiosus ,  a,  um. 
contain,  to,  continere. 
contemporary,  aequalis,  e. 
contempt,  despicientia ,  ae. 
contend,  to,  pugnare;  contendere. 
content,  contentus,  a,  um. 
continent,  terra  continens,  tis. 
continue,  to,  pergere. 
contract,  to  (bargain),  locare. 
contraction,  contractio ,  onis. 
Contrebia,  Contrebia,  ae. 
contribute  to,  to,  valere  ad  rem. 
control,  to,  continere. 
convenient,  commodus,  a,  um. 
conversation,  sermo ,  onis. 
converse,  to,  colloqui. 
convince,  to,  persuadere. 
convoke,  to,  convocare. 
copy,  to,  describere. 

Corcyra,  Corcyra ,  ae. 

Corinth,  Corinthus,  i. 
corn,  frumentum,  i. 
corpse,  cadaver ,  is;  corpus,  oris. 
correct,  rectus,  a,  um. 
correct,  to,  coi'rigere;  emendare. 
correspond,  to,  respondere. 
corrupt,  to,  corrumpere. 
costly,  pretiosus,  a,  um. 

Cotys,  Cotys,  yis. 
couch,  lectus,  i. 
counsel,  to,  suadere. 
countenance,  vultus,  us. 
countless,  innumerabilis,  e. 
country,  regio,  onis;  terra ,  ae;  —  (adj.), 
rusticus,  a,  um. 
courage,  animus,  i. 
courageous,  audax,  cis. 
course,  cursus ,  us. 
court-trial,  judicium,  i. 
courteous,  humanus,  a,  um. 
covet,  to,  concupiscere. 
covetous,  avarus;  cupidus,  a,  um. 
covetousness,  avaritia,  ae. 
cowardice,  ignavia,  ae. 


creature,  creatura,  ae. 
credence,  fides,  ei. 
cremate,  to,  comburere. 

Creon,  Creon,  onis. 

Cretans,  Cretenses,  ium . 

Crete,  Creta,  ae. 
criminal,  a,  sons,  tis. 

Critias,  Critias,  ae. 
crocodile,  crocodilus,  i. 
crooked t  curvus,  a,  um. 
cross-street,  via  transversa. 
crow,  to,  canere. 
crucify,  to,  cruci  suffigere. 
cruel,  crudelis ,  e. 
crush,  to,  obterere;  opprimere. 
cry,  clamor,  oris. 
cultivate,  to,  colere. 
cultured,  excultus,  a,  um. 
cunning,  dolus,  i. 
cup,  poculum,  i. 

Cupid,  Cupido ,  inis. 
cupidity,  cupiditas,  atis. 
cure,  remedium,  i. 

Cures,  Cures,  ium. 
curved,  flexus,  a,  um. 
custom,  consuetudo,  inis;  mos,  oris. 
cut,  to,  secare;  —  down,  caedere. 
Cyclops,  Cyclops ,  pis. 

D. 

Dagger,  sica,  ae;  fugio,  onis. 

daily,  quotidie. 

dam,  vallum,  i;  agger ,  is. 

dance,  to,  saltare. 

danger,  periculum ,  i. 

dangerous, periculosus,  a,  um;  gravis,  e. 

Danube,  Danubius ,  i. 

dare,  to,  audere. 

daring,  audacia ,  ae. 

darkness,  tenebrae ,  arum;  caligo,  inis. 

dash  against,  to,  allidere;  offendere. 

dawn,  lux,  cis. 

day-time,  tempus  diurnum. 

dazzle,  to,  caecare. 

deadly,  ynortifer,  a,  um;  —  enemy,  ini¬ 
micissimus,  i. 

death,  to  put  to,  interficere. 
debauchery,  luxuria,  ae. 
debt,  aes  alienum. 
deceit,  dolus,  i. 
deceitful,  falsus,  a,  um. 
deceive,  to,  decipere. 
deceptive,  fallax,  acis. 
decide,  to,  decernere. 
declaim,  to  (poems),  canere. 
declare,  to,  dicere;  declarare;  — ,  bel¬ 
lum  indicere. 

decree,  decretum,  i;  consultum,  i. 
decree,  to,  decernere. 
dedicate,  to,  dedicare. 
deed,  res  gesta. 
defeat,  clades,  is. 


VOCABULARY. 


289 


defeat,  to,  vincere;  devincere. 
defile,  narrow,  angustiae ,  arum. 
deliberate,  to,  consulere. 
deliberation,  consilium ,  i. 
delicacy,  a,  cupedi  a ,  or  urn. 
deliver  a  speech,  to,  orationem  habere. 
deliverer,  servator,  is;  liberator ,  is. 
Delphian,  Delphicus,  a,  uin. 
demand,  to,  poscere;  postulare. 
demented,  amens,  tis. 
dense,  densus ,  i. 

depart,  to, proficisci;  migrare;  discedere. 
departure,  discessus,  us. 
deposit,  to,  deponere. 
deprive,  to,  privare. 
depth,  altitudo,  inis. 
deputation,  legati,  orum. 
derive,  to,  capere ,  ducere. 
descent  (birth),  locus,  i. 
desecrate,  to,  violare. 
desert,  solitudo ,  inis. 
desert,  to,  deficere  ( ab ). 
deserve,  to,  mereri. 
deservedly,  merito. 
design,  consilium,  i. 
designate,  to,  indicare;  significare. 
desirable,  optabilis,  e. 
desire,  desiderium ,  i;  libido,  inis;  cu¬ 
piditas,  atis. 
desist,  to,  desistere. 
despise,  to,  contemnere. 
despoil,  to,  spoliare. 
destroy,  to,  diruere;  delere. 
destruction,  pernicies,  ei. 
destructive,  perniciosus ,  a,  um. 
detain,  to,  retinere. 
detect,  to,  patefacere. 
determination,  constantia,  ae. 
determine,  to,  decernere;  constituere. 
detestable,  odiosus,  a,  um;  turpis,  e. 
devastate,  to,  populari. 
devote,  to,  impendere. 
devoted,  deditus ,  a,  um;  studiosus,  a,  um. 
devotion,  studium,  i. 
devour,  to,  devorare. 
dew,  ros,  roris. 
dialogue,  dialogus,  i. 
diamond,  gemma,  ae. 
die,  a,  talus;  tessera;  game  of  dice, 
a  lea,  ae. 

differ,  to,  differre. 
difficult,  difficilis,  e. 
dig,  to,  fodere;  ducere. 
diligent,  studiosus ,  a,  um. 
diminish,  to,  minuere. 
dine,  to,  coenare. 

Dio,  Dio  onis. 
direction  (way),  pars,  tis. 
disadvantage,  incommodtmi,  i. 
disagree,  to,  dissentire. 
disagreeable, -molestus,  a,  um. 
disappoint,  to,  fallere. 
disaster,  calamitas ,  atis. 

19 


disastrous,  atrox,  cis. 
discipline,  disciplina,  ae. 
disclose,  to,  aperire. 
discourage,  to,  ( animum )  frangere. 
discourse,  oratio ,  onis. 
discover,  to,  detegere;  patefacere;  in¬ 
venire;  reperire. 
discussion,  disputatio,  onis . 
disease,  morbus,  i. 

disgrace,  dedecus ,  oris;  turpitudo,  inis; 

ignominia ,  ae. 
disgraceful,  turpis,  e. 
dish,  patina ,  ae. 
dishearten,  to,  frangere. 
dishonestly,  male;  fraudulenter. 
dishonorable,  inhonestus ,  a,  um;  tur¬ 
pis,  e. 

disinherit,  to,  exheredare. 
disinterested,  abstinens,  tis. 
disinterestedness,  innocentia,  ae. 
dislike,  to,  abhorrere;  odisse. 
dismiss,  to,  dimittere. 
disparage,  to,  obtrectare. 
dispatch,  to  (send),  mittere;  (finish) 
absolvere;  (kill)  conficere. 
display,  to,  p7'aebere. 
displease,  to,  displicere. 
displeasure,  offensio,  onis. 
dispose,  to,  aptum  reddere. 
disposed  by,  animus,  i. 
disposition,  animus,  i;  mens,  tis;  in¬ 
genium,  i. 

disputation,  disputatio,  onis. 
dispute,  controversia,  ae. 
dispute,  to,  certare;  contendere. 
disregard,  to,  negligere. 
dissatisfaction,  displicentia ,  ae. 
dissension,  discordia,  ae. 
dissimilarity,  dissimilitudo,  inis. 
dissolute,  luxuHosus,  a,  um. 
dissuade,  to,  dissuadere. 
distance,  distantia,  ae. 
distant,  remotus,  a,  um. 
distinguish,  to,  distinguere ;  discernere ; 

—  one’s  self,  eminere. 
distinguished,  nobilis ,  e. 
distress,  to,  premere. 
distrust,  diffidentia,  ae. 
ditch,  fossa ,  ae. 
dive,  to  (intrans.),  mergi . 
divide,  to,  dividere. 
division  (part),  pars,  tis. 
dolphin,  delphinus ,  i;  — ,  adj.,  delphi¬ 
nus,  a,  um. 
domestics,  familia ,  ae. 

Domitian,  Domitianus,  i. 
drag,  to,  trahere. 
draining,  deductio,  onis. 
drama,  fabula,  ae. 

draw,  to,  stringere  {gladium)',  — from, 
distringere ;  extrahere;  —  near,  ap¬ 
propinquare;  —  up,  instruere;  con¬ 
stituere. 


290 


VOCABULARY. 


dread,  to,  timere;  extimescere. 
drink,  potus ,  us. 
dripping-,  madidus,  a,  um. 
drive,  to,  agere  (trans.) ;  vehere  (in¬ 
trans.)  ;  deferre. 
driver,  auriga ,  ae;  rector ,  oris. 
drown,  to  (trans.),  demergere. 
dry,  siccus ,  a,  um;  to  become  — ,  siccari. 
Dubis,  Dubis ,  is. 
dull,  hebes ,  etis. 
dust,  pulvis ,  eris. 
dutiful,  probus ,  a,  «w. 
duty,  officium  i;  munus,  eris. 

E. 

Eagerness,  aviditas,  atis. 
earnestly,  magnopere. 
earnestness,  severitas,  atis. 
earthly,  terrenus,  a,  um. 

Ebro,  Iberus ,  i. 

edifice,  aedificium ,  i. 

effect,  an,  effectus ,  «5;  effectum,  i; 

eventus ,  us. 
effect,  to,  efficere. 
effectual,  efficax ,  cis. 
effeminacy,  mollitia,  ae. 
effort,  conatus ,  us;  studium ,  i. 

Egypt,  Aegyptus ,  i. 
elapse,  to,  praeterire. 
elate,  to,  efferre. 

Elbe,  Albis ,  w. 
elect,  to,  eligere;  creare. 
elegant,  elegans ,  &y. 
elevated,  editus,  a,  um. 
elephant,  elephantus ,  i. 

Elis,  ii/zs, 

eloquent,  eloquens,  tis;  disertus,  a,  um. 
embellish,  to,  exornare. 
emboss,  to,  caelare. 
embrace,  amplexus,  us. 
embrace,  to,  amplecti. 
eminent, praestans,  tis;  eximius,  a,  um. 
emotion,  motus,  us. 
emperor,  imperator,  is. 
emphatically,  graviter. 
empire,  regnum,  i;  imperium,  i. 
employ,  to,  uti. 
empty,  to,  exhaurire. 
enable,  to,  idoneum  reddere. 
encamp,  to,  considere;  castra  ponere. 
enclose,  to,  includere 
encounter,  to,  se  objicere. 
encourage,  to,  exhortari;  adhortari. 
endeavor,  to,  conari;  niti. 
endowed,  praeditus,  a,  um. 
endurance,  patientia,  ae. 
endure,  to,  tolerare;  perferre;  ferre; 
laborare. 

engage  attention,  to,  attentum  reddere. 
engagement,  proelium,  i;  pugna ,  ae. 
England,  Anglia,  ae. 
engrave,  to,  incidere. 


enjoin,  to,  mandare. 

enjoyment,  delectatio,  otiis. 

enlarge,  to,  augere. 

enlist,  to,  conscribere. 

ennoble,  to,  honestare;  formare. 

enrich,  to,  locupletare. 

entertain,  to  (have  in  mind),  habere. 

entice,  to,  allectare;  inducere. 

entrails,  exta,  orum. 

entrance,  introitus,  us. 

entreat,  to,  orare. 

entreaty,  preces,  um. 

entrenchment,  munitio,  onis. 

entrust,  to,  committere. 

envious,  invidus,  a,  um. 

Ephesian,  Ephesius,  a,  um. 

epigram,  epigramma ,  atis. 

equal, par,  is;  aequalis,  e;  aequus,  a,  um. 

equal,  to,  aequare. 

equip,  to,  armare. 

erect,  to,  exstruere. 

erroneous,  falsus,  a,  um. 

error,  error,  oris. 

eruption,  eruptio ,  onis. 

Erycian,  Erycinus,  a,  um. 

escape,  to,  effugere. 

establish,  to,  constituere;  instituere; 

statuere;  stabilire. 
estate,  praedium ,  i;  villa,  ae. 
esteem,  existimatio,  onis. 

Ethiopians,  Aethiopes ,  um. 

Etruscans,  Etrusci,  orum. 

Euclides,  Euclides,  is. 
eulogist,  laudator,  oris. 

Eurymedon,  Eurymedon,  ontis. 

evacuate,  to,  excedere. 

evening,  vesper ,  i. 

eventually,  aliquando. 

exact,  accuratus ,  a,  um;  diligens,  tis. 

exact,  to,  cogere. 

excel,  to,  antestare,  excellere. 

excellent,  praeclarus,  a,  um. 

exchange,  to,  commutare. 

excite,  to,  excitare. 

excuse,  excusatio,  onis. 

execrable,  nefarius,  a,  um. 

execution  (death),  mors,  tis. 

exercise,  exercitatio,  onis;  usus,  us. 

exert,  to,  contendere. 

exertion,  labor,  is. 

exhaust,  to,  conficere. 

exhort,  to,  impellere. 

exile  (a  person),  exsul,  is. 

exile,  exsilium,  i. 

exiled,  exsul,  is;  to  be  — ,  exsulare. 
expect,  to,  expectare;  sperare. 
expectation,  spes,  spei. 
expediency,  utilitas,  atis. 
expedient,  utilis,  e: 
expedition,  expeditio ,  onis. 
expel,  to,  expellere. 
expense,  sumptus,  us. 
experience,  to,  experiri f 


VOCABULARY.  291 


experienced,  pentus ,  a ,  um. 
experiment,  experimentum,  i. 
expire,  to,  mori. 
explore,  to,  cognoscere. 
expose  one’s  self,  to,  objicere. 
express,  to,  dicere. 
expression  (of  features),  vultus ,  us. 
exstant,  to  be,  exstare. 
extemporary,  subitus ,  a ,  um. 
extend,  to  (intr.),  porrigi. 
extensive,  diffusus ,  a,  um. 
extortion,  pecuniae  repetundae. 
extraordinary,  singularis,  e. 
extravagant,  effusus ,  a,  um. 
extreme,  extremus ,  a,  um;  summus, 
a,  um. 

eye-sight,  lumen,  inis ;  lumen  oculorum. 

F. 

Faction,  factio ,  onis;  partes,  ium. 
fail,  to,  deficere;  errare. 
faithful,  fidelis ,  e. 

Faliscians,  Falisci ,  orum. 

fall,  to,  cadere; — ,  asleep ,  obdormiscere; 

—  away,  deficere;  —  into,  incidere; 

—  out,  decidere;  —  together,  corru¬ 
ere;  concidere. 

falsehood,  mendacium ,  i. 
fame,  nomen ,  inis;  gloria ,  ae. 
famine,  fames,  is. 
famous,  celeber ,  bris,  bre. 
fan,  to,  ventilare;  movere. 
farm,  fundus,  i. 
fasten,  to,  affigere. 
father-in-law,  socer,  i . 
fatigue,  labor,  oris. 
fatigued,  fatigatus;  fessus,  a,  um. 
fault,  vitium,  i;  culpa,  ae;  to  find  — , 
reprehendere ;  to  be  the  —  of,  stare 
per  aliquem. 

favor,  favor,  oris;  gratia,  ae. 
favor,  to,  favere. 

favorable,  secundus,  a,  um;  (of  place), 
aequus,  a,  um. 

favorite  pursuit,  a,  studium,  i. 
fear,  metus,  us;  timor,  is. 
feast-day,  dies  festus,  a,  um. 
feeble,  infirmus,  a ,  um. 
feebleness,  infirmitas,  atis. 
feed,  to  (trans.),  pascere. 
feeling,  sensus,  us. 
feign,  to,  simulare. 
female  (adj.),  muliebris,  e. 
fencing-school,  ludus  gladiatorius. 
ferocious,  ferox,  cis. 
fertility,  fertilitas,  atis. 
fervor,  studium,  i;  industria,  ae. 
festival,  feriae,  arum;  dies  festus. 
fetial,  fetialis,  e. 
fetter,  to,  vincire. 

fickle,  inconstans ,  tis;  varius,  a,  um. 


field,  ager,  gri;  to  take  the  — ,  in  bel¬ 
lum  proficisci. 

fierce,  ferox,  cis;  saevus,  a,  um. 
fierceness,  saevitia,  ae. 
fiery  (spirited),  acer,  eris,  cre. 
fig,  ficus ,  i. 

fight,  to,  pugnare;  committere. 
filthy,  sordidus,  a,  um. 

find,  to,  invenire;  reperire;  — out,  cog¬ 
noscere. 

fine,  a,  mulcta,  ae. 
fine,  to,  multare. 
finger,  digitus,  i. 

fired,  inflammatus,  a,  um. 

firmness,  constantia,  ae;  firmitas,  atis. 

fish,  to,  piscari. 

fist,  pugnus,  i. 

fix,  to,  figere. 

fixed  star,  stella  inerrans ,  tis. 

flatter,  to,  blandiri. 

flatterer,  adulator,  oris. 

flee,  to,  fugere;  — back,  refugere. 

fleet,  classis,  is. 

flight,  fuga,  ae;  to  put  to  — ,  fugare. 

flog,  to,  verberare. 

flourish,  to,  florere . 

flow,  to,  fluere;  —  together,  confluere; 

—  by,  praeterfluere. 
flower,  flos,  oris. 
fly  up,  to,  evolare. 
fodder,  pabulum ,  i. 
follow,  to,  sequi. 
folly,  stultitia,  ae. 
food,  cibus,  i;  esca,  ae. 
foolish,  stultus,  a,  um. 
foot-soldier,  pedes,  itis. 
forage,  to,  pabulaH. 
force,  vis;  to  —  a  way,  viam  aperire; 

to  —  upon,  adducere. 
forefathers,  majores,  um. 
foreign,  externus,  a,  um. 
foreigner,  barbarus,  i. 
foremost,  primus,  a ,  um;  princeps,  cipis. 
foresee,  to,  providere. 
foretell,  to,  praedicere. 
forgiveness,  venia,  ae. 
form,  to  (conspiracy),  inire. 
formerly,  ante,  olim. 
forsake,  to,  derelinquere. 
fortification,  munitio,  onis. 
fortify,  to,  munire. 
fortress,  castellum,  i. 
found,  to,  condere. 
founder,  auctor,  oris;  conditor,  oris. 
fountain,  fons,  tis. 
fox,  vulpes,  is. 
frailty,  fragilitas,  atis. 

France,  Gallia,  ae. 

Francis,  Franciscus,  i. 
fratricide,  fratricida ,  ae. 
fraud,  fraus,  dis. 

Frederick,  Fredericus,  i. 
freedom,  libertas,  atis. 


VOCABULARY. 


292 


frequented,  celeber ,  bris,  bre. 
fright,  terror ,  is. 
frighten,  to,  terrere . 
frivolous,  levis,  e. 
frog,  rana,  ae. 
frontier,  finis,  is. 
frugality,  frugalitaSy  atis. 
fruit,  fructus ,  us;  fruges ,  z'wzzz. 
frustrate,  to,  irritum  facere . 
fugitive,  fugitivuSy  ay  um. 
fulfill,  to,  exsequi. 
funeral  pile,  rogus,  i. 
furnish,  to,  praebere. 
furniture,  suppclleXy  lectilis. 
further,  ultro. 
further,  to,  servire. 

G. 

Gaggling,  clangor ,  oris. 
gain,  lucrum,  i. 
gain,  to,  parare. 

gain  good  will,  to,  animum  conciliare. 
gallant,  / 'ortis ,  e. 

Gallic,  Gallicus,  a ,  um. 

galling,  mordax y  acis;  molestus ,  a,  um. 

game,  ludus,  i. 

Ganges,  Ganges ,  is. 

Ganymede,  Ganymedes,  is. 
garden,  hortus ,  i. 
garland,  corona ,  ac. 
garrison,  praesidium ,  i. 
gate,  porta ,  ac. 

gather,  convenire;  congregare ;  colli¬ 
gere  (trans.) 

Gaugamela,  Gaugamela  y  orum. 

Gaza,  Gazdy  ae. 

Gelo,  GV/o,  o/m. 
generation,  aetas  y  atis. 

Geneva,  Geneva,  ae. 
gentle,  mitis ,  <?. 
gentleness,  humanitas ,  a/zs. 
geometry,  geometria ,  ae. 

Germans,  Germani ,  orum. 

Geryones,  Geryones ,  ac. 

Getulians,  Getuli ,  orum. 
gift,  donum ,  i. 
gifted,  praeditus ,  a,  «m. 
give  birth,  to,  parere. 
give  credit,  to,  laudare;  to  —  occasion 
for,  committere. 
glad,  to  be,  gaudere. 
gladiatorial,  gladiatorius ,  a ,  «;». 
glitter,  to,  micare;  nitere. 
glorious,  claims ,  a,  um; praeclarus,  a,um 
glory,  to,  gloriari. 
glow,  to,  candere. 
glutton,  ganeo ,  ozzz’j. 
gnaw,  derodere. 

go,  to,  zrc/  pergere;  —  by,  praeterire. 
golden,  aureus ,  a,  um. 
goose,  anser ,  eris. 
gorgeous,  magnificus ,  a,  «w. 


govern,  to,  imperare;  regere;  gubernare. 

government,  regnum ,  i;  imperium ,  z. 

governor,  praefectus ,  i. 

grace,  gratia ,  ac. 

graceful,  gratus ,  a,  «m. 

grammar,  grammatica ,  ac. 

grammarian,  grammaticus ,  z. 

granary,  granaria ,  orum. 

grand,  magnificus ,  a,  »«. 

grandchild,  nepos ,  o/zs. 

grandeur,  magnificentia ,  ac. 

grandfather,  az/as,  z. 

grandson,  nepos,  otis. 

grant,  to,  concedere. 

grassy,  herbidus,  a,  um. 

gratitude,  gratia ,  ae. 

greatness,  magnitudo,  inis. 

grievance,  quaerimonia ,  ac. 

grindstone,  cos, 

gross,  magnus ,  0,  zzzzz. 

groundlessly,  frustra. 

grotto,  antrum,  i. 

grow,  to  allow  to,  alere;  —  old,  to, 
senescere;  —  up,  to,  adolescere. 
guide,  «5. 

guide,  to,  gubernare ;  ducere. 
gymnasium,  gymnasium,  i. 

H. 

Habit,  consuetudo ,  inis. 

halt,  to,  consistere. 

hamlet,  vicus,  i. 

hand  down,  to,  tradere. 

handsome,  speciosus ,  a,  um. 

happen,  to,  accidere;  evenire. 

happiness,  beatitudo ,  zzzzs. 

happy,  beatus ,  a,  zzwz;  felix ,  icis. 

harangue,  contio,  onis. 

harbor,  portus ,  zzs. 

hardship,  molestia ,  ac/  labor,  oris. 

harm,  to,  nocere. 

harmony,  concordia ,  ac. 

harsh,  durus ,  a,  zzwz. 

harvest,  messis ,  Z5. 

hasten,  to,  properare. 

hasty,  celcr,  is,  e. 

hatred,  odium ,  z. 

haughtiness,  superbia ,  ac/  arrogan¬ 
tia,  ae. 

haughty,  superbus,  a,  urn. 
hawk,  accipiter,  tris. 
hazard,  periculum,  i. 
healing,  sanatio,  onis. 

.  health,  valetudo ,  zzzz5. 
health,  to  be  in  good,  valere . 
healthy,  sanus,  a,  um. 
heart,  cor,  cordis;  animus,  i. 
hearth,  focus,  i. 
heartily,  effuse;  magnopere. 
heat,  calor,  is;  aestus,  us. 
heed,  to,  respicere;  observare. 
heel,  ca£r,  cz>. 


VOCABULARY. 


heir,  heres ,  edis . 

Helen,  Helena , 

Hellespont,  Hellespontus,  i. 

Helotes,  Helotes , 

Helvetians,  Helvetii,  orum. 
hen,  gallina,  ae. 

Henry,  Henricus .  z. 

Hephaestio,  Hephaestio,  onis. 
Heraclides,  Heraclides,  ae. 
herald,  praeco ,  onis. 
herb,  herba ,  a<?. 
heroic,  fortissimus,  a,  um. 
heroism,  virtus , 
hidden,  occultus,  a,  um. 
hide,  to,  occultare;  abdere. 

Hiero,  Hiero ,  o/m. 
hight,  altitudo,  inis. 
highway-robber,  praedo,  onis;  latro, 
onis. 

highway-robbery,  latrocinium,  i;  to 
practise  — ,  latrocinari. 

Himera,  Himera,  ae. 
hint,  to  give  a,  significare. 
historian,  rerum  scriptor. 
hoard  up,  to,  recondere. 
hold,  to,  tenere;  insidere. 
holidays,  feriae ,  arum. 
honorable,  honestus,  a,  um;  honori¬ 
ficus,  a,  um. 
honest,  probus,  a,  um. 
honey,  mei,  mellis. 
honor,  to,  honorare;  colere. 
honorary  position,  honor,  oris. 
hook,  hamus ,  i. 

Horace,  Horatius,  i. 
horn,  cornu,  us. 
horse-liair,  seta  equina. 
horseman,  eques ,  itis. 
host,  hospes,  itis. 
hospitality,  hospitium ,  i. 
hostage,  obses ,  idis. 
hostile,  hostilis,  e. 

hot,  calidus,  a,  um;  fervidus,  a,  um. 

hour-clock,  horarium,  i. 

huge,  ingens.  Us. 

human,  humanus,  a,  urn. 

hungry,  to  be,  esurire. 

hunt,  venatio,  onis. 

hunter,  venator,  oris. 

hurl,  to,  praecipitare. 

hurry  away,  to,  festinare. 

hurtful,  noxius ,  a,  um. 

husband,  maritus,  i;  vir,  i. 

Hydrus,  Hydrus ,  untis. 

I. 

Ibis,  Ibis,  is,  or  idis. 
ignoble,  ignobilis,  e. 
ignominious,  turpis ,  e;  foedus,  a,  um. 
Ilias,  Ilias,  adis. 

Hiberi,  Iliberi  (indecl.). 
ill-disposed,  malevolus,  a,  um. 


293 

illiterate,  illiteratus ,  a,  um;  rudis  lite- 
rarum. 

illustrious,  illustris,  e. 
ill-will,  to  bear,  succensere. 
imagine,  to,  animo  concipere. 
imbue,  to,  imbuere;  infundere. 
immediately,  statim;  mox. 
immense,  ingens,  tis. 
immoderate,  immoderatus,  a,  um. 
impair,  to,  laedere. 
impeach,  to,  accusare. 
impel,  to,  cogere;  inducere. 
impend,  to,  imminere. 
impiety,  impietas,  atis. 
impious,  impius,  a,  um. 
implacable,  implacabilis,  c. 
implore,  to,  implorare.  • 
important,  gravis,  e. 
impose,  to,  imponere. 
imprison,  to,  in  vincula  conjicere. 
improve,  to,  mendare. 
impudent,  impudens,  tis. 
impulse,  impetus,  us. 
impute,  to,  tribuere;  vertere. 
incapable,  impar ,  is. 
incentive,  incitamentum,  i. 
inclination,  inclinatio,  onis. 
inclined,  alacer ,  cris,  ere. 
inconstancy,  inconstantia ,  ae. 
inconvenience,  incommodum,  i. 
incredible,  incredibilis,  e. 

Indians,  Indi,  orum. 
indicate,  significare. 
indifferent,  negligens,  tis. 
individual,  singuli,  ae,  a. 
indolence,  pigritia,  ae. 
induce,  to,  persuadere. 
inevitable,  necessarius,  a,  um. 
inexperienced,  imperitus,  a,  um. 
infamous  action,  flagitium,  i. 
infantry,  pedites,  um;  peditatus ,  us. 
infer,  to,  colligere. 
inferior,  parvus,  a,  um. 
inflame,  to,  incendere. 
inflict,  to,  inferre. 
influence,  auctoritas ,  atis. 
influential,  potens,  tis. 
inform,  to,  certiorem  facere. 
infuse,  to,  injicere. 
inhuman,  inhumanus,  a,  um. 
injunction,  mandatum,  i. 
innovation,  res  nova. 
innumerable,  inumerabilis ,  e. 
insatiable,  insatiabilis,  e. 
insignificant,  levis,  e. 
insolent,  superbus,  a,  um. 
inspect,  to,  inspicere. 
inspire,  to,  injicere. 
instantly,  statim. 
instill,  to,  infundere. 
instruct,  to,  praecipere;  instituere;  eru¬ 
dire. 

instruction,  praeceptum,  i. 


294 


VOCABULARY, 


instrument,  instrumentum,  i . 

insult,  to,  contumeliam  facere. 

integrity,  integritas ,  atis. 

intent,  to  be,  studere;  —  upon,  cogitare. 

intention,  animus,  i. 

inter,  to,  sepelire. 

intercourse,  colloquium,  ii. 

interests,  commoda,  orum. 

interior,  internus ,  a,  um. 

interrupt,  to,  intervenire ;  intermittere. 

intersect,  to,  secare. 

interview,  colloquium,  ii. 

intimate,  familiaris,  e. 

intimate,  to,  significare. 

intimately,  amicissime ;  familiariter. 

intrenchment,  munimentum ,  i. 

intrepid,  fortis,  e. 

intrigue,  dolus ,  i;  insidiae,  arum. 

introduce,  to,  introducere. 

inundate,  to,  innundare. 

in  vain,  frustra. 

invasion,  irruptio,  onis. 

inveigh  against,  to,  invehi. 

inviolate,  inviolatus,  a,  um. 

invite,  to,  invitare. 

invoke,  to,  invocare. 

Iphicrates,  Iphicrates,  is. 
iron ,  ferrum,  i;  —  (adj .),  ferreus,  a,  um. 
irreproachable,  integer,  gra,  grum. 
Ister,  Ister,  tri. 

Isthmus,  Isthmus,  i. 

ivory  (adj.),  eburneus,  a,  um. 

J. 

Jealous,  to  be,  invidere. 
jealousy,  invidia,  ae. 

Jerusalem,  Hierosolyma,  orum. 
jest,  to,  jocari. 

Jewish,  Judaicus,  a,  um. 

Jews,  Judaei,  orum. 
jocosely,  per  jocum. 

John,  Joannes ,  is. 
join,  to,  conjungere. 

Jugurthan,  Jugurthinus,  a,  um. 
jump,  to,  salire. 

K. 

Keep  from,  to,  arcere;  —  up,  to,  susten¬ 
tare;  —  within  bounds,  to,  coercere. 
kind,  benignus,  a,  um. 
kindness,  benignitas,  atis. 
knight,  eques,  itis. 
know,  to,  cognovisse. 
knowledge,  cognitio,  onis;  scientia,  ae. 
known,  it  is,  constat. 

L. 

Lacedaemon,  Lacedaemon,  onis. 
Lacedaemonians,  Lacedaemonii,  orum. 
lack,  to,  carere. 


lad,  puer,  i. 

laden,  onustus ,  a,  um. 

lady,  matrona,  ae. 

Laenas,  Laenas,  atis. 
lake,  lacus ,  us. 
lament,  to,  dolere. 

Lampsacus,  Lampsacus,  i. 
lance,  lancea,  ae. 
land,  to,  egredi  e  navi. 
land  forces,  copiae  terrestres. 
language,  lingua,  ae. 
languor,  languor,  oris. 
lately,  nuper. 

laurel  (adj.),  laureus,  a,  um. 
laurel-tree,  laurus ,  i. 
law-giver,  legislator,  oris. 
law-suit,  to  carry  on,  causam  agere. 
lay,  ponere;  jacere;  —  aside,  deponere; 
—  hands  on,  manus  injicere;  — waste, 
.  devastare;  depopulari. 
lazy,  piger ,  gra,  grum. 
lead,  to,  ducere;  —  back,  reducere;  — 
out,  educere. 
leader,  dux,  cis. 
leaf,  folium,  i. 

leap,  to,  exilire;  — over,  transilire. 
learn,  to,  discere. 

leave,  to  (trans.),  relinquere;  —  be¬ 
hind,  reluiqucre. 
legal,  legitimus,  a,  um. 
legate,  legatus ,  i. 
leisure,  otium,  i, 
length,  longitudo,  inis. 
leniency,  lenitas,  atis. 

Leucas,  Leucas,  adis. 
level,  to,  aequare. 
levit}',  levitas,  atis. 
levy,  conscriptio,  onis. 
levy,  to,  conscribere. 
liberal  (of  arts),  bonus,  a,  um. 
liberality,  liberalitas,  atis. 
liberate,  to,  dimittere. 
library,  bibliotheca,  ae. 
licentious,  luxuriosus,  a,  um. 
lie,  mendacium,  i. 

lie,  to,  recumbere;  jacere;  —  near,  to, 
adjicere;  —  open,  to,  patere. 
lieutenant,  legatus,  i. 
life,  to  lead  a,  vitam  agere. 
life-time,  vita,  ae. 
lift  off,  to,  allevare. 
lift  up,  to,  levare. 
line  of  battle,  acies,  ei. 
list,  tabula,  ae. 
listen,  to,  audire. 
literature,  literae,  arum. 
litter,  lectica,  ae. 

little,  parvus,  a,  um;  exiguus ,  a,  um. 
living  being,  animans,  tis. 

Livy,  Livius,  i. 
load,  to,  cumulare. 
loath,  to,  taedet. 
loathsome,  foedus,  a,  um. 


VOCABULARY 


295 


lock,  to,  claudere, 

Locrians,  Locrenses,  ium;  Locri,  orum. 

longevity,  vitae  diuturnitas. 

longing,  desiderium ,  i. 

look  at,  to,  adspicere;  — back ,  respicere. 

lose,  to,  perdere. 

lot,s  sors,  sortis. 

loudly,  clara  voce. 

lovely,  amabilis,  e. 

low,  humilis,  e. 

lower,  to,  demittere. 

lower  region,  inferi,  orum. 

lowliness,  humilitas,  atis. 

Lyco,  Lyco ,  onis. 

Lydians,  Lydi,  orum. 

M. 

0 

Macedonian,  Macedonicus,  a,  um;  (n.) 

Macedones,  um. 
machine,  machinatio,  onis. 
mad-man,  furiosus,  i. 
madness,  insania,  ae. 
magician,  magus,  i. 
magistrate,  magistratus,  us. 
magnanimity,  magnus  animus. 
maiden,  virgo,  inis;  of  a  — ,  virginalis. 
majesty,  majestas,  atis. 
make  known,  to,  declarare. 

Malta,  Melita,  ae. 
man,  to,  complere. 
man-of-war,  navis  longa. 
management,  administratio ,  onis. 
mangle,  to,  laniare. 
mangling,  a,  lanatio,  onis. 
manifest,  to,  exhibere. 
manner,  mos,  moris. 
mantle,  pallium,  ii. 
maple-tree,  acer,  aceris. 

Marathon,  Marathon ,  is. 

march,  iter,  itineris. 

march,  to,  proficisci;  to  —  out,  egredi. 

Mareotis,  Mareotis,  is. 

mare,  equa,  ae. 

maritime,  maritimus,  a,  um. 

mark  of  distinction,  honor,  oris. 

market-place,  forum,  i. 

Marsians,  Marsi,  orum. 
marsh,  palus,  udis. 

mass,  massa,  ae. 

Massilians,  Massilienses ,  ium. 

mast,  malus,  i. 
master,  magister,  tri. 

master,  to  (learn),  addiscere;  imbui. 
masticate,  to,  obterere. 
match  (equal),  par,  is. 
mathematician,  mathematicus ,  i. 
matricide,  matricidium,  i. 
meal,  coena,  ae. 
mean,  sordidus ,  a,  um. 
measure,  consilium,  i;  modus,  i. 
meat-market,  macellum,  i. 

Medes,  Medi,  orum. 


medicine,  medicuia ,  ae. 

Medina,  Jathrippa,  ae. 
meditate,  to,  meditari. 

Mediterranean,  mare  internum . 
meet,  aequus ,  a,  um. 
meet,  to,  occurrere. 

Megara,  Megara,  ae,  or  orum. 

Megarians,  Megarenses,  ium. 

melt  together,  to,  confundere. 

member,  membrum ,  i. 

memory,  memoria,  ae. 

mention,  to,  memorare ;  commemorare. 

merchant,  mercator,  oris. 

Mercury,  Mercurius,  ii. 
mercy,  misericordia,  ae. 
message,  mandatum,  i. 
messenger,  nuntius,  i. 

Messenians,  Messenii,  orum. 
metal,  metallum,  i;  aes,  aeris. 
migration,  migratio,  onis. 

mild,  mitis,  e;  clemens,  tis. 
mildness,  mansuetudo,  inis;  demen¬ 
tia,  ae. 

mile,  mille  passuum. 
military,  bellicus,  a,  um. 
military  service,  militia ,  ae. 
mind,  to  bear  in,  cogitare. 

Minotaur,  Minotaurus,  i. 
minute,  copiosus,  a,  um. 
misdeed,  delictum,  i;  peccatum ,  i. 
miser,  homo  avarus,  i. 
miserable,  miser,  a,  um. 
misery,  miseria,  ae. 

misfortune,  calamitas ,  atis;  res  ad¬ 
versae. 

mislead,  to,  decipere;  in  errorem  ducere. 
missile,  telum,  i. 
missing,  to  be,  abesse. 
mist,  nebula,  ae. 
mistake,  error,  ris;  menda,  ae. 
misuse,  to,  abuti. 
mixture,  mixtura,  ae. 
model,  exemplar,  is. 
moderate,  mediocris,  e. 
moderate,  to,  moderari. 
modern,  recens,  tis. 
modesty,  modestia,  ae. 
moisture,  liquor,  oris. 
money,  pecunia,  ae. 
monstrous,  ingens,  tis. 
monument,  monumentum,  i. 
morose,  morosus,  a,  tim. 
mount,  mountain,  mons,  tis;  — districts, 
montes,  ium. 

mountaineers,  montani,  orum. 
mourning,  maeror,  oris. 
movable,  mobilis,  e. 
mullet,  mullus,  i. 

municipality,  municipal  town,  munici¬ 
pium,  i. 

Murgantia,  of,  Murgentinus. 
murder,  caedes,  is. 
murder,  to,  interficere. 


296 


VOCABULARY. 


music,  musica ,  ae. 
mutual,  mutuus,  a ,  uni. 
myrtle,  myrtus,  i,  or  us. 

Mysians,  Mysi,  orutn. 

Mytilenae,  Mytilenae ,  arum. 
Mytileneans,  Mytilenaei,  orum. 

N. 

Naples,  Neapolis,  is. 
narrow,  angustus,  a,  um. 
narrowness,  angustiae,  arum. 
nation,  natio,  onis;  populus,  i. 
naval,  navalis,  e. 

navigable,  navigabilis,  e;  navium  pa¬ 
tiens,  tis. 

navigation,  navigatio ,  onis. 
navy,  classis ,  e. 
necessary,  necessarius,  a,  um. 
neck,  collum,  i. 
necklace,  torques,  is. 
needy,  egenus,  a,  um. 
negligence,  negligentia,  ae. 
neighboring,  finitimus,  a,  um. 
Nereids,  Nereides,  um. 
nest,  nidus,  i. 
news,  nuntius,  i. 
niggardly,  sordidus,  a,  um. 
nightingale,  luscinia,  ae. 
night-time,  tempus  nocturnum. 
night-watch,  vigilia,  ae. 

Nile,  Nilus,  i. 
nimbleness,  velocitas,  atis. 
nobleness,  nobilitas,  atis. 
nocturnal,  nocturnus,  a,  um. 
noon,  meridies,  ei. 

Noreia,  Noreia,  ae. 

North-sea,  Oceanus  Germanus. 

north-wind,  aquilo ,  onis. 

note,  to,  indicare. 

noteworthy,  memorabilis,  e. 

notice,  to,  sentire. 

notice,  to  take  —  of,  animadvertere. 

nourish,  to,  alere. 

nourishment,  alimentum,  i. 

novelty,  novitas,  atis. 

number,  to,  numerare. 

Numidian,  a,  Numida,  ae. 
nymph,  nympha,  ae. 

O. 

Obdurate,  obstinatus,  a,  um. 
obey,  to,  parere;  obtemperare;  obedire. 
object  of  art,  artis  opus,  eris. 
obliging,  officiosus,  a,  um. 
obscure,  obscurus,  a,  um. 
obscurity,  tenebrae,  arum. 
observance,  obtemperatio,  onis. 
observe,  to,  servare;  animadvertere; 

videre;  percipere. 
obstacle,  impedimentum ,  i. 
obtain,  to,  impetrare;  accipere. 


occupation,  occupatio,  onis;  studium ,  i. 
occurrence,  res,  rei. 

Octavian,  Octavianus,  i. 
odious,  invisus,  a,  um. 

Odyssey,  Odyssea,  ae. 
offence,  injuria,  ae. 
offend,  to,  offendere. 
official,  magistratus,  us. 
ointment,  unguentum ,  i. 
old,  antiquus ,  a,  um;  vetus,  eris;  old 
(of  age),  senex ,  is. 

olive-tree,  olea,  ae;  wild  — ,  oleaster,  tri. 
Olympiad,  Olympias,  adis. 

Olympian  games,  Olympia,  orum. 
omit,  to,  praetermittere. 
open,  apertus,  a,  um. 
open,  to,  aperire. 
openly  u  palam. 
opinion,  sententia ,  ae. 
opponent,  adversarius,  i. 
opportunity,  facultas,  atis. 
oppress,  to,  opprimere. 
oratory,  ars  dicendi;  eloquentia,  ae. 
oratorical,  oratorius. 
orchard,  pomarium,  i. 
ordain,  to,  statuere. 
order,  ordo ,  inis;  (command)  praecep- 
tum,  i;  mandatum,  i. 
order,  to,  jubere. 

origin,  origo,  inis;  to  have  — ,  oriri. 
orphan,  orbns,  a,  um. 
outrage,  scelus,  eris. 
overbearing,  arrogans,  tis. 
overcome,  to,  vincere. 
overflow,  to,  redundare. 
overtake,  to,  consequi. 
overthrow,  to,  evertere. 

Ovid,  Ovidius. 
owl,  bubo,  onis. 
own,  proprius,  a,  um. 
own,  to,  possidere. 
ox,  bos,  bovis. 

P. 

Pace,  passus,  us. 

Padua,  Patavium,  i. 
pain,  dolor,  oris. 
pains  (labor),  opera,  ae. 
painting,  a,  pictura,  ae. 
paint,  to,  pingere. 
palace,  domus  regia. 

Pamphilian,  Pamphilius ,  a,  um. 
Panathenaea,  Panathanaica ,  orum. 
Pantheon,  Pantheon,  i. 
pardon,  venia ,  ae. 
pardon,  to,  ignoscere. 

Paris  (city),  Lutetia  Parisiorum. 
partisan,  fautor,  oris. 
pass,  a,  angustiae,  arum;  fauces ,  ium. 
pass,  to  (of  time),  consumi;  —  a  law, 
to,  legem  jubere;  —  along,  to,  ince¬ 
dere;  —  over,  to,  transire;  —  through, 
peragrare;  transire. 


VOCABULARY. 


297 


passage,  transitus ,  us;  locus,  i. 
passage,  to  make  a,  viam  facere. 
passion,  libido ,  inis;  cupiditas,  atis. 
patient,  patiens,  entis. 

Patrae,  Patrae,  arum. 
patrician,  patricius ,  a,  um. 
patricide,  patricidium,  i. 
patrimony,  patrimonia,  ae. 
patriotism,  amor  patriae. 
patron,  patronus,  i. 
pave,  to,  sternere. 
pay,  to,  solvere. 
peaceable,  pacificus,  a,  um. 
pearl,  margarita,  ae. 
peasant,  agricola,  ae. 
peck  (a  measure),  modius ,  i. 
peculiar,  propius,  a,  um. 
pedestal,  basis,  is. 

Pelias,  Pelias,  ae. 

Peloponnesians,  Peloponnesii,  orum. 
penalty,  poena,  ae. 
penetrate,  to,  penetrare. 
people,  populus,  i;  plebs,  bis. 
perceive,  to,  cognoscere. 
perfect,  perfectus ,  a,  um. 
perfidy,  perfidia,  ae. 
perform,  to,  perficere. 

Pericles,  Pericles,  is. 
peril,  periculum,  i. 

Peripatetics,  Peripatetici,  orum. 
perish,  to,  perire. 
perishable,  caducus,  a,  um. 
permission,  venia,  ae. 
permit,  to,  sinere;  permittere. 
perpetrate,  to,  committere. 
perpetrator,  auctor ,  oris. 
perpetual,  perpetuus ,  a,  um. 
Persepolis,  Persepolis,  is. 

Persian,  Persa,  ae. 
persist,  to,  perstare. 
personage,  homo,  inis. 
persuasion,  persuasio,  onis. 
perverse,  perversus,  a,  um. 
perversity,  perversitas,  atis. 

Phaedo,  Phaedon,  is. 

Phaethon,  Phaeton,  tis. 

Pharus,  Pharus,  i. 

Phidias,  Phidias,  ae. 

Philip,  Philippus,  i. 

Philo,  Philo,  onis. 
philosopher,  philosophus,  i. 
Philoxenus,  Philoxenus,  i. 

Phocion,  Phocion,  onis. 

Phoenicians,  Phoenices,  um. 

pick  up,  to,  tollere. 

picture,  imago ,  inis. 

pier,  crepido,  inis. 

pierce,  to,  transfodere ;  transfigere. 

pillage,  diripere;  depopulari. 

pilot,  moderator;  gubernator,  oris. 

Pindar,  Pindarus,  i. 

pine-tree,  pinus,  i. 

pirate,  praedo,  onis. 

20 


pitch  a  camp,  to,  castra  ponere . 
pitiful,  miser,  a,  um. 
place,  to,  constituere ;  ponere;  —  at  the 
head  of,  praeficere. 
planet,  planeta,  ae. 
plant,  to,  plantare;  serere. 

Platea,  Plataeae,  arum. 

Plateans,  Plataeenses,  ium. 

Platonic,  Platonicus,  a,  um. 
play,  a,  drama;  fabula. 
play,  to,  ludere. 
playmate,  collusor,  oris. 
pleasant,  gratus;  jucundus ,  a,  um. 
pleasing,  gratus,  a,  um. 
pleasure,  voluptas,  atis;  sensual  —,  vo¬ 
luptas  corporis. 
plebeian,  plebeius,  i. 
plot,  to,  moliri. 
plough,  aratrum,  i. 
plough,  to,  arare. 
plunder,  praeda,  ae. 
plunder,  to,  diripere. 
plunge,  to,  praecibitare. 

Plutarch,  Plutarchus,  i. 

Po,  Padus,  i. 

poem,  poema ,  atis;  carmen,  inis. 
pointed  (witty),  salsus,  a,  um. 
point  out,  to,  indicare;  monstrare. 
poison,  venenum,  i. 
polish,  to,  polire. 
politics,  res  publica. 

Pompeians,  Pompeiani,  orum. 

poor,  pauper ,  is. 

poplar-tree,  populus,  i. 

populous,  frequens. 

port,  portus,  us. 

portico,  porticus,  us. 

portion,  pars,  tis. 

portrait,  imago,  inis. 

possess,  to,  habere;  tenere;  inesse. 

position,  honorary,  honor,  oris. 

posterity,  posteri,  orum. 

pound,  pondo. 

pour  forth,  out,  to,  effundere;  — around, 
to,  circumfundere. 
poverty,  paupertas,  atis. 
power,  potestas;  supreme — ,  principa¬ 
tus,  us. 

powerful,  potens,  tis. 
practice,  usus,  us. 
practice,  to,  exercere;  colere. 
praise,  laus,  dis. 
praiseworthy,  laudabilis,  e. 
prayers,  preces,  um. 
precede,  to,  antecedere. 
precept,  praeceptum,  i. 
precious,  pretiosus,  a,  um. 
precipice,  locus  praeceps,  cipitis. 
precipitate,  to,  demittere. 
predict,  to,  praedicere. 
predominate,  to,  vincere . 
preferable,  it  is,  praestat. 
prefer,  to,  malle;  anteponere. 


298 


VOCABULARY. 


preparations,  to  make,  se  parare;  com¬ 
parare. 

presence  of  mind,  animus  praesens. 
present,  to  be,  adesse;  inter  esse. 
preservation,  conservatio ,  onis. 
preside  over,  to,  praesidere. 
press  hard,  to,  premere. 
presumptuous,  temerarius,  a,  um. 
pretence,  simulatio,  onis;  species,  ei. 
pretend,  to,  simulare. 
pretext,  species,  ei;  causa,  ae. 
prevail,  to,  regere;  esse. 
prevent,  to,  impedire;  prohibere. 
prey,  praeda,  ae. 
pride,  superbia,  ae. 
pride  one’s  self,  to,  gloriari. 
priest,  sacerdos,  otis;  high  — ,  ponti¬ 
fex,  icis. 

princess,  puella  regia ,  ae. 
principally,  praesertim;  potissimum. 
print,  to,  typis  describere ;  excudere. 
prison,  career,  eris. 
private,  privatus,  a,  um. 
proclaim,  to,  indicere;  promulgare. 
procure,  to,  parare;  comparare. 
produce,  fruges,  um. 
produce,  to,  efficere;  edere. 
productive,  ferax,  acis. 
profit,  a,  lucrum,  i. 
profit,  to,  prodesse. 
profitable,  fructuosus,  a,  um. 
profligate,  perditus,  a,  um. 
prominent,  nobilis,  e;  to  become  — , 
ad  auctoritatem  pervenire. 
promise,  pollicitatio ,  onis. 
promise,  to,  polliceor;  promittere. 
promontory,  promontorium,  i. 
promote,  to,  consulere. 
promoter,  fautor,  oris, 
promptness,  celeritas,  atis. 
prone,  pronus,  a,  um. 
property,  res,  rei. 

propose,  to,  proponere;  suadere;  —  a 
law,  legem  ferre. 
proscribe,  to,  proscribere. 
proverb,  proverbium,  i. 
prove  one’s  self,  to,  se  praestare;  prae¬ 
bere. 

proven,  probatus,  a,  um. 
provide,  to,  providere. 
provisions,  commeatus,  us;  —  for  a 
journey,  viaticum,  i. 
provoke,  to,  lacessere. 
prudence,  prudentia,  ae;  consilium,  i. 
Prusias,  Prusias,  ae. 
prytaneum,  prytaneum,  i. 

Ptolemy,  Ptolemaeus,  i. 
public,  publicus,  a,  um. 
publish,  to,  edere. 
punctual,  diligens,  ntis. 

Punic,  Punicus,  a,  um. 
punishment,  poena,  ae. 
pupil,  discipulus,  i. 


pure,  purus,  a,  um. 
pursue,  to,  persequi. 
pursuit,  studium;  —  (literary),  studia 
liter  arum. 

put  an  end,  to,  finem  facere. 
put  on  fire,  to,  incendere. 
pyramid,  pyramis,  idis. 

Pyrenees,  montes  Pyrenaei. 
Pythagorean,  Pythagoreus,  a,  um. 

Q. 

Qualified,  habilis ,  e. 
quality,  virtus,  tis. 
quantity,  vis. 
quarrel,  surgium,  i. 
quarrelsome,  litigiosus,  a,  um. 
quarry,  lautumiae ,  arum. 
question,  to,  interrogare. 
questorship,  quaestura,  ae. 
quick,  celer,  is,  e. 
quinquereme,  quinqueremis,  is. 
quit,  relinquere. 

R. 

Rain,  pluvia,  ae;  imber,  bris. 
rampart,  vallum,  i. 
rank,  ordo,  inis. 
ransom,  merces,  ium. 
readily,  facile;  prompte. 
real,  verus,  a,  um. 
realm,  regnum,  i. 

rear,  tergum,  i;  — guard,  agpien  no¬ 
vissimum. 

recall,  to,  revocare;  — (to  mind) ,  %  recor¬ 
dari;  reminisci. 
receive,  to,  recipere;  accipere. 
recent,  recens,  entis. 
reckless,  temerarius,  a,  um. 
recklessly,  temere. 
recognize,  to,  agnoscere. 
recommendation,  commendatio,  onis. 
reconquer,  to,  recipere. 
reduce,  to,  redigere. 
reed,  calamus,  i;  virga,  ae. 
reference,  to  have,  pertinere. 
refine,  to,  polire;  excolere. 
refined,  cultus ,  a,  um. 
refinement,  cultus ,  us. 
refresh,  to,  reficere. 
refuge,  refugium;  to  take — ,  confugere. 
refusal,  recusatio,  onis, 
refuse,  to,  recusare. 
refute,  to,  diluere;  repellere. 
regain,  to,  recuperare. 
regardless,  imrnemor. 
regret,  to,  doler  e;  poenitere. 
regulate,  to,  constituere ;  instituere. 
regulation,  institutum ,  i. 
reign,  imperium,  i;  regnum,  i. 
reign,  to,  regnare. 
reinforce,  to,  augere. 


VOCABULARY 


299 


reject  (with  scorn),  aspernari. 
rejoice,  to,  gaudere;  laetari. 
rejoicing-,  laetitia,  ae. 
relate,  to,  narrare. 
relation,  societas ,  atis. 
relative,  propinquus ,  a,  um. 
release,  to,  solvere;  emittere. 
relieve,  to,  levare. 
religious,  a,  religiosus,  a,  um. 
remarkable,  eximius,  a,  um. 
remembrance,  memoria ,  ae. 
remove,  to,  removere. 
render,  to,  reddere;  restituere. 
renew,  to,  renovare. 
renounce,  to,  abdicare. 
renowned,  clarus ,  a,  um;  celeber, 
bris,  bre. 

rent,  to,  conducere. 
repair,  to,  rejicere. 
repeat,  to,  repetere;  — by  heart,  re¬ 
citare. 

reply,  a,  responsum,  i. 
report,  a,  nuntius,  i;  fama,  ae. 
report,  to,  narrare;  nuntiare. 
reproach,  opprobrium ,  ii;  crimen,  inis. 
reprobate,  perditus,  a,  um. 
repulse,  to,  repellere. 
reputation, fama,  ae;  auctoritas ,  atis. 
rescue,  to,  eripere. 
resemblance,  similitudo ,  inis. 
resentment,  ira,  ae. 
reserve,  subsidia ,  orum. 
reserve,  to,  retinere. 
reside,  to,  habitare. 
residence,  sedes,  is. 
resistance,  to  make,  resistere. 
resistant,  constans ,  antis. 
restless,  inquietus,  a,  um;  impiger, 
gra,  grum. 

resolution,  propositum,  i. 
resources,  opes,  um. 
respect,  existimatio,  onis;  auctoritas, 
atis;  dignitas,  atis. 
respect,  to,  vereri;  honorare. 
respectable,  honestus,  a,  um. 
rest,  to,  quiescere. 
restore,  to,  reddere;  restituere. 
result,  eventus ,  us. 
resume,  to,  resumere. 
retain,  to,  retinere. 
retreat,  to,  se  recipere. 
return,  reditus ,  us. 

return,  to,  redire;  reverti  (turn  back); 

reddere  (give  back), 
revelry,  luxuria,  ae. 
revenge,  ultio,  onis. 
review,  to,  perlustrare ;  commemorare. 
revile,  to,  vituperare ;  maledicere. 
revolt,  seditio,  onis;  defectio,  onis. 
revolution,  res  novae. 
reward,  praemium,  ii. 
reward,  to,  praemio  afficere. 
rhetorician,  rhetor ,  oris. 


Rhine,  Rhenus,  i. 

Rhodes,  Rhodus,  i;  of — , Rhodius,  a,  um. 
Rhodians,  Rhodii,  > orum . 

Rhone,  Rhodanus ,  i. 
rich,  dives,  itis. 

Richard,  Richardus,  i. 
rid,  to,  adimere;  liberare. 
ride,  to,  vehi. 

ridiculous,  ridiculosus ,  a,  um. 

right,  justus;  rectus,  a,  um. 

righteous,  probus,  a,  um. 

righteousness,  probitas,  atis. 

rigor,  severitas,  atis. 

ring,  annulus,  i. 

ripe,  maturus,  a,  um. 

rite,  ritus,  us. 

rival,  aemulus,  i. 

road,  via,  ae. 

rob,  to,  rapere;  privare. 

robbery,  rapina ,  ae;  raptus,  us. 

robust,  robustus ,  a,  um. 

rock,  saxum,  i. 

roll  back,  to,  revolvere. 

roof,  tectum ,  i. 

rough,  rudis,  e;  confragosus ,  a,  um. 
rout,  to,  fugare;  profligare. 
route,  iter,  itineris;  via,  ae. 
row,  to,  remigare. 
royal  power,  regnum  i. 

Rubicon,  Rubico,  onis. 

rudder,  gubernaculum ,  i. 

rude,  rudis,  e;  rusticus,  a,  um. 

ruin,  pernicies,  ei;  exitium,  i;  ruina,  ae. 

ruin,  to,  perdere. 

ruler,  imperator,  oris; sole—,  tyrannus ,  i. 

rumor,  fama,  ae. 

rumored,  to  be,  famam  esse. 

run,  to,  currere;  — away,  to,  aufugere. 

runner,  cursor,  oris. 

Ruscino,  Ruscino ,  onis. 

s. 

Sabine,  Sabinus ,  a,  um. 

Sabines,  Sabini ,  orum. 
sacredness,  religio,  onis. 
sacrifice,  to,  immolare. 
sad,  tristis,  e. 

safe,  salvus,  a,  um;  incolumis ,  e. 
Saguntines,  Saguntini,  orum. 
sail,  to,  navigare;  —  along,  to,  prae¬ 
tervehi;  —  back,  to,  revehi. 

Salamis,  Salamis,  inis. 

Sallust,  Sallustius,  i. 
salt,  sal,  is. 
salutary,  salutaris,  e. 

Samnites,  Samnites,  ium  [um). 

Samos,  Samos  or  Samus,  i. 
sanctuary,  fanum,  i. 

Sardes,  Sardes,  ium. 

Sarmatians,  Sarmatae,  arum. 
satellite,  satelles,  itis. 
satisfy,  to,  satisfacere. 


300 


VOCABULARY, 


satrap,  satrapes ,  is. 

Saturn,  Saturnus ,  i. 
save,  to,  servare. 
scale,  to,  scandere. 
scarcely,  vix. 

scatter,  spargere;  (out),  dispergere; 
fundere. 

schoolmate,  condiscipulus ,  i. 
sciences,  litterae ,  arum . 

Scopas,  Scopas ,  a^. 
scout,  speculator,  oris. 
scruple,  to,  dubitare. 
sculptor,  sculptor ,  or/s. 

Scythian,  a,  Scytha ,  a<?. 
sea ,  mare,  is;  open — ,  mare  altum. 
sea-coast,  ora  maritima ,  a^. 
sea-port,  portus ,  ws. 
sea-snail,  umbilicus ,  /. 
search,  to,  quaerere. 
season,  tempus , 
season,  to,  condire. 
seasoning,  condimentum ,  i. 
seat,  sedes,  is. 
secret,  secretum,  i. 
secretary,  scriba,  ae. 
secure,  firmus,  a,  um. 
secure,  to,  consequi. 
seek,  to,  quaerere;  (try),  tentare;  co¬ 
nari. 

seem,  to,  videri. 

seer,  vates,  is. 

seize,  to,  capere. 

seldom,  ran?. 

select,  to,  eligere. 

sell,  to,  vendere. 

senate-house,  curia ,  a^. 

senator,  senator ,  orw. 

send,  to,  mittere. 

sensation  (feeling),  sensus ,  //5. 

sense,  sensus,  us. 

sensible,  prudens,  tis. 

sensuality,  voluptas,  atis;  libido , 

sentence,  to,  condemnare. 

sentinel,  vigil,  is;  custos,  odis. 

separately,  separatim. 

serious,  gravis,  e. 

serpent,  anguis ,  <?. 

servant,  famulus,  i. 

serve,  to,  servire. 

service,  officium,  i. 

set  on  fire,  incendere. 

settle,  to,  insidere. 

severe,  severus ,  a,  um. 

severity,  severitas,  atis. 

sex,  sexus,  us. 

shake  off,  to,  excutere. 

shameless,  impudens ,  #5. 

shape,  to,  fingere. 

sharp,  acer ,  acris,  acre. 

sharpen,  to,  acuere, 

sharp-sighted,  perspicax,  cis. 

shave,  to,  radere. 

sheep,  ovis,  is. 


shell,  putamen ,  inis;  concha,  ae. 

shield,  scutum,  i. 

shoot,  to,  mittere. 

shortness,  brevitas,  atis. 

show,  to,  exhibere. 

shudder,  to,  horrere. 

shy,  to  (of  horses),  trepidare. 

Sicilians,  Siculi,  orum. 

Sicily,  Sicilia,  ae. 

sick,  aeger,  gra,  grum;  aegrotus,  a,  um. 
sick,  to  be,  aegrotare. 
sickness,  morbus,  i. 

Sicyon,  of,  Sicyonius,  a,  um. 

side  with,  to,  stare  a. 

sigh,  to,  gemere. 

sight,  aspectus,  us. 

signal,  to,  signum  dare.  x 

silent,  tacitus,  a,  um. 

silent,  to  be,  tacere;  silere. 

silver,  of,  argenteus,  a,  um. 

silverware,  argentum,  i. 

similarity,  similitudo,  inis. 

Simonides,  Simonides,  is. 

simplicity,  simplicitas,  atis. 

sit  down,  to,  considere. 

situated,  situs,  a,  um. 

size,  magnitudo,  inis. 

skill,  peritia,  ae;  ars,  tis. 

skin,  pellis,  is. 

slaughter,  caedes,  is. 

slavish,  servilis,  e. 

sla y,  to,  caedere;  occidere. 

sleep,  somnus,  i. 

slight,  levis,  e. 

slight,  to,  negligere. 

slime,  limus,  i. 

slinger,  funditor ,  oris. 

slope,  to,  descendere. 

slothfulness,  pigritia,  ae. 

slow,  tardus,  a,  um. 

sluggishness,  pigritia ,  ae. 

smile,  to,  ridere;  — upon,  arridere. 

snares,  insidiae,  arum. 

snow,  nix,  nivis. 

sobriety,  sobrietas,  atis. 

soft,  mollis,  e. 

soften,  to,  mollire. 

solace,  solatium,  i. 

solicitous,  anxius;  sollicitus,  a,  um. 

solicitude,  cur  a,  ae. 

Solomon,  Solomon,  onis. 

Solon,  Solon,  onis. 
son-in-law,  gener,  i. 
soothe,  to,  lenire. 
soothsaying,  haruspicium ,  i. 
sophist,  sophista,  ae. 
sorrow,  to  feel,  doler e. 
sound,  sauus,  a,  um. 
sound,  to,  canere. 
source,  fons,  tis. 
southwind,  auster ,  tri. 
spacious,  amplus,  a,  um. 

Spain,  Hispania,  ae. 


VOCABULARY. 


301 


Spaniards,  Hispani ,  orum. 
spectator,  spectator ,  oris. 
spend,  to  (remain),  commorari. 
spendthrift,  prodigus ,  a , 
spice,  to,  condire. 
spirit,  animus,  i. 
sport,  lusus ,  «5. 
sport,  to  make  —  of,  illudere. 
spot,  locus , 

{spring-  from,  to,  oriri. 
spy,  speculator , 
squadron,  turma , 
squander,  to,  dissipare. 
stage,  scena,  ae;  to  appear  on  — ,  i, 
scenam  prodire. 

Stagira,  Stagira ,  orum. 
stain,  to,  polluere , 
stammer,  balbutire. 
standard,  signum ,  /. 
stand  in  the  way,  to,  obstare. 
stand  still,  to,  consistere. 
star,  stella , 
state  affair,  res  publica;  negotium  pu¬ 
blicum. 

stately,  praeclarus ,  a,  um. 

station,  to,  locare. 

statue,  statua,  ae. 

stay,  to,  manere. 

steadfast,  constans ,  tis. 

steep,  praeruptus,  a,  um. 

step,  to,  ingredi;  — out,  to,  excedere. 

stern,  severus,  a,  um. 

stern  (of  a  ship),  puppis ,  is. 

steward,  villicus,  i. 

stipulate,  pacisci. 

stipulation,  conditio,  onis. 

stir  up,  excitare. 

Stoic,  Stoicus ,  i. 
stomach,  stomachus ,  i. 
stone,  lapis ,  idis;  adj.  lapideus ,  a, 
stony,  lapidosus,  a,  um. 
stop,  to  (intr.),  consistere. 
stork,  ciconia ,  ae. 
storm,  tempestas ,  a  tis. 
storm,  to,  expugnare;  to  take  by  — , 
vi  capere. 

storm)”,  procellosus ,  a,  um. 
straight,  rectus ,  a,  um. 
strait,  fretum,  i. 
strange,  alienus,  a,  um. 
stratagem,  dolus,  i. 
stray  from,  to,  aberrare. 
street,  vicus,  i;  via,  ae. 
strength,  vis. 
strengthen,  to,  firmare. 
strict  (severe),  severus ,  a,  um;  (exact), 
diligens,  tis;  accuratus,  a,  um. 
strive  after,  to,  studere. 
strong,  robustus,  a,  um. 
stronghold,  munimentum,  i. 
stubborn,  obstinatus,  a,  um. 
style,  to,  appellare. 

Styx,  Styx,  ygis. 


subdue,  subjicere. 

subject,  a  (person  under  dominion), 
civis,  is;  (theme),  res. 
subject,  to  be,  servire. 
submit  to,  to,  accipere. 
succeed,  to  (come  after),  sequi;  (follow 
in  office),  succedere. 

success,  fortuna,  ae;  eventus,  us;  to 
have  — ,  succedere;  mihi  succidit. 
successful,  felix ,  cis;  prosper,  a,  um. 
succor,  to,  adjuvare;  subvenire. 
succumb,  to,  succumbere. 
sudden,  subitus,  a,  um. 
sue  for,  to,  petere. 
suffer,  to,  pati. 
summer,  aestas,  atis. 
summon,  to,  arcessere;  evocare. 
sumptuous,  sumptuosus,  a,  um. 
sunset,  sol  occidens ,  ntis. 
sunshine,  sol,  is. 
sup,  to,  coenare. 
superior,  praestans,  tis. 
superiority,  principatus,  us. 
superstition,  superstitio,  onis. 
supper,  coena,  ae. 
suppliant,  supplex,  icis. 
support,  to,  alere. 
suppose,  to,  putare. 
suppress,  to,  opprimere. 
surety,  auctor,  oris;  vas,  dis. 
surname,  cognomen,  inis. 
surpassing,  eximius ,  a,  um. 
surprised,  to  be,  mirari. 
surrender,  a,  deditio,  onis. 
surrender,  to,  tradere. 
surround,  to,  circumdare. 
survive,  to,  superesse. 
surviving,  superstes ,  itis. 

Susa,  Susa,  orum. 
suspect,  to,  suspicari;  suspicere. 
suspected,  suspectus,  a,  um. 
suspicion,  suspicio,  onis. 
suspicious,  suspectus,  a,  um. 
swallow,  hirundo ,  inis. 
swamp,  palus ,  udis. 
sway,  domuiatio ,  onis. 
sway,  to  hold,  imperare. 
sweat,  to,  sudare. 
sweating-bath,  sudatorium,  i. 
swell,  to,  accrescere. 
swim,  to,  natare. 

Switzerland,  Helvetia,  ae. 

Syphax,  Syphax,  acis. 
vSyracusan,  Syracusanus,  a,  um. 
Syracusans,  Syracusani,  orum. 
Syracuse,  Syracusae,  arum. 

T. 

Table  (tablet),  tabula,  ae. 
tail,  cauda,  ae. 

take,  to,  capere;  —  back,  recipere;  — 
for,  habere;  —  from,  demere;  —  (li- 


302 


VOCABULARY. 


quids),  haurire;  —  part  in,  inter  esse; 

—  up,  capere;  constituere. 

talent  (mind),  ingenium ,  i;  —  (money), 
talentum ,  i. 

Tanaquil,  Tanaquil ,  is. 
tapestry,  vestis  is;  stragula ,  ae. 
Tarqu in,  Tarquinius,  i. 

Tarraco,  Tarraco , 
task,  labor,  is. 
taste,  to,  gustare. 

Taurois,  Taurois ,  entis. 

tax,  vectigal,  alis. 

teacher,  magister,  tri. 

teaching  (precept),  praeceptum,  i. 

tear,  lacrima,  ae. 

tear  down,  to,  irruere;  rescindere. 

tear  from,  to,  avellere. 

Telamon,  Telamo,  onis. 
tell,  to,  dicere. 
temper,  animus,  i. 
temperance,  temperantia,  ae. 
temperate,  moderatus,  a,  um. 
tender,  tener ,  a,  um. 
tent,  tabernaculum,  i. 
term,  a,  tempus ,  oris. 
term,  to,  appellare;  dicere. 
territory,  ager,  i. 
terror,  terror,  oris. 
test,  to,  tentare. 

Teucer,  Teucer,  ri. 

Teutons,  Teutoni ,  orum. 
thank,  to,  gratias  agere. 
thankful,  gratus,  a,  um. 
thanks,  gratia,  ae;  to  give  — ,  gratias 
agere. 

theatre,  theatrum,  i. 

Thebes,  Thebae,  arum. 
Thermitanians,  Thermitani,  orum. 
Thersites,  Thersites,  ae. 
thick,  densus,  a,  um. 
think,  to,  putare. 
thirst,  sitis,  is. 
thought,  cogitatio ,  onis. 
thoughtless,  temerarius. 
thoughtlessness,  levitas,  atis. 

Thrace,  Thracia,  ae. 

Thracian,  Thracianus,  a,  um. 
Thracian,  a,  Thrax,  cis. 
threaten,  to,  minari. 
threatening,  minax ,  cis. 
throat,  jugulum,  i. 

throw,  to,  abjicere;  —  into,  injicere; 

—  into  confusion,  perturbare. 
thunderbolt,  fulmen,  inis. 
thunderstorm,  tempestas ,  atis. 

Tiber,  Tiber,  eris. 

tide,  aestus,  us. 
tie,  vinculum,  i. 
tighten,  to,  adstringere. 
tired,  fessus,  a,  um. 

Tiro,  Tiro,  onis. 

Tithraustes,  Tithraustes,  ae. 
toga,  toga,  ae. 


to-morrow,  eras. 

tomb,  sepulchrum ,  i. 

tooth,  dens,  tis. 

torch,  fax,  cis. 

torment,  cruciatus,  us. 

torrid,  torridus,  a,  nm. 

torture,  to,  torquere. 

touch,  to,  tangere;  —  upon,  attingere. 

tower,  turris ,  is. 

town,  oppidum,  i. 

track,  vestigium ,  i. 

tragedy,  tragoedia,  ae. 

train,  to,  exercere;  instituere. 

traitor,  proditor ,  is. 

Trajan,  Trajanus,  i. 

tranquillity,  tranquillitas ,  atis. 

transitory,  caducus,  a,  um. 

transmit,  tradere. 

transport,  transvehere. 

travel,  to,  pervagare;  proficisci. 

traveler,  viator,  is. 

traverse,  to,  transire. 

treachery,  perfidia ,  ae. 

treasure,  opes,  um. 

treasury,  aerarium,  i. 

tremble,  to  make,  percellere. 

trial,  experimentum,  i. 

tribe,  tribus,  us;  gens,  tis. 

tribunal,  tribunal ,  is. 

tribune,  tribunus ,  i. 

tribute,  tributum,  i. 

trifling,  levis. 

tripod,  tripus,  odis. 

trireme,  triremis ,  is. 

triumph,  to,  triumphare;  vincere. 

triumvir,  triumvir,  i. 

Troezen,  Troezen,  enis. 

Trojan,  Trojanus,  a,  nm. 
troops,  copiae ,  arum. 

Troy,  Troja,  ae. 
trumpet,  tuba,  ae. 
trumpeter,  tubicen,  inis. 
trunk,  truncus ,  i. 
truthfulness,  veracitas,  atis. 

Tucydides,  Tucy dides,  is. 
tumult,  tumultus ,  us. 

Tusculan,  Tusculanus,  a,  um. 

Tycha,  Tycha,  ae. 

Tyndarides,  Tyndaridae,  arum. 
tyranny,  tyrannis,  idis;  dominatus,  us. 
tyrant,  tyrannus,  i. 

Tyrus,  Tyrus ,  i. 

U. 

Unavenged,  inultus,  a,  um. 
uncivil,  inhumanus ,  a,  um. 
uncle,  avunculus  (a  mother’s  brother); 

patruus  (a  father’s  brother), 
unconquered,  invictus ,  a,  um. 
understand,  to,  intelligere. 
understanding,  ratio,  onis. 
undertake,  inire;  suscipere. 


VOCABULARY. 


303 


undeserved,  immeritus ,  a ,  um. 
uneasiness,  metus ,  «5. 
unendurable,  intolerabilis , 
unexpected,  inopinatus ,  a,  «m. 
unfaithful,  infidus ,  a,  /m. 
unfaithfulness,  perfidia ,  «<?. 
unfavorable,  iniquus ,  a,  «w. 
unfit,  ineptus,  a,  um. 
unfortunate,  infelix ,  m. 
unfurl,  to,  pandere. 
ungenerous,  benignus ,  a, 

ungrateful,  ingratus ,  a,  z/w. 
unhappy,  infelix , 
unhurt,  incolumis ,  ' 

uninvited,  invocatus,  a,  um. 
unite,  to,  conjungere. 
universal,  communis,  e. 
unjust,  injustus,  a,  um. 
unmindful,  immemor ,  is. 
unpleasant,  injucundus,  a,  um. 
unpunished,  impunitus,  a,  um. 
unskilful,  unskilled,  iners,  ertis. 
unsuccessful,  infelix,  cis;  infaustus, 
a,  um. 

untouched,  incolumis ,  <?. 

untruthfulness,  vaniloquentia,  ae. 

unwarlike,  imbellis,  e. 

uphold,  to,  retinere. 

uplift,  to,  tollere. 

upper,  superior ,  is. 

upright,  probus,  a,  um. 

upstart,  homo  novus. 

urgently,  magnopere. 

usage,  consuetudo ,  inis;  usus,  us. 

use,  to  be  of,  adjuvare;  prodesse. 

useful,  utilis ,  e. 

usefulness,  utilitas,  atis. 

useless,  inutilis ,  e. 

usurer,  foenerator,  oris. 

V. 

Vain,  vanus,  a,  um. 
vain,  in,  frustra. 

Valerian,  Valerius,  a,  um. 
valiant,  fortis,  e. 
valley,  vallis,  is. 
valor,  virtus,  utis. 

Vandals,  Vandali,  orum. 
vanish,  to,  perire. 
vanquish,  to,  vincere. 
varied,  varius ,  a,  um. 
variety,  varietas,  atis. 
vast,  ingens,  tis. 
veil,  to,  velare. 
vein,  vena,  ae. 

Venice,  Venetiae,  arum. 
venison,  caro  ferina. 
venture,  to,  audere. 
verbose,  copiosus ,  a,  um;  verbosus , 
a,  um. 

verdict,  sententia ,  ae. 
versed,  peritus,  a,  um. 


Vesontio,  Vesontio,  onis. 

Vettones,  Vettones,  um. 
vice,  vitium,  i. 
vicinity,  vicinitas,  atis. 
victim,  victima,  ae. 
victorious,  victor,  oris. 
victory,  victoria,  ae. 
view,  to,  inspicere. 
vigilance,  vigilantia,  ae. 
vigor,  vis. 

vigorous,  acer,  eris,  ere;  vehemens,  tis. 

vile,  turpis ,  e. 

village,  vicus,  i. 

villainous,  improbus,  a,  um. 

vineyard,  vinetum,  i. 

violate,  to,  violare;  laedere. 

violence,  vis. 

violent,  vehemens,  tis;  —  death,  nex, 
necis. 

violet,  viola ,  ae. 

virtuous,  probus,  honestus,  bonus,  a,  um. 

vision,  visus,  us. 

void,  vacuus,  a,  um. 

voluntary,  voluntarius,  a,  um. 

vote  for,  to,  censere. 

voucher,  auctor ,  oris. 

vow,  vovere. 

voyage,  navigatio ,  onis. 

W. 

Wagon,  plaustrum,  i;  currus,  us. 

walk,  to  take  a,  ambulare. 

wall,  murus ,  i;  moenia,  ium. 
walnut,  juglans ,  dis. 
walnut-shell,  putamen,  inis. 
wander  about,  to,  errare. 
wandering,  error,  oris. 
want,  Utopia ,  ae. 
wanting,  to  be,  deesse. 

ward  off,  to,  defendere;  propulsare. 

wares,  ?nerces,  ium. 

warfare,  res  militaris. 

warlike,  bellicosus ,  a,  um. 

warm,  calidus,  a,  um. 

warmth,  calor,  oris. 

wash,  to,  lavare. 

watchman,  custos ,  odis. 

water-clock,  horologium  aquarium. 

waver,  fluctuare. 

wax,  cera,  ae. 

weakness,  infirmitas,  atis;  mollitia,  ae. 
wealth,  divitiae ,  arum;  opes ,  um. 
weapons,  arma,  orum. 
wear,  to,  gerere. 
wearied,  fatigatus,  a,  um. 
weather,  coelum ,  i;  tempestas,  atis. 
wedding,  nuptiae,  arum. 
weep  over,  to,  deflere;  illacrimare . 
weigh  anchor,  to,  tollere  anchoras. 
weight,  pondus,  eris. 
welcome,  gratus,  a,  um. 
welfare,  salus,  utis. 


304 


VOCABULARY. 


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well,  to  be,  valere. 

well-ordered,  bene  institutus,  a,  urn. 

west,  occidens,  tis. 

wheat,  triticum,  i. 

whirlpool,  vertex,  ids. 

whisper,  to,  susurrare. 

whole,  totus ,  a,  um. 

wife,  uxor ,  oris;  conjux ,  ugis. 

wild,  ferus,  a,  um. 

will,  last,  testamentum ,  i. 

willingly,  libenter. 

win  over,  to,  conciliare. 

wing,  cornu,  us. 

winner,  victor,  oris. 


worship,  to,  colere. 
worthless,  nequam. 
wound,  vulnus,  eris. 
wrap,  to,  operire. 
wretch,  homo  nequam. 
wretched,  miser,  a,  um. 
writer,  scriptor ,  oris;  auctor ,  oris. 
wrong,  injuria,  ae. 

X. 

Xantippe,  Xantippe,  es. 
Xenophon,  Xenophon,  tis. 


winter,  hiems,  mis. 
winter-quarters,  hiberna,  orum. 
winter-season,  hiems,  hiemis. 
wipe  out,  to,  delere. 
wish,  to,  velle;  cupere. 
withdraw,  to  (intr.),  se  recipere;  se 
removere. 

womanish,  effeminatus ,  a,  .urn. 
wonder,  to,  mirari. 
wonderful,  mirus,  a,  um. 
woods,  silva,  ae. 
woolen,  laneus,  a,  um. 
work,  labor,  oris;  opus ,  eris. 
world,  mundus,  i. 

worldly,  mundanus,  a,  um;  terrenus, 
a,  um. 


Y. 

Yacht,  celox,  ocis. 
yearly  (adv.),  quotannis. 
yield,  to,  cedere;  afferre. 
yoke,  jugum,  i. 

youth,  juventus ,  utis;  (a  young  man), 
juvenis ,  is. 
youthful,  juvenis,  is. 

Z. 

Zeal,  industria ,  ae. 
zealous,  diligens,  tis. 

Zoroaster,  Zoroastres,  iris. 


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. 124389 

— B.nglmanny  Larereno^ _ 

Author 

- — Latin  Exemi  spg  in  Syn- 

Title 

- tax, 


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